DICTATION EXERCISES ON THE ABOVE.
His assistants gave him great assistance. He was the deviser of the machine. Which is the larger, the divisor or the quotient? This difference being settled, he will pay due deference to your opinion. The ingenious mechanic was also an ingenuous man. Not a lineament could be recognized by his friends. Apply to the wound a healing liniment. The principal in the agreement was devoid of moral principle. Though a great liar, he could play upon the lyre. The rabbit was tame. The carpenter will rabbet the boards.
Lesson 127.
In words like the following, U should receive its proper consonant sound; as nature, pronounced nat'yur.
nat'ure sig'na ture ag'ri cult ure creat'ure sep'ul ture leg'is la ture feat'ure fur'ni ture ar'chi tect ure fut'ure for'feit ure tem'per a ture capt'ure lig'a ture lit'er a ture rapt'ure ap'er ture flo'ri cult ure text'ure quad'ra ture ju'di ca ture pict'ure ad vent'ure hor'ti cult ure script'ure con ject'ure man u fact'ure
Lesson 128.
pail, a wooden vessel. Paul, a man's name. pale, not bright. pall, a covering. pear, a fruit. pique, to give offense. pare, to cut thin. peak, the top. pair, a couple. peer, a nobleman. raze, to pull down. pier, a wharf raise, to lift up. quartz, a kind of rock. rays, beams of light. quarts, measures. pain, uneasiness. plain, smooth. pane, a square of glass. plane, a surface; tool. peel, rind; skin. quire, twenty-four sheets of paper. peal, a sound of bells. port, a harbor. choir (kwir), a band of singers. Porte, a Turkish court.
Lesson 129.
X with the sound of gz; as exact, pronounced egz act'.
ex act' ex act'ly ex ag'g'er ate ex ist' ex am'ine ex an'i mate ex ult' ex em'plar ex as'per ate ex hale' ex er'tion ex ec'u trix ex haust' ex hib'it ex hil'a rate ex ert' ex ist'ence ex on'er ate ex hort' ex ist'ent ex em'pli fy ex ude' ex ot'ic ex or'bi tant ex ergue' ex haust'ive ux o'ri ous
Lesson 130.
Ti has often the sound of sh: followed by on, it is pronounced shun.
na'tion ces sa'tion de vi a'tion pa'tient col la'tion dep re da'tion fac'tious cre a'tion des per a'tion frac'tious dic ta'tion lib er a'tion sta'tion do na'tion me di a'tion lo'tion du ra'tion mod er a'tion mo'tion e qua'tion nu mer a'tion no'tion tes ta'tion op er a'tion po'tion for ma'tion tol er a'tion por'tion frus tra'tion trep i da'tion quo'tient gra da'tion val u a'tion
Lesson 131.
Other examples in which final tion is pronounced shun.
men'tion ab strac'tion ed u ca'tion sec'tion at trac'tion em ula'tion frac'tion de trac'tion ex cla ma'tion dic'tion dis trac'tion ex pec ta'tion fic'tion ex trac'tion ex por ta'tion fric'tion in frac'tion fer men ta'tion junc'tion pro trac'tion gen er a'tion ac'tion re frac'tion grav i ta'tion cap'tion re trac'tion hab i ta'tion op'tion con trac'tion il lus tra'tion fac'tion sub trac'tion im por ta'tion
Lesson 132.
Examples in which sci, ti, and ci have the sound of sh.
auc'tion au da'cious ab er ra'tion cau'tion ca pa'cious ad mi ra'tion cau'tious ve ra'cious ad o ra'tion gla'cial fal la'cious ad u la'tion gra'cious fu ga'cious ag gra va'tion spa'cious lo qua'cious ap pli ca'tion Gre'cian ra pa'cious ap pro ba'tion spe'cious sa ga'cious prep a ra'tion par'tial te na'cious pres er va'tion con'science vi va'cious proc la ma'tion spe'cie vo ra'cious prof a na'tion
Lesson 133.
