FOOTNOTES:
[741] See summary in McMaster, ii, 374.
[742] Six copies of the dispatches of the American envoys to the Secretary of State were sent by as many ships, so that at least one of them might reach its destination.
[743] Jefferson to Madison, Jan. 25, 1798; Works: Ford, viii, 259.
[744] Jefferson to Madison, Feb. 15, 1798; Works: Ford, viii, 368.
[745] Skipwith to Jefferson, Paris, March 17, 1798; Gibbs, ii, 160.
[746] Am. St. Prs., For. Rel., ii, 152, 157, 159, 161, 166.
[747] Ib. The President at this time communicated only the first dispatch, which was not in cipher. It merely stated that there was no hope that the envoys would be received and that a new decree directed the capture of all neutral ships carrying any British goods whatever. (Ib., 157.)
[748] Ib., 152; Richardson, i, 264; and Works: Adams, ix, 156.
[749] Jefferson to Madison, March 21, 1798; Works: Ford, viii, 386.
[750] Jefferson to Monroe, March 21, 1798; ib., 388-89.
[751] Jefferson to Madison, March 29, 1798; ib., 392.
[752] Jefferson to Pendleton, April 2, 1798; ib., 394-97.
[753] Aurora, April 3, 1798.
[754] Otis to Mason, March 22, 1798; Morison, i, 90.
[755] Jonathan Mason to Otis, March 30, 1798; ib., 93. And see the valuable New England Federalist correspondence of the time in ib.
[756] Aurora, April 7, 1798. A week later, under the caption, "The Catastrophe," the Aurora began the publication of a series of ably written articles excusing the conduct of the French officials and condemning that of Marshall and Pinckney.
[757] Troup to King, June 3, 1798; King, ii, 329. Ten thousand copies of the dispatches were ordered printed and distributed at public expense. Eighteen hundred were sent to Virginia alone. (Pickering to Marshall, July 24, 1798; Pickering MSS., Mass. Hist. Soc.) This was the beginning of the printing and distributing of public documents by the National Government. (Hildreth, ii, 217.)
[758] Pickering's statement, April 3, 1798; Am. St. Prs., ii, 157.
[759] Jefferson to Madison, April 5, 1798; Works: Ford, viii, 398.
[760] Ib.
[761] Pickering to Jay, April 9, 1798; Jay: Johnston, iv, 236.
[762] Jefferson to Madison, April 26, 1798; Works: Ford, viii, 411. Among the Republicans who deserted their posts Jefferson names Giles, Nicholas, and Clopton.
[763] Jefferson to Madison, April 6, 1798; ib., 403.
[764] Ib., April 12, 1798; ib., 404.
[765] Jefferson to Carr, April 12, 1798; Works: Ford, viii, 405-06.
[766] Madison to Jefferson, April 15, 1798; Writings: Hunt, vi, 315.
[767] Washington to Pickering, April 16, 1798; Writings: Ford, xiii, 495.
[768] Washington to Hamilton, May 27, 1798; ib., xiv, 6-7.
[769] Sedgwick to King, May 1, 1798; King, ii, 319.
[770] Ames to Gore, Dec. 18, 1798; Works: Ames, i, 245-46.
[771] Troup to King, June 3, 1798; King, ii, 329.
[772] Jefferson to Madison, May 3, 1797, Works: Ford, viii, 413.
[773] Jefferson to Monroe, March 7, 1801; ib., ix, 203.
[774] Higginson to Pickering, June 26, 1798; Pickering MSS., Mass. Hist. Soc.
[775] Jonathan Mason to Otis, May 28, 1798; Morison, i, 95-96.
[776] Troup to King, June 3, 1798; King, ii, 329.
[777] Ib., 330; and see letters of Bingham, Lawrence, and Cabot to King, ib., 331-34. From the newspapers of the time, McMaster has drawn a brilliant picture of the thrilling and dramatic scenes which all over the United States marked the change in the temper of the people. (McMaster, ii, 376 et seq.)
[778] "Hail Columbia exacts not less reverence in America than the Marseillaise Hymn in France and Rule Britannia in England." (Davis, 128.)
[779] Norfolk (Va.) Herald, June 25, 1798.
[780] Troup to King, June 23, 1798; King, ii, 349.
[781] Even Franklin's welcome on his first return from diplomatic service in England did not equal the Marshall demonstration.
[782] A strenuously Republican environ of Philadelphia.
[783] Gazette of the United States, June 20, 1798; see also Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser, Wednesday, June 20, 1798.
