LIST OF THE MORE IMPORTANT AUTHORITIES CONSULTED Footnotes GENERAL INDEX A Abdominal typhus, one of the early names given to typhoid fever, [202] Abernethy, John, celebrated English surgeon of the 18th and early 19th centuries, [131] Abraham, long life of, [31] “Adversaria Anatomica,” the title of Morgagni’s first published treatise, [92] Albertini, Hyppolyte, [92] Albinus, [35] Alcohol, how death is produced by, [148] Allgemeine Krankenhaus, the, at Vienna, reorganized by the Emperor, Joseph II., [74] Allopaths, the, [26] Alston, [130] Ambulance, field, invented by Baron Larrey, [244] Amputation of limbs, circular, credited by the English to Cheselden, [151] credited by the French to J. L. Petit, [151] Amputations, primary, highly recommended by Baron Larrey in military surgery, [248] Anatomy and physiology, great stress laid by Sir Benjamin Brodie on the importance, to surgeons, of an intimate knowledge of, [149] Animalcules found in infusions, [93] Archiv für Physiologische Heilkunde, founded in 1842, [54] Arsenic, how death is produced by, [148] Auenbrugger, [189] , [194] Auricle, voluntary movements of, [87] Auscultation, difficulties encountered by the physician in his efforts to interpret correctly the significance of certain sounds heard during, [198] Autenrieth, associated with Reil in editing the Archives of Physiology, [20] Authorities quoted, list of, [271] “Avis au Peuple,” title of Tissot’s most popular medical treatise, [99] Ayen, Duke of, an enthusiastic botanist, [171] Azote, lifeless matter, [123] B Baglivi, Giorgio, celebrated Italian physician of the 17th century, [91] Balfour, a distinguished physician of Calcutta, attempted in 1818 to establish the idea that gonorrhoea is a disease distinct from syphilis, [153] Baron, Dr., biographer of Sir Edward Jenner, [111] Barthez, Paul-Joseph, Chancellor of the University of Montpellier, [198] Bartlett, Elisha, of Boston, Mass., translator of J. L. H. P.’s biography of Dupuytren, [227] Bassi Laura, distinguished Italian scientist, [93] Baudelocque, Professor of Obstetrics at La Maternité in Paris, [254] , [260] chosen to take charge of the accouchement of the Empress, Marie Louise, [256] Bayle, A. L. J., author of a treatise entitled “Bibliothèque de Thérapeutique ,” [265] Bayle, Gaspard Laurent, distinguished French physician, [182] Beer, Georg Josef, celebrated ophthalmologist of Vienna, Austria, [77] , [231] Bell, Benjamin, [153] Bell, Sir Charles, [153] becomes one of the most celebrated surgeons of London, [154] demonstrates an important law concerning the nature of the spinal cord nerves, [154] first person to establish the law governing centrifugal and centripetal nerve impulses, [79] (Portrait [154] ) Bell, John, distinguished English anatomist, [155] Benedict, T. W. G., [77] Bernard, Claude, on the nature of vital force, [21] Bichat, Marie François-Xavier, [162] , [164] , [210] devotes much time to experimental physiology, [166] (Portrait, [162] ) Billroth, [50] Blumenbach, [45] Boer, Professor of Obstetrics at Vienna, [75] Boerhaave, [18] , [35] , [60] “Aphorisms,” [61] “Institutions of Medicine,” [63] Bone formation, as explained by Prochaska, [80] Bonnet, Théophile, author of the famous treatise on pathological anatomy, entitled “Sepulchretum ,” [93] Bordeu, Théophile, one of the earliest French physicians to engage in research work, [159] , [160] on the position of the glands and their action, [160] suffered greatly from gout, [161] Borsieri, Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine at Pavia, [102] Botany, reasons for the enthusiastic love for this branch of science which some men appear to possess, [172] Brain, injuries of, Sir Benjamin Brodie’s observations on the treatment of, [149] Brasquet demonstrated the erroneous nature of Broussais’ statistics, [212] Bretonneau, proposed the name “Dothiénentérite ” for