Ci, ce, and si with the sound of sh.
spe'cies ju di'cial ac ces'sion o'cean lo gi'cian com pres'sion so'cial ma gi'cian de clen'sion spe'cial mu si'cian ex pres'sion cru'cial tac ti'cian im pres'sion pre'cious op ti'cian op pres'sion pas'sion pa tri'cian pre ten'sion man'sion phy si'cian suc ces'sion pen'sion pro vin'cial trans gres'sion ten'sion fi nan'cial ad mis'sion tor'sion om nis'cient con cus'sion
Lesson 134
DICTATION EXERCISES.
They propose to alter the place of the altar. He cast his ballot for mayor. The ballet dancer and the ballad singer arrived. The wine seller lived in a cellar. He said that the cymbal was a symbol of music. They sent an arrant rogue on the errand. His manner of conducting the manor did not suit the lord. The prophet of Mammon foretold great profit. The relics of the kingdom were saved by the relict of the king. The stature of the statue of Liberty is fixed by statute.
Lesson 135.
rack, an engine of torture. write, to make letters. wrack, a sea-plant. wright, a workman. rap, to strike. roe, eggs of a fish. wrap, to roll together. row, to impel with oars. reck, to heed; to care. rose, a flower. wreck, destruction. rows, does row. rice, a kind of grain. roes, plural of roe. rise, increase; ascent. sees, beholds. rite, a ceremony. seas, large bodies of water. right, not wrong. seize, to lay hold of
Lesson 136.
OF AFFIXES.
Many words are formed by adding something to the end of another word. The added part is called an affix; as ly, added to man, forms manly. In this, and the following seventeen lessons, the more common affixes are indicated.
Plurals formed by adding s to the Singular.
roofs so'los ty'ros al bi'nos hoofs ha'los jun'tos me men'tos scarfs las'sos can'tos oc ta'vos truths ze'ros quar'tos si roc'cos
Plurals formed by adding es to the Singular.
ech'oes to ma'toes po ta'toes car'goes mu lat'toes bra va'does mot'toes vol ca'noes por'ti coes grot'toes mos qui'toes vi ra'goes
Lesson 137.
Words in which f and fe are changed into ves in the Plural: as, leaf, leaves; wife, wives.
beeves lives thieves calves our selves' sheaves wives wolves halves them selves' leaves knives loaves shelves your selves'
Words in which Y final is changed into ies in the Plural.
skies la'dies to'ries gro'cer ies spies du'ties can'dies for'ger ies cries beau'ties tro'phies gal'ler ies
Lesson 138.
Words ending in Y which form the Plural by adding a.
toys chim'neys al'leys at tor'neys drays val'leys pul'leys Sat'ur days buoys mon'eys tur'keys hol'i days whys jour'neys mon'keys cor du roys'
Words in which the Plurals are formed irregularly. As the Plural only is given, the teacher might require the pupil to ascertain the Singular, and to spell it.
mice cri'ses ter'mi ni chil'dren neb'u lae a lum'ni ver'te brae stra'ta syn op'ses geese { kine, cows } { staves, staffs} { broth'ers,breth'ren } { pease, peas} { dies, dice}
Lesson 139.
Ing signifies continuing to; as talking, continuing to talk. The following words, in taking their suffix, double the final letter. The last letter is doubled when the word ends with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel.
plan'ning win'ning stop'ping a bet'ting fret'ting blot'ting gun'ning re bel'ling bid'ding rob'bing shut'ting o mit'ting
Other words ending with consonants, which do not double the final letter.
act'ing fail'ing mean'ing ex pand'ing land'ing rain'ing coax'ing con sent'ing build'ing sail'ing suit'ing vis'it ing
Lesson 140.
Words ending in e silent, generally drop the e in adding ing.
mak'ing seiz'ing rul'ing ex pir'ing nam'ing forc'ing lin'ing re fus'ing plagu'ing hedg'ing squeez'ing in trigu'ing ach'ing writ'ing schem'ing alleg'ing
The final e is retained when it is necessary to prevent a change of pronunciation, or to maintain the identity of a word.
hoe'ing shoe'ing change'a ble toe'ing singe'ing trace'able tinge'ing dye'ing peace'a ble foe'man blue'ness charge'a ble
Lesson 141.
