CHAPTER VI.
OF ADVERBS.
An Adverb, considered as a separate part of speech, is a single indeclinable word, significant of time, place, or any other circumstance or modification of an action or attribute. The number of simple Adverbs in Gaelic is but small. Adverbial phrases, made up of two or more words, are sufficiently numerous. Any adjective may be converted into an adverbial expression, by prefixing to it the preposition gu to; as, fìrinneach true, gu fìrinneach [corresponding] to [what is] true, κατα το αληθες, i.e., truly. Adverbs of this form need not be enumerated. It may be useful, however, to give a list of other adverbs and adverbial phrases, most commonly in use; subjoining, where it can be done, a literal translation of their component parts, and also the English expression which corresponds most nearly to the sense of the Gaelic phrase.
Adverbs of Time.
A cheana; already, truly.
A chianamh; a little while ago.
A chlisge; quickly, in a trice.
A choidhche, Choidh; for ever.
A nis, Nise; now.
A rìs, Rithist; again.
Ainmic, Ainmeach; seldom.
Air ball; on [the] spot, immediately.
Air dheireadh; hindmost.
Air thoiseach; foremost.
Air tùs; in the beginning, at first.
Air uairibh; at times, sometimes.
Am bliadhna; this year.
Am feadh; whilst.
Am feasd; for ever.
Am màireach; to-morrow.
An ceart uair; the very hour, presently.
An comhnuidh; in continuation, continually.
An dé; yesterday.
An deigh laimh; behind hand, afterwards.
An diugh; the [present] day, to-day[[73]].
An ear-thrath, An iar-thraith; the after time, the day after to-morrow.
An nochd; the [present] night, to-night.
An raoir, An reidhr; yesternight.
An sin; in that [time], then.
An trath; the time, when.
An tràth so, An tràs'; this time, at present.
An uair; the time, when.
An uiridh; last year.
Aon uair; one time, once.
Cia fhada; how long.
Cia minic, Cia tric; how often.
C'uine; what time, when.
Do la, A la; by day[[74]].
Dh' oidhche; by night[[74]].
Do ghnàth; [according] to custom, always.
Fa dheoidh; at the end, at last.
Fathast, Fòs; yet, still.
Gu bràth[[75]], Gu la bhràth; to the general conflagration, for ever.
Gu dìlinn[[75]]; to the expiration of time, or till the deluge, for ever.
Gu minic; often.
Gu siorruidh; to ever-flowing, for ever.
Gu suthainn; for ever.
Gu tric; often.
Idir; at all.
Mar tha; as it is, already.
Mu dheireadh; at last.
O cheann tamuill; a while ago.
O chian; from far, of old, long ago.
Rè seal, Rè tamuill; for a time.
Riamh; ever, said of past time only.
Roimh làimh; before hand.
Uair eigin; some time.
Adverbs of Place.
A bhos, Bhos; on this side, here below.
A leth taobh; to one side, aside.
A mach, A muigh; without, out.
A mhàn[[76]]; downwards, down.
An aird; to the height, upwards, up.
A nall, Nall; to this side.
A nuas; from above, down hither.
A null, Null, nunn; to the other side.
A thaobh; aside.
Air aghaidh, Air adhart; on [the] face, forward.
Air ais; backwards.
Air dheireadh; hindmost.
Air thoiseach; foremost.
Am fad, An céin; afar.
An gar; close to.
An laimh; in hand, in custody.
An sin; in that [place], there.
An so; in this [place], here.
An sud; in yon [place], yonder.
An taice; close adjoining, in contact.
Asteach, Astigh;[[77]] within, in.
C' àite; what place, where.
Cia an taobh; what side, whither.
C' ionadh; what place, whither.
Fad as; afar off.
Fad air astar; far away.
Far; where,—relatively.
Fogus, Am fogus; near.
H-uig' agus uaith; to and fro.
Iolar, Ioras; below there, below yonder.
Le leathad; by a descent, downwards.
Leis; along with it, down a stream, declivity, &c.
Mu 'n cuairt; by the circuit, around.
Ri bruthach; to an ascent, upwards.
Ris; in an exposed state, bare, uncovered.
Seachad; past, aside.
Sios, a sios; downwards.
Suas, a suas; upwards.
Shios; below there, below yonder.
Shuas; above there, above yonder.
Tarsuing; across.
Thairis; over.
Thall; on the other side.
Uthard; above there, above yonder.
Deas[[78]]; south.
Gu deas; southward.
A deas; from the south.
Iar[[79]], Siar; west.
Gus an aird an iar; westward.
O'n iar; from the west.
Tuath; north.
Gu tuath; northward.
A tuath; from the north.
Ear, Oir, Soir; east.
Gus an aird an ear; eastward.
O'n ear; from the east.
Adverbs of Manner.
Air achd; in a manner.
Air a' chuthach, Air boile; distracted, mad.
Air chall; lost.
Air chòir; aright.
Air chor; in a manner.
Air chor eigin; in some manner, somehow.
Air chuairt; sojourning.
Air chuimhne; in remembrance.
Air éigin; with difficulty, scarcely.
Air fogradh; in exile, in a fugitive state.
Air ghleus; in trim.
Air iomadan; adrift.
Air iomroll; astray.
Air iunndrain; amissing.
Air lagh; trimmed for action, as a bow bent, a firelock cocked, &c.
Air leth; apart, separately.
Air seacharan; astray.
Air sgeul; found, not lost.
Amhàin; only.
Amhuil, Amhludh; like as.
Am bidheantas; customarily, habitually.
Am feabhas; convalescent, improving.
An coinnimh a chinn; headlong.
An coinnimh a chùil; backwards.
An deidh, An geall; desirous, enamoured.
An nasgaidh; for nothing, gratis.
An tòir; in pursuit.
Araon; together.
As an aghaidh; out of the face, to the face, outright.
As a chéile; loosened, disjointed.
Car air char; rolling, tumbling over and over.
Cia mar; as how, how.
C' arson; on account of what, why, wherefore.
C' ionnas; what manner, how.
Cha, cho; not.
Comhla[[80]], mar chomhla, Cuideachd; together, in company.
C'uime, for what, why.
Do dheoin, a dheoin; spontaneously, intentionally.
Dh' aindeoin; against one's will.
Do dhìth, a dhìth; a-wanting.
Do rìreadh; really, actually, indeed.
Fa leth; severally, individually.
Gle; very.
Gu beachd; to observation, evidently, clearly.
Gu buileach; to effect, thoroughly, wholly.
Gu dearbh; to conviction, truly, certainly.
Gu deimhin; to assurance, assuredly, verily.
Gu leir; altogether.
Gu leor; to sufficiency, enough.
Gun amharus; without doubt, doubtless.
Gun chàird; without rest, incessantly, without hesitation.
Leth mar leth; half and half.
Le chéile; with each other, together.
Maraon; as one, together, in concert.
Mar an ceudna; in like manner, likewise.
Mar sin; as that, in that manner.
Mar so; as this, thus.
Mar sud; as yon, in yon manner.
Mu seach; in return, alternately.
Na, Nar; let not,—used optatively, or imperatively.
Nach; that not, who not, not?
Ni; not.
Ni h-eadh[[81]]; it is not so.
Os àird; openly.
Os barr; on top, besides.
Os iosal; secretly, covertly.
Ro; very.
Roimh a cheile; prematurely, too hastily.
Seadh[[81]]; it is so.
Thar a chéile, Troimh a chéile; in disorder, in confusion, stirred about.
Theagamh; perhaps.
Uidh air 'n uidh; stage by stage, gradually.