typhoid fever, [203] Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery in the Royal College of Surgeons, London, [147] one of the leading English experimental physiologists, [148] (Portrait, [148] ) Broussais, François Joseph Victor, physician connected with the Military Hospital at Val-de-Grâce, and, later, Professor of General and Special Pathology and Therapeutics at the University of Paris, [55] , [207] misstatements made by, hastened his downfall, [211] (Portrait, [208] ) profound contempt of, for the vis medicatrix naturae , [211] propositions belonging to the domain of physiology, [208] propositions belonging to the domain of pathology, [209] Broussaism, [208] according to A. L. J. Bayle, Broussaism greatly hindered the art of therapeutics from making a satisfactory advance, [265] important part played by, in hindering the real advance of medical science, [208] Brunonianism, [23] , [47] Bureau d’adresse ou de rencontre, [5] C Cabanis, Pierre-Jean-Georges, [175] Camerarius, Elias, [35] Cardiac and pulmonary diseases, pathological anatomy of, [197] Carotid artery, first ligated by Sir Astley Cooper, [137] Cataract operations by Prof. Beer at the Allgemeine Krankenhaus in Vienna, [77] Cavendish, the English chemist who confirmed Priestley’s discovery that atmospheric air is composed of water and different acids, [120] Charité, La, one of the larger Paris hospitals, [261] Chereau, [258] Cheselden credited by the English with having been the first to perform the circular amputation of limbs, [151] Chest, auscultation of, [196] Chesterfield, Earl of, [44] Chomel, [202] Chopart, François, widely known by his advocacy of the operation called “Chopart’s amputation” of the foot, [220] , [260] Cinchona bark, remedial effects of, suggested to Hahnemann the doctrine of similia similibus , [22] Circular amputation of limbs, [151] Cisalpine Republic, formation of, [104] Claude Bernard, [125] on the nature of vital force, [21] Claude Chastillon, architect of the Hôpital Saint-Louis at Paris, [263] Clavicle, fracture of, Desault’s bandage in the treatment of, [164] , [223] Clinical teaching inaugurated in the Vienna Medical School, [66] Condillac favors Locke’s philosophy, [53] Cooper, Sir Astley, distinguished English surgeon of the 18th and early 19th century, [135] Corvisart, Jean-Nicolas, [76] , [186] , [188] , [191] , [260] appointed “First Physician” to Napoleon Bonaparte, [191] refuses to wear a wig while on duty at the Necker Hospital, [188] translator of Auenbrugger’s treatise, [186] (Portrait [188] ) Cow-pox virus, [114] Crantz, Heinrich, [65] Cross, Dr. John, personal observations of the service rendered at La Maternité hospital in Paris, [253] , [262] testimony of, with regard to Dupuytren, [229] Crystalline lens, method of extracting perfected by the French surgeon, Daviel, [151] Cure, Law of, by Hahnemann, [23] Cuvier, the naturalist, [x] explains why some men become so enamored with the science of botany, [172] D Daubenton, celebrated French naturalist, [177] Daviel, [151] De Haen, Anton, [53] his treatise, “Ratio Medendi ,” [65] Delpech, Jacques, [233] assassinated by a former patient, [235] became famous as an authority in orthopedic surgery, [234] Demosthenes, distinguished eye surgeon of Marseilles, France, [231] Demours, famous French ophthalmologist, [231] Denman, Thomas, English author of a treatise on obstetrics, [255] Dental surgery, distinguished French authorities in, [236] Dephlogisticated air (oxygen) discovered by Joseph Priestley, [120] Desault, Pierre-Joseph, distinguished French surgeon, [163] , [221] established a clinical school at Hôtel-Dieu of Paris, [225] introduced the practice of ligating the exposed ends of the larger arteries immediately after an amputation, [224] inventor of Desault’s bandage, for use in the treatment of fractures of the clavicle, [164] , [223] Descartes, French