[784] Gazette of the United States, June 21, 1798.
[785] Aurora, June 21, 1798; and see ib., June 20.
[786] Jefferson to Madison, June 21, 1798; Works: Ford, viii, 439-40.
[787] General Marshall at O'Eller's Hotel, June 23, 1798; Jefferson MSS., Lib. Cong.
[788] Green Bag, viii, 482-83.
[789] Marshall to Jefferson; Jefferson MSS., Lib. Cong.
[790] Pickering to Marshall, Sept. 20, 1798; Pickering MSS., Mass. Hist. Soc.
[791] This sentiment has been ascribed to General C. C. Pinckney, Marshall's colleague on the X. Y. Z. mission. But it was first used at the Philadelphia banquet to Marshall. Pinckney's nearest approach to it was his loud, and wrathful, "No! not a sixpence!" when Hottenguer made one of his incessant demands for money. (See supra, 273.)
[792] Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser, Wednesday, June 20, 1798; Pa. Hist. Soc. The toasts drank at this dinner to Marshall illustrate the popular spirit at that particular moment. They also furnish good examples of the vocabulary of Federalism at the period of its revival and only two years before its annihilation by Jefferson's new party:—
"1. The United States—'free, sovereign & independent.'
"2. The people and the Government—'one and indivisible.'
"3. The President—'some other hand must be found to sign the ignominious deed' that would surrender the sovereignty of his Country.
"4. General Washington—'His name a rampart & the Knowledge that he lives a bulwark against mean and secret enemies of his Country's Peace.'
"5. General Pinckney. ''Tis not in mortals to command success: He has done more—deserved it.'
"6. The Officers & Soldiers of the American Army. 'May glory be their Theme, Victory their Companion, & Gratitude & Love their Rewards.'
"7. The Navy of the United States. 'May its infant efforts, like those of Hercules, be the Presage of its future Greatness.'
"8. The Militia. 'May they never cease to combine the Valor of the Soldier with the Virtues of the Citizen.'
"9. The Gallant Youth of America. 'May they disdain to hold as Tenants at Will, the Independence inherited from their ancestors.'
"10. The Heroes who fell in the Revolutionary War. 'May their memory never be dishonored by a surrender of the Freedom purchased with their Blood.'
"11. The American Eagle. 'May it regard with disdain the crowing of the Gallic cock.'
"12. Union & Valour—infallible Antidotes against diplomatic skill.
"13. Millions for Defense but not a cent for Tribute.
"14. The first duties of a good citizen—Reverence for the Laws and Respect for the Magistracy.
"15. Agriculture & Commerce—A Dissolution of whose partnership will be the Bankruptcy of both.
"16. The Constitution—'Esto Perpetua.'
"After General Marshall Retired:—
"General Marshall—The man whom his country delights to Honor." (Ib., June 25, 1798.)
[793] Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser, Monday, June 25, 1798; and Gazette of the United States, Saturday, June 23, 1798.
[794] Ib., June 25, 1798; and June 23, 1798.
[795] Adams to Congress, June 21, 1798; Works: Adams, ix, 158; and Richardson, i, 266. Italics are mine.
[796] Infra, chap. xii.
[797] Marshall to Washington, June 22, 1798; MS., Lib. Cong.
[798] Aurora, June 30, 1798.
[799] Gazette of the United States, June 28, 1797.
[800] Columbian Centinel, Boston, Sept. 22, 1798.
[801] Norfolk (Va.) Herald, Aug. 30, 1798.
[802] Troup to King, Nov. 16, 1798; King, ii, 465; and see same to same, July 10, 1798; ib., 363.
[803] Carey's United States Recorder, Aug. 16, 1798.
[804] McMaster, ii, 380-85; Hildreth, v, 203 et seq.
[805] McMaster, ii, 380-85.
[806] "Oration of Robert Treat Paine to Young Men of Boston," July 17, 1799; in Works of Robert Treat Paine, ed. 1812, 301 et seq.
[807] Washington to Murray, Aug. 10, 1798; Writings: Ford, xiv, 72.
[808] Norfolk (Va.) Herald, July 10, 1798.
[809] Washington to Jas. Marshall, July 18, 1798; MS., N.Y. Pub. Lib. And see Washington to Murray, Aug. 10, 1798; Writings: Ford, xiv, 71. "I ... hope that ... when the Despots of France find how much they ... have been deceived by their partisans among us, ... that an appeal to arms ... will be ... unnecessary." (Ib.)
[810] Troup to King, July 10, 1798; King, ii, 362.