Ed, as a suffix, generally signifies did. In words like the following the e in ed is silent, and the wards, though of two and three syllables, are pronounced in one and two.
blazed wedged boiled be reaved drained solved coiled be sieged' hailed called soiled blas phemed' lamed hauled bowed ac quired' paved mauled crowned con trol1ed' stowed warmed plowed a bused' saved warned roused ac cused' feared warped scoured com muned' flowed proved soured con fused' glued shoved dodged de coyed' begged loved filled en joyed'
Lesson 142.
In words like the following, ed is pronounced as t; and, although of two and three syllables, the words are pronounced in one and two.
graced fixed es caped' at tacked' scraped mixed em braced' con fessed' cracked boxed en grossed' op pressed'
In other words formed by the affix ed, the last letter is doubled in words of one syllable, or in words accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel; as, wed, wed'ded. If the word ends in any other consonant than d or t, the e in ed becomes silent, and the two syllables become one; as, hem, hemmed, pronounced hemd.
jut'ted shunned com pelled o mit'ted fret'ted tapped e quipped' im bed'ded fit'ted rubbed de murred' com mit'ted
Lesson 143.
Words not included in the ahove rule, do not double the final consonant.
act'ed failed quar'reled ex pand'ed land'ed rained bar'reled mer'it ed rest'ed coaxed trav'eled vis'it ed
Y is sometimes changed into i; as cry, cried.
cried dried mar'ried glo'ried tried fried tar'ried sto'ried shied spied car'ried wor'ried
Lesson 144.
Ar, er, and or signify one who does, or that which does; as, baker, one who bakes. If the word ends in e, r only is added. After a consonant y is generally changed into i. Another letter is sometimes united to the affix; as law, law'yer. The final consonants are doubled, as in Lesson 142.
beg'gar bank'er bak'er cre a'tor dig'ger plant'er pa'cer cru sad'er dip'per build'er pav'er dic ta'tor clip'per giv'er stran'ger en grav'er trot'ter 1aw'yer writ'er sur viv'or los'er saw'yer boast'er be liev'er woo'er read'er mourn'er ad vis'er vouch'er rid'er own'er as sign'er wres'tler dy'er rul'er in vei'gler
Lesson 145.
Words formed by the Affixes er or or.
be gin'ner la'bor er nav'i ga tor in dors'er rea'son er ded'i ca tor de sert'er li'bel er cal'cu la tor dis turb'er wag'on er spec'u la tor u surp'er con'quer or pros'e cu tor con duct'or for'eign er cul'ti va tor tor ment'or cus'tom er mul'ti pli er en chant'er mur'der er nu'mer a tor sup port'er gov'ern or gen'er a tor ag gress'or pen'sion er ra'di a tor
Lesson 146.
In adjectives, er is generally added to form the comparative, and est to form the superlative; as, rich, richer, richest.
strict'er fierc'est wealth'i er wor'thi est broad'er slow'est greed'i er read'i est bright'er gaunt'est drear'i er haugh'ti est
Ly is an abbreviation of like; as manly for man-like, or like a man. Ly is still further shortened into y; as, rock, rocky.
bright'ly eas'y heav'i ly thor'oug ly gay'ly earth'y heart'i ly might'i ly no'bly speed'y read'i ly has'ti ly wind'y spon'gy tar'di ly stead'i ly
Lesson 147.
Ness is from the Saxon nesse, and means state or quality; as, neatness, state of being neat.
bleak'ness smooth'ness come'li ness fierce'ness numb'ness drow'si ness hoarse'ness wrong'ness naught'i ness calm'ness sweet'ness wea'ri ness
The termination full adds its own meaning to the word; as, joyful, full of joy. The final l is omitted in the derivatives.
change'ful mourn'ful skill'ful fan'ci ful fright'ful woe'ful will'ful pit'i ful spite'ful wrath'ful aw'ful du'ti ful
Lesson 148.
The termination less gives a negative meaning to the derivative; as graceless, without grace.
brain'less sight'less friend'less worth'less cease'less soul'less head'less house'less guile'less friut'less guilt'less noise'less
The affix age signifies the pay for, a state of being, or composed of; as cartage, the pay for carting.
mar'riage fer'ri age vag'a bond age herb'age her'mit age dis ad van'tage wharf'age pat'ron age es'pi on age
Lesson 149.