philosopher, advocates à priori reasoning in preference to realistic philosophy, [52] Descemet, distinguished French botanist and anatomist, [231] , [232] also successful as a practitioner in maladies of the eye, [233] “Descemet’s Membrane,” according to Hyrtl, should be named “Duddel’s membrane,” [87] “De Sedibus et Causis Morborum,” the title of Morgagni’s famous work, [92] Desgenettes, Aimé-Nicolas Du-friche, a distinguished French military surgeon, [241] in the retreat of the French Army from Russia, he was taken prisoner, but was immediately released by order of the Emperor Alexander, [242] (Portrait [242] ) Desruelles, one of Broussais’ pupils, did not employ mercury in his treatment of syphilis, but applied leeches locally, [211] Devaux, Jean, a learned French surgeon of the 17th century, [237] Dezeimeris, [37] , [42] , [97] Diderot favors Locke’s philosophy, [53] Dieffenbach, Johann Friedrich, [48] Dimsdale and Tronchin, the two earliest European advocates of inoculation in small-pox, [108] “Doceo ut discam,” Seneca’s motto, [159] “Dothiénentérite” the name proposed by Bretonneau for typhoid fever, [203] Douglass, James, distinguished Scotch anatomist and surgeon of the 18th century, [35] , [132] Douglass, John, younger brother of James, revived the supra-pubic operation for stone in the bladder, [132] Drowning, case of recovery, [29] Dublin lying-in hospital, [255] Duddel, E., an Englishman, was the first to describe the membrane commonly known as “Descemet’s membrane,” [87] Dumas, Charles Louis, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at Montpellier, [174] Dupuytren, Guillaume, one of the great surgeons at the Hôtel-Dieu of Paris, [226] founder of the Musée Dupuytren , [229] (Photograph of the Museum, [260] ) (Portrait [226] ) very successful as a clinical teacher, [228] Duverneys, father and son, [35] E École de Médecine, the old, of Paris, has now been transformed into a sort of social hall for the use of all the university students, [259] Écoles de Santé, in France, [259] Eli, the High Priest, long life of, [31] Elisha, long life of, [31] Engel, Dr., of Vienna, [62] Enteric fever, one of the first names given to typhoid fever, [202] Esmarch, [49] , [50] F Face, articulations of the bones of the, [159] Faculté de Médecine, the, of Paris, was housed in 1808 in the quarters of the Collège de l’Académie de Chirurgie , [258] Fauchard, Pierre, author of a treatise on the surgery of the mouth, [237] Femur, ununited fracture of, [149] Dr. Physick’s treatment of, [149] Ferrand, distinguished French surgeon of the 18th century, [224] Fistula in ano, operation for, [151] Forli, the Academy of, [92] Fothergill, John, one of the most distinguished English physicians of the 18th century, [129] Benjamin Franklin’s estimate of the man, [130] bequeathed his entire fortune to the poor, [130] Four-year course adopted by Vienna School of Medicine toward end of 18th century, [74] Franco, Pierre, of Lausanne, Switzerland, and Orange, France, [151] , [231] Frank, Johann Peter, founder of the first treatise distinctly devoted to hygiene and medico-legal science, [17] , [44] Franklin, Benjamin, remarks of, concerning inoculation, [109] French physicians, types of, who flourished about the time of the “Reign of Terror,” [171] French Revolution, Medicine at the height of the, [170] Frère Côme, [151] Frère Jacques, [151] G Galeria Copiala, long life of, [30] Galvani, Aloysius, lecturer on anatomy at the University of Bologna, [103] Galvanism, [104] Gangrene, hospital, [235] Gariot, Jean-Baptiste, dentist to the King of Spain during the 18th century, [238] author of a treatise on diseases of the mouth, [238] Gasser, Lorenz, [65] Gasserian ganglion, a term invented by A. R. B. Hirsch, [65] Gastritis, one of the first names given to the disease now commonly called “typhoid