[811] Skipwith to Jefferson, March 17, 1798; Gibbs, ii, 158.
[812] Supra, chap. viii.
[813] Skipwith to Jefferson, March 17, 1798; Gibbs, ii, 158.
[814] Washington to Adams, July 4, 1798; Writings: Ford, xiv, 15-19.
[815] See infra, chap. xii.
[816] See Marshall (1st ed.), v, footnote to 743; Hildreth, v, 218; also McMaster, ii, 390.
[817] Jefferson to Carr, April 12, 1798; Works: Ford, viii, 405.
[818] Jefferson to Stuart, June 8, 1798; ib., 436.
[819] Washington to McHenry, May, 1798; Writings: Ford, xiii, footnote to 495.
[820] Jefferson to Gerry, Jan. 26, 1799; Works: Ford, ix, 21-22.
[821] Troup to King, July 10, 1798; King, ii, 363.
[822] King to Hamilton, London, July 14, 1798; ib., 365.
[823] Smith to Wolcott, Lisbon, Aug. 14, postscript Aug. 17, 1798; Gibbs, ii, 120.
[824] King to Troup, July 31, 1798; King, ii, 377.
[825] King to Pickering, July 19, 1798; ib., 370.
[826] Murray to J. Q. Adams, June 8, 1787; Letters: Ford, 416.
[827] Troup to King, July 10, 1798; King, ii, 363.
[828] Sedgwick to King, July 1, 1798; ib., 353.
[829] Cabot to King, July 2, 1798; ib., 353.
[830] Higginson to Wolcott, Sept. 11, 1798; Gibbs, ii, 107.
[831] King to Hamilton, London, July 14, 1798; King, ii, 365.
[832] Thomas Pinckney to King, July 18, 1798; King, ii, 369.
[833] Pickering to King, Sept. 15, 1798, quoting Pinckney; ib., 414. Italics are Pinckney's.
[834] Troup to King, Oct. 2, 1798; ib., 432-33.
[835] Washington to Pickering, Oct. 26, 1798; Writings: Ford, xiv, 121.
[836] Marshall to Pickering, Aug. 11, 1798; Pickering MSS., Mass. Hist. Soc.
[837] Beaumarchais.
[838] Pickering to Marshall, Sept. 4, 1798; Pickering MSS., Mass. Hist. Soc.
[839] Marshall to Secretary of State, Sept. 15, 1798; ib.
[840] Pickering to Marshall, Oct. 19, 1798; ib.
[841] Cabot to King, April 26, 1798; King, iii, 9.
[842] Pickering to Marshall, Nov. 5, 1798; Pickering MSS.
[843] Marshall to Pickering, Nov. 12, 1798; ib.
[844] See next chapter.
[845] Marshall to Pickering, Oct. 15, 1798; Pickering MSS., Mass. Hist. Soc.
[846] Marshall to Pickering, Oct. 22, 1798; ib., Mass. Hist. Soc., xxiii, 251.
[847] Jefferson to Pendleton, Jan. 29, 1799; Works: Ford, ix, 27-28.
[848] Marshall to Pickering, November 12, 1798; Pickering MSS., Mass. Hist. Soc.
[849] Marshall to Secretary of State, Feb. 19, 1799; ib.
[850] Marshall's fourth child, born January 15, 1798, during Marshall's absence in France.
[851] Marshall to his wife, Richmond, Aug. 18, 1798; MS. Mrs. Marshall remained in Winchester, where her husband had hurried to see her after leaving Philadelphia. Her nervous malady had grown much worse during Marshall's absence. Mrs. Carrington had been "more than usual occupied with my poor sister Marshall ... who fell into a deep melancholy. Her husband, who might by his usual tenderness (had he been here) have dissipated this frightful gloom, was long detained in France.... The malady increased." (Mrs. Carrington to Miss C[airns], 1800; Carrington MSS.)
[852] Marshall to Pickering, August 11, 1798; Pickering MSS., Mass. Hist. Soc., xxiii, 33.
[853] Pickering to Marshall, Sept. 4, 1798; ib.
[854] Archives, State Department. Thirty-five hundred dollars was placed at Marshall's disposal when he sailed for France, five hundred dollars in specie and the remainder by letter of credit on governments and European bankers. (Marshall to Secretary of State, July 10, 1797; Pickering MSS. Also Archives, State Department.) He drew two thousand dollars more when he arrived at Philadelphia on his return (June 23; ib.), and $14,463.97 on Oct. 13 (ib.).
[855] The "Anas"; Works: Ford, i, 355.