The suffix al signifies relating to; an signifies pertaining to; ant and ent, in many instances, signify the agent or doer.
tid'al com'ic al me dic'i nal ur'ban pub'li can di oc'e san claim'ant as sist'ant i tin'er ant a'gent pres'i dent cor re spond'ent
Able and ible signify that may be, capable of being, fit or worthy to be, or capacity.
eat'a ble blam'a ble am'i ca ble sal'a ble laugh'a ble nav'i ga ble leg'i ble for'ci ble com bus'ti ble cred'i ble au'di ble in del'i ble
Lesson 150.
Ist, ster, ee, and ess, generally signify the person who, or thing which.
The last is an affix denoting the feminine gender.
aur'ist phys'i cist pi a'nist tap'ster chor'is ter for'est er grant ee' mort ga gee' as sign ee' em'press shep'herd ess mar'chion ess
Dom signifies the office of or state of being; hood, the state of being; ish, somewhat, like; and ism, the condition or doctrines of.
king'dom chris'ten dom hea'then dom child'hood maid'en hood live'li hood knav'ish yel'low ish a'gu ish Bud'dhism Meth'od ism Mor'mon ism
Lesson 151.
Eer or ier generally signifies one who has charge of; en means made of, or, with adjectives, to make; ic signifies pertaining to, belonging to, or like; and ise or ize, to make, to become, or to assimilate.
cash ier' fin an cier' gon do lier' cloth'ier en gi neer' can non eer' beech'en be hold'en em bold'en bright'en en light'en en liv'en civ'ic ce phal'ic me tal'lic u'til ize cat'e chise crit'i cise sat'ir ize civ'il ize os'tra cize
Lesson 152.
Ion and ment denote the state of being, or the act of; fy, to make or become; ance or ence, the act or state of; ive, having a tendency to, or the power or nature of; ory, the power or nature of, or belonging to; and ous, partaking of, or full of.
dis per'sion di ver'sion as per'sion ex cep'tion e lec'tion con di'tion a tone'ment a gree'ment dec're ment de'i fy stu'pe fy sat'is fy an noy'ance ac cord'ance con cord'ance oc cur'rence ab hor'rence in dul'gence a mu'sive con clu'sive of fen'sive cur'so ry ar'mo ry man'da to ry dan'ger ous li'bel ous har mo'ni ous
Lesson 153.
Kin, ling, let, and ule indicate smallness or diminution.
lamb'kin man'i kin la'dy kin duck'ling un'der ling fos'ter ling leaf'let riv'u let flag'eo let glob'ule mol'e cule an i mal'cule
Some means like or same, full of, or very; ward denotes in the direction of; ure means state of; and y, full of, or composed of.
tire'some cum'ber some vent'ure some east'ward heav'en ward aft'er ward verd'ure cur'va ture im post'ure smok'y sin'ew y sil'ver y
Lesson 154.
ruff, an article of dress. roar, to make a loud noise. rough (ruf), uneven. row'er, one who rows. retch, to vomit. sail, a sheet of canvas. wretch, a miserable person. sale, the act of selling. rode, did ride. seen, beheld. road, a way; route. scene, a view. rowed, did row. seine, a net for fishing. room, an apartment. slay, to kill. rheum, a serous fluid. sleigh, a vehicle on runners. sow, to scatter seed. sley, a weaver's reed. sew (so), to use a needle. seem, to appear. so, thus; in like manner. seam, a line of junction.
Lesson 155.
rude, uncivil; rough. slow, not fast. rood, fourth of an acre. sloe, a kind of fruit. serf, a slave; servant. sun, the source of light. surf, a swell of the sea. son, a male child. serge, a kind of cloth. steel, refined iron. surge, to rise; to swell. steal, to rob; to pilfer. sheer, pure; clear. stile, steps over a fence. shear, to cut or clip. style, manner of writing. side, a part; a margin. stare, to look fixedly. sighed, did sigh. stair, a step. slew (slu), did slay. sweet, pleasing to the taste. slue, to slip aside. suite (swet), retinue.
Lesson 156.
OF PREFIXES.