fever,” [202] Gastro-entero-cephalitis, one of the first names given to typhoid fever, [202] Gazette de France, founding of the, [6] Germans, cultured, obliged to think, speak and write in French at the end of the 18th century, [53] Germany, low state of medical affairs in, at the beginning of the 18th century, [15] , [52] Giant, the famous Irish, whose skeleton was secured by John Hunter for his museum in London, [145] Gilles de la Tourette, [10] Gimbernat, a distinguished Spanish surgeon, [137] Glands, position of, and their action, [160] Goettingen, University of, [37] Gonorrhoea, during the 18th century, commonly believed to be one of the manifestations of syphilis, [153] Goudareau, author of a French translation of J. P. Frank’s treatise, [45] Graeco-Latin terminology adopted by physicians in conversation with their patients not approved by Kant, the metaphysician, [74] Griesinger, Wilhelm, [55] Gurlt, von, [50] Guy Patin, [9] H Haen, Anton de, [53] , [64] Hahnemann, Samuel, [22] Hall, Marshall, [204] Hallé, Jean-Noël, distinguished French Physician, [178] very successful in overcoming the opposition in France and Italy to vaccination, [180] Haller, Albrecht von, [19] , [34] (Portrait [34] ) treatises published by, [38] Heart and lungs, diseases of, full discussion of, by Laënnec, [197] Heat-production in living animals, Lavoisier’s theory of, [124] Hernia, different kinds of, [137] Hirsch, August, [15] , [52] , [74] exposed the perniciousness of Broussais’ treatment, [212] Hirsch, A. R. B., invented the term “Gasserian ganglion,” [65] Hoffmann, Friedrich, of Halle, Prussia, [19] , [53] Hofrath, Aulic Councillor, [46] Holy Land, Prince Louis’ crusade to, in 1147, [98] Homoeopathy, [22] in the city of New York in the years 1850–1870, [26] Hôpital Saint-louis, at Paris, [262] Hospital work in Vienna reorganized toward end of 18th century, [74] Hospitals, Parisian, [261] Hostel Des Consultations Charitables, [8] Hôtel-Dieu, the great hospital of Paris, [4] , [261] Hueter, [50] Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm, [16] , [28] author of “The Art of Prolonging Life,” [16] (Portrait [28] ) Hunter, John, the English anatomist and biologist, [40] , [95] (Portrait [144] ) younger brother of William, and a great anatomist, physiologist and operating surgeon; also the founder of Hunter’s Museum in London, [141] Hunter, William, distinguished English surgeon and anatomist, [139] founder of the anatomical schools of Great Britain, [141] (Portrait [140] ) Hygiene, first journal devoted to, [17] Hypotheses, rather than facts, should not serve as the basis of doctrines in either pathology or therapeutics, [33] Hyrtl, Joseph, distinguished Professor of Anatomy at the Vienna Medical School, [85] on the changes which take place in an artery after it has been ligated or divided with the knife, [86] on voluntary movements of the auricle, [87] I Inflammation believed by Broussais to be at the bottom of most of the pathological phenomena encountered in the practice of medicine, [210] Inoculating for the small-pox, [108] Insomnia defined by A. von Haller, [39] Irritability and Sensibility, distinction between these terms, [38] Isaac, long life of, [31] Ishmael, long life of, [31] Italy, Medicine in, [89] J Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph, [65] Jaeger, F., one of the distinguished Vienna ophthalmologists, [77] Jahr’s Manual of Homoeopathic Medicine, [26] Jenner, Sir Edward, discoverer of vaccination as a means of protection against small-pox, [110] (Portrait [110] ) receives a grant of £10,000 from the English Parliament, [115] Jesuit Order gradually excluded from the control of affairs in the Vienna University, [66] J. L. H. P., sketches of French medical men by, [207] Joints, diseases of, researches of Sir Benjamin Brodie respecting, [148] , [149] Jonet, Marie, Sage-Femme Jurée at the Chatelet Hospital in Paris, [256] Joseph, Father—Leclerc du Tremblay, [8] Joseph, son of Jacob, long life of, [31] Joseph II., Emperor, successor of his mother, Maria Theresa, [71] Joshua, long life of, [31] Jourdain, Anselme-Louis-Bernard-Brechillet, distinguished French dental surgeon of the 18th century, [238] K Kant, Immanuel, the famous Prussian metaphysician, [74] Katzenjammer, [35] Kaunitz, Prince, Imperial Austrian Chancellor, [62] Korn, Georg, [48] , [52] L Lachapelle, Veuve, Associate Midwife-in-Chief of Hôtel-Dieu, [256] Laënnec, René Théophile Hyacinthe, inventor of the modern method of auscultation, [195] on the pathological anatomy of diseases of the chest, [83] treatise of, on auscultation, [197] (Portrait [196] ) Langenbeck, von, [48] , [49] Larrey, Baron Jean-dominique, distinguished French military surgeon, and inventor of an improved type of field ambulance, [243] , [244] advocated strongly primary amputations in military surgery, [248] great resourcefulness of, under difficulties, [247] highly commended by the Emperor Napoleon, [247] (Portrait [244] ) showed his high character when the French troops retreated during the Russian campaign, [245] Lassus, [260] Latin, barbaric, employed by the Germans in their university lectures at the end of the 18th century, [53] Laugier, Robert, [65] Lausanne, in 1765, still recognized the Bernese Government as its overlord, [100] Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, invented the term “oxygen” and described its full significance, [120] , [122] .(For portrait see Frontispiece.) discovered the important fact that all organic bodies are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, [123] credited with having formulated the chemical theory of respiration, [125] discovered also that all the acids contain oxygen, [120] formulates the theory of heat-production in living animals, [124] Government collector of taxes in the early part of his career, [122] guillotined on May 8, 1794, [124] maintains that combustion represents simply the combination of the two elements, carbon and oxygen, [123] one of the first to cultivate experimental physiology, [168] proves that the act of respiration in animals is a species of combustion, in the course of which oxygen combines with certain elements of the body to form water and carbonic acid, [123] proves also that Stahl’s doctrine of animism, as well as the phlogiston theory, is untenable, [123] Le Clerc, biographer of Dupuytren, [226] Leclerc du Tremblay, Capucin monk, known as “His Gray Eminence,” [4] Le Dran, distinguished French surgeon, [36] Leipzig, battle of, [21] Lemonnier, Louis Guillaume, a French physician who ardently cultivated the science of botany, [171] life saved from the violence of the mob in 1782, [173] Liard, value of the, [6] “Life, the Art of Prolonging,” title of famous treatise written by Hufeland, [28] Lithotomia Douglassiana, [133] Livia, long life of, [30] Livre, value of the, [8] Loaning money to the poor at a low rate of interest (Renaudot’s saggestion), [5] Locher, Maximilian, [68] Locke, John, the English philosopher, [52] Longevity, instances of exceptional, [30] Loudon, Western France, birthplace of Renaudot, [3] (Views of city and vicinity, [4] ) Louis, Antoine, celebrated Parisian surgeon, [203] Louis, Charles A. P., Chief of Clinic at the Paris École de Médecine , [187] , [203] , [210] Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, [109] Louis Xiii, [4] , [6] Louvain, High School of, [59] Luceia, long life of, [30] Luecke, [50] M Mackenzie, the distinguished ophthalmologist, [77] Magendie, one of the first French scientists to cultivate experimental physiology, [168] on the difficulties of interpreting correctly the significance of certain sounds heard during auscultation, [198] Mahon, P. A. O., [260] Makrobiotik, the Art of Prolonging Life, Hufeland’s famous