When a syllable or word is placed before another word, it is called a prefix. The prefix re generally gives the idea of repetition or return; as, recall, to call back.
re build' re ap pear' re an'i mate re touch' re as cend' re gen'er ate re seat' re im burse' re sus'ci tate re view' ro doub'le re ver'ber ate
The prefix un generally gives a negative meaning; as, unapt, not apt.
un paid' un friend'ly un court'ly un clean' un health'y un ea'sy un known' un stead'y un fruit'ful un nerve' un err'ing un learn'ed
Lesson 157.
In, also, has a negative meaning; it often becomes im, il, ir, or ig, for the sake of sound.
in act'ive in sin cere' ir res'o lute im prop'er im po lite' ir re lig'ious il le'gal il lu'sive irre spect'ive ig no'ble ig'no rant ir'ri ta ble
im ma te ri al'i ty im prac ti ca bil'i ty in di vis i bil'i ty in de struc ti bil'i ty in com pat i bil'i ty ir re sist i bil'i ty in com press i bil'i ty im pen e tra bil'i ty
Lesson 158.
Dis is a Latin particle, and has the force of a negative or privative; as, disagree, not to agree, disarm, to deprive of arms.
dis please' dis ap pear' dis con tin'ue dis joint' dis be lieve' dis in her'it dis lodge' dis o blige' dis or'gan ize dis charge' dis cour'age dis sim'i lar dis grace' dis cov'er dis crim'i nate
The prefix after conveys its own meaning.
aft'er piece aft'er noon aft'er most aft'er guard aft'er math aft'er-thought
Lesson 159.
Post is a Latin word, meaning after.
post'script post-di lu'vi an post me rid'i an post'-date post po si'tion post'hu mous ly
Other words are formed by prefixing the English word post, a letter- carrier.
post'al post'man post'mark post'-chaise post'-town post'-office post-haste' post'boy post'mas ter
Bene is a Latin prefix, signifying well.
ben'e dict ben e fac'tion be nef'i cence ben'e fice ben e fi'cial be nev'o lence
Lesson 160.
Fore adds its own meaning to the word; as foretaste, to taste before; pre is from the Latin prae, before; ante (Latin), before. Anti (Greek), means against or opposite.
fore'sight fore tell'er fore bod'ing ly fore'most fore knowl'edge fore de ter'mine fore know' fore'cas tle pre med'i tate pre fix' pre cau'tion pre oc'cu py pre judge' pre ced'ing pre-em'i nent pre serve' pre des'tine an te pas'chal pre sage' an'te past an te mun'dane pre text' an'te date an te nup'tial fore warn' an'ti pode an ti cli'max fore'front an'ti dote an ti feb'rile
Lesson 161.
The word miss signifies to err, to go wrong; in the compound the last s is omitted.
mis guide' mis be lief' mis reck'on mis spell' mis con ceive' mis con'strue mis choose' mis di rect' mis gov'ern mis chance' mis re cite' mis guid'ance
Words formed by the prefixes up and under.
up raise' un der lay' un'der hand up heave' un der write' un'der growth up'right un der sign' un'der brush up'ward un der neath' un'der shot
Lesson 162.
Words formed by the prefixes out and over.
out brave' o ver reach' o'ver board out grow' o ver awe' o'ver alls out pour' o ver flow' o'ver night out talk' o ver freight' o'ver sight
Counter, from the Latin contra, against.
coun'ter pane coun'ter sign coun ter move' coun'ter feit coun'ter point coun ter weight'
Extra (Latin), beyond.
ex tra ju di'cial ex tra phys'ic al ex tra pro vin'cial ex tra trop'ic al
Lesson 163.
Semi (Latin), and hemi (Greek), ha1f; super (Latin), over or above; trans
(Latin), beyond or through; and inter (Latin), among or between.
sem'i breve sem'i co lon sem'i qua ver sem'i tone sem'i cir cle sem i ton'ic hem'i sphere hem'i cy cle hem i morph'ic hem'i trope hem i he'dral hem i spher'ic su per add' su per fi'cial su per in duce' su per scribe' su per'flu ous su per struct'ure tran scend'ent trans at lan'tic tran'si to ry trans fig'ure trans fus'i ble trans mis'si ble in'ter course in ter mit'tent in ter reg'num in'ter lude in ter ces'sor in ter sec'tion