treatise, [16] , [28] Maria Theresa, Empress of Germany, [61] beneficent interference on the part of, in behalf of a higher standard of medical education, [66] , [68] , [94] Marianne, Archduchess, [61] Marshall, Hall], [204] Maternité, La, the great French midwifery school at Paris, [253] Medical literature, German, low state of, at the beginning of the 18th century, [15] Medical periodical, the first French, [7] Medici, Marie de’, [4] Membrana Descemetii erroneously so named, [87] Mercurial salivation, frequency of, before Van Swieten’s time, [68] Mercury, red oxide of, when heated, produces oxygen (Priestley), [120] Midwifery as taught at La Maternité , the great French midwifery school, [253] Military surgery, [241] Monro, [130] Montpellier, views of, [198] , [200] , [202] Monts-de-piété, when first established at Paris, [5] Monument erected in Hôtel-Dieu in honor of Desault and Bichat, [167] , [192] Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, one of the greatest anatomists of the 18th century, [91] Moses, long life of, [31] Mouse, alive, case of swallowing of, [32] Mouth, surgery of the, [237] Mueller, Johannes, [154] Mueller, Willibald, author of Van Swieten’s biography, [63] N Napoleon at the University of Pavia in 1805, [96] “Nature cures disease” (Hufeland), [33] Necker, Madame, founder of a hospital in Paris, [188] Newspaper, the, first founded in Paris, France, [5] Norton, Mrs. Charles F., Librarian, Transylvania College, Lexington, Kentucky, [ix] “Nosographie Philosophique,” Pinel’s celebrated treatise, [202] “Novum Inventum,” the, of Auenbrugger, [76] O O’Brien, the celebrated Irish giant, [145] Officiers de Santé, [259] Ophthalmology, one of the first specialties to take root in Vienna, [77] “Organon of the Rational Art of Healing,” Hahnemann’s great work, [22] , [23] , [25] Orthopedic Surgery, [234] Os unguis, perforation of, by Woolhouse, [151] Oxygen, the full significance of which term was made known to the world by Lavoisier some time after Priestley’s discovery, [120] P Pagel, statement of, with regard to Broussais, [207] Palate, the art of remedying defects of the, [237] Pannus, first correct description of, by Beer, of Vienna, [78] Paré, Ambroise, [224] Pathogenic fever, one of the early names given to typhoid fever, [202] Pathological propositions advanced by Broussais, [209] Pavia, University of, [45] Maria Theresa, Empress of Germany, takes a strong interest in its prosperity, [94] Percussion method of Auenbrugger, [193] Père Potentine, [188] Petersen, [55] Petit, J. L., famous surgeon of Paris, [162] , [215] credited by the French with having been the first to perform the circular amputation of limbs, [151] (Portrait [216] ) successful treatment of a case of hemicrania, [217] trephining of skull for subdural abscess resulting from middle-ear inflammation, [217] Petit, Marc-Antoine, celebrated French surgeon, [162] Petit-Radel, [183] Phlogiston theory of Stahl, [120] Physick, Dr., of Philadelphia, treatment of ununited fracture of the femur by, [149] Physiological propositions advanced by Broussais, [208] Physiology, animal and vegetable, [95] experimental, cultivated largely by Bichat, [166] experimental, first cultivated by Albrecht von Haller, [168] Piarrou de Chamousset, who built a hospital in which every patient had a bed to himself or herself, [263] Pinel, Philippe, author of the work entitled “Nosogrophie Philosophique ,” [202] , [260] Police, Medical, [44] Pope’s description of travelling among the Alps, [121] Pott, Percival, famous English surgeon, the first to publish a complete memoir of the disease now commonly known as “Pott’s disease of the spine,” [133] Priestley, Joseph, discoverer of “dephlogisticated air” (oxygen), [120] also discovered that respiration takes place more easily, and that combustion progresses more actively, in the presence of this gas, [120] house at Birmingham, England, burned by rioters, [122] in 1794 emigrates to Pennsylvania, [122] Primae Lineae Physiologiae, the title of the first systematic treatise on physiology, [38] Prochaska, Georg, [79] his explanation of bone formation, [80] ideas of, with regard to the nature of vital force, [79] Pulmonary and cardiac diseases, pathological anatomy of, [177] Puschmann, [3] , [45] , [75] , [85] Putridity alone, according to Peter Frank, not the cause of typhoid fever, but rather the vehicle of a special contagium vivum , [203] Pythagoras, views of, with regard to eating, physical exercise, etc., [31] R Rasori’s therapeutic method resembles that of Broussais, [212] “Recherches Physiologiques sur la Vie et la Mort” (Bichat), [167] Reil, Johann Christian, [17] , [19] on the diagnosis and treatment of fevers, [20] on “vital force,” [20] Religious beliefs, tolerance of, increased by the French Revolution, [53] Renaudot, Théophraste, founder of the first French newspaper, [3] his sons, Isaac and Eusebius, [8] , [10] (Statue, [8] ) Respiration, Lavoisier’s chemical theory of, [125] Richelieu, Cardinal, [4] Richet, A., opinion of, with regard to J. L. Petit’s qualifications as a surgeon, [215] Rokitansky, Carl, Professor of Pathological Anatomy in the Vienna Medical School, [81] , [92] , [93] called by Rudolf Virchow “the Linnaeus of pathological anatomy,” [84] contributions of, to medical literature, [82] Rosas, Anton, the distinguished Vienna ophthalmologist, [77] , [231] Roux, well-known French surgeon, report of, regarding the condition of English surgery in the early part of the 19th century, [151] Roux, Professor, member of the Paris Faculté de Médecine , visits London in 1814 for the purpose of ascertaining by personal observation how the English surgeons are dealing with the more important problems in surgery, [150] S Sabatier, Raphaël-Bienvenu, distinguished French surgeon of the 18th century, [218] , [260] Sacombe, Dr., charges Baudelocque with criminal practice in performing the operation of Caesarian section, [255] both the courts and public opinion promptly judged this charge to be an infamous calumny, [255] Saint-Louis, Hôpital, at Paris, [262] Salivation, mercurial, frequency of, before van Swieten’s time, [68] Salpétrière, La, one of the larger hospitals at Paris, [261] Sanitation, house and municipal, first treatise upon, published in Germany toward the end of the 18th century, [44] Santé, Écoles de, [259] Santé, Officiers de, [259] Sarah, Abraham’s wife, long life of, [31] Scarpa, Antonio, the Italian anatomist, [46] , [96] refusal of, to take the oath of allegiance to the newly established Cisalpine Republic, [96] Scheele, William, also mentioned as a discoverer of oxygen, [120] Schleswig-Holstein campaign, [48] Scopoli, [46] Senebier, Jean, of Geneva, Switzerland, [95] Seneca’s motto, “Doceo ut discam ,” [159] Sensibility and irritability, the distinction between these terms, [38] “Sepulchretum,” title of Bonnet’s famous treatise, [93] Similia similibus, believed by Hahnemann to be a general law of healing, [22] Simpson, James J., Professor of Midwifery in the University of Edinburgh, [25] Single beds, the establishment of, as the only desirable ones in hospitals, [263] Sleep, von Haller’s definition of the term, [39] Slow nervous fever, one of the first names given to typhoid fever, [202] Small-pox, earliest mention of, by Rhazes, in A. D. 922, [107] measures adopted for the control of, [107] Somnambulism defined by von Haller, [40] “Sore-throat, putrid,” epidemic of, in 1746, [130] Spallanzani, Lazarus, distinguished Italian biologist, [93] letter of, concerning Dr. Tissot, [102] Spina bifida first successfully treated by Sir Astley Cooper, [138] Sprengel, [42] , [155] , [255] Stagnant water, minute organisms found in, [95] Stahl, Georg Ernst, [53] phlogiston theory of, [120] Stahlism, [23] Stanislas Augustus, King of Poland, a great admirer of Dr. Tissot, [99] Steno, duct of, operation for perforating, [151] Stethoscope, as perfected by Laënnec, [196] Stoerck, Anton, [65] , [71] Stoll’s “Aphorisms,” [190] Stones, shape of, affected by running water, [94] Stromeyer, [48] Sudhoff, on character of Johann Christian Reil, [21] Superstition diminished by the French Revolution, [53] Suprapubic operation for stone in the bladder revived by John Douglass, [132] Surgeons, English, pleasant relations among, [152] Surgery, the golden age of, in France, [213] Surgical anatomy taught with great success by Desault, [223] Swiss physicians of prominence during the 18th century, [34] Sylvius, attempt of, to inaugurate clinical teaching at the University of Leyden, [67] Synovial membranes, [166] Syphilis affecting an entire family, [200] T Tenon’s criticisms on Hôtel-Dieu and Hôpital Saint-Louis at Paris, [263] Terentia, long life of, [30] Théophraste Renaudot, founder of the first French newspaper, [3] Thoracentesis very frequently performed by Auenbrugger of Vienna, [76] Tissoni, original name of Tissot, [97] Tissot, Samuel-Auguste-André-David, Swiss physician of Italian origin, [41] , [97] , [135] amusing incident at Lausanne relating to, [101] visit to Paris, [101] Transylvania University at Lexington, Kentucky, IX Traube, Ludwig, [54] Trautson, Archbishop, [66] Trendelenburg, [50] Tronchin, Théodore, of Geneva, Switzerland, [98] , [108] Trousseau, Armand, author of the treatise entitled “Clinique de l’Hôtel-Dieu,” [269] ;and also (in association with Hermann Pidoux) of a treatise on materia medica and therapeutics, [266] (Portrait [266] ) Tuberculous deposits in the lungs, diagnosed by auscultation, [210] Typhoid fever, the term finally decided upon for this disease, [203] contagiousness of, [204] early studies of, [202] first names given to the disease, [202] V Vaccination, for the prevention of small-pox, introduced by Jenner in 1796, [110] picture of a medal commemorating the discovery of, [108] Vallisnieri, Antonio, distinguished Italian naturalist, [93] Valsalva, Antonius, [92] Van Swieten, Gerhard, [19] , [59] as a medical reformer, [63] commentaries of, on Boerhaave’s teachings, [61] composition of, [69] contributions of, to medical literature, [68] , [69] liquor, use of, in the treatment of syphilis, [68] (Portrait [60] ) Varicose veins of the leg, Sir Benjamin Brodie’s treatment of, [149] Variolae vaccinae, an inquiry into the causes and effects of the, [114] Vegetable poisons, experiments made by Sir Benjamin Brodie on the different modes in which death is produced by, [148] Velpeau (Portrait [268] ) Ventes à grâce troque ou rachapt , [5] Vesalius, [83] Vicq-d’Azyr, Felix, distinguished French anatomist and physiologist, [130] , [177] Vienna, revival of medical science at, in early part of the 18th century, [16] Vienna School of Medicine, [57] scheme of teaching adopted by, in 1780, [73] Vital force, memoir on, by Reil, [20] explained by Prochaska, [79] nature of, [21] Volta, [46] Voltaire, [263] advocates the teachings of John Locke, [52] Von Graefe, C. F., the distinguished ophthalmologist, [77] Von Graefe, Karl, director of the Surgical Clinic of Berlin, [48] Von Haller, Albrecht, [19] , [34] , [38] , [95] , [101] the first to cultivate experimental physiology, [168] Von Langenbeck, [48] , [49] Von Walther, Philip, [77] W Wakefulness defined by von Haller, [39] Water, infected, drinking of, mentioned by Galen as the cause of various epidemic fevers, [202] Wheeler, translator of Hahnemann’s “Organon,” [22] “White inflammation,” Boerhaave’s, [183] Williams Memorial Publication Fund, VII Winslow, distinguished anatomist, [36] Woolhouse, the first surgeon to perform the operation of perforating the os unguis , [151] Wunderlich, Karl August, [54] Z Zimmermann, Johann Georg, [41]