INDEX.

Aard-vark or ant-eater, [194].
Abiad, Bahr-el-, White Nile, [368].
Abu tok, a small hornbill, [216].
Adony, heronry on island of, [544].
Altai, crown-estate of the, [513], [585].
Altrices and præcoces, [59], [566].
Antelope, migrations of the, [245].
Anthropoid apes, [308].
Apes and Monkeys, [282];
an Arabic legend about baboons, [282];
ancient beliefs of Egypt and India, [284];
the “monkey question” discussed, [285], [580];
their distribution and habits, [286], [582];
talents and abilities, [291];
New-World monkeys, [293];
a concert of red howlers, [295];
Old-World monkeys, [296];
two types, the Dog-like and Man-like, [296];
endowments and characteristics of the Dog-like monkey, [296], [582];
examples of their bravery, intelligence, and self-esteem, [299], [582];
Man-like or anthropoid apes, [308];
their structure, habits, and voice-power, [308];
highest specimens of this type, [311];
the chimpanzee, [311];
differences between man and the ape, [317], [583].
Archar, a giant wild sheep, [110], [397], [584].
Arctic fox, [73], [155], [567].
Asiatic steppes, the, [86].
Aspis, a venomous snake, [184], [575].
Assuan, on the Nile, [359].
Auk, life and habits of the, [57], [566].
Aul of the Kirghiz, [464], [478], [497].
Azrek, Bahr-el-, Blue Nile, [203], [368].
Baboons in Central Africa, [238].
Baobab-tree, [209].
Bards among the Kirghiz, [493].
Barnaul, town of, [518].
Bat, migration of the, [251].
Bateleur, or short-tailed African eagle, [188];
poetic legend regarding, [189];
its remarkable flight during pairing-time, [265].
Bear, habits of the, [163];
value of its skin, [165];
its teeth and claws considered potent charms, [165];
methods of its capture, [166];
stories of encounters with bears, [166].
Beaver, extermination of the, [135], [573].
Bedouins of the desert, [352].
Bee-eater, courting of the, [266].
Bird-bergs of Scandinavia, [40], [a]51].
Birds, love and courtship among, [259];
methods of their wooing, [262];
combats of rival lovers, [272];
unfaithfulness among, [278].
Bird voices of the primitive forest, [215].
Bison, migrations of the, [241], [579].
Brehm, Alfred E., sketch of, [xxvii].
Brick tea, [573], [585].
Brooding islands of Scandinavia described, [48], [53];
visits to, [49], [53].
Buffalo, the, [97], [569].
Bulban for decoying black grouse, [142].
Buran or snow-hurricane, [94].
Camel of the Kirghiz, [466], [571].
Capuchin monkeys, [239], [296].
Cat, ancestors of the, [116], [571].
Cataracts of the Nile, [358], [583];
navigation of the, [379].
Cattle of the Kirghiz, [466].
Cembra or stone-pine of Siberia, [128].
Cerastes or horned viper, [178], [575].
Chabir or leader of a caravan, [322].
Chimpanzee, character of the, [311];
story of one, [315].
Chinese breakfast, a, [400].
Climbing plants in primitive forests, [210].
Colonists and Exiles in Siberia, [510], [586];
their conditions of life, [511];
abolition of serfdom, [512];
the crown-estate of Altai, [513];
condition of its inhabitants, [515];
their character, [518];
a peasant’s views, [519];
over-abundant harvests, [521];
early marriages, [522];
marriage customs, [523];
the criminal classes, [524];
their transport and government allowances, [524];
their considerate treatment, [530];
a prison school, [532];
orphan asylum, [533];
among the criminals, [533];
their reformation sought, [534];
convict work in the mines, [534];
attempted escapes, [536].
Convicts in Siberia, [524].
Crested crane, notes of the, [216].
Crocodile, the, [225], [227], [577].
Crocodile-bird, the, [227], [577].
Cuckoo, courting of the, [264];
its polygamy, [279].
Danube, an Ornithologist on the, [540].
Darwin, Charles, [xxiv];
his Doctrine of Descent, [317], [438].
Dauw, flight of the, [256].
Desert Journeys, [318];
bargaining with a sheikh, [318];
preparations for a start, [321];
camel-riding, [325];
the Sahara or Great Desert described, [326];
its animal life, [331];
discomforts of the desert journey, [336];
the camel-driver sketched, [338];
a night in the desert, [340];
the oasis, [341];
life at a well in the desert, [345];
a festival of nomads and travellers, [347];
coming of the Simoom, [348];
the mirage, [351];
an interview with Bedouins, [352];
the Nile reached, [355].
Diving-birds in the tundra, [78].
Dog-like monkeys, [296].
Dogs, of the Ostiaks, [429];
of the Kirghiz, [467].
Domesticated animals, ancestors of our, [115], [571].
Dove, courting of the, [266].
Dromedary, the, [466].
Duleb-palm, the, [210].
Dwarf-birch of the tundra, [68].
Eagle, hunting with the, [486].
Eider-duck, the, [40];
its appearance and habits, [41];
her search for a brooding-place, [42];
the nest robbed by the Norseman, [43];
she builds a second nest, [43];
value of the down on her breast, [43], [48], [565];
her remarkable tameness, [45];
the birds steal each other’s eggs, [45];
the ducklings protected and placed in the sea by the natives, [46].
Eider-holms, [40].
Elephant, the, [233].
Elephantine, on the Nile, [359].
Elk, hunting of the, [147]; [573].
Exiles. See Colonists.
Faber’s description of a brooding-place, [60].
Fall-trap, used in Siberia, [136].
Family and Social Life among the Kirghiz, [482];
alleged origin of the people, [482];
their true character, [483];
their expert horsemanship, [484];
wrestling, [485];
hunting, [486];
their love of talking, [492];
language, [493];
bards, [493];
education and religious feeling, [494];
good qualities of the people, [494];
family pride and vanity, [495];
social customs and hospitality, [496];
wedding ceremonies, [497];
a lover’s song, [502];
treatment of children, [506];
funeral ceremonies, [507].
Fata Morgana or “devil’s sea”, [351].
Fighting-ruffs, combats of, [102]; [570].
Forests of Siberia, [121];
of Africa and America, [571], [572];
forest-fires, [123].
Fox, hunted for its valuable fur, [155]; [487].
Fruskagora, hunting and exploring in, [557].
Funeral ceremonies among the Kirghiz, [507].
Gazelle of the desert, [332].
Gecko lizard, the, [186], [575].
Goat of the Kirghiz, [464], [571].
Goat-sucker or night-jar, [193], [266].
Gobi steppe, migrations from the, [242].
Golden plover of the tundra, [78].
Gulls, breeding-places of, [53], [60].
Hare and Hounds, game of, in Nubia, [377].
Hare of Western Siberia, [150].
Hassanie, a Soudanese tribe, [204];
their appearance and singular customs, [204];
their huts, [205];
life of a Hassanie matron, [206].
Hazel-grouse, hunting of the, [142].
Heat in the desert, [170], [574].
Hippopotamus, the, [225], [230].
Hochtiere, an order including man and the monkey, [317].
Hornbill, the, [219], [576].
Horse, among the Kirghiz, [458], [484];
horse-racing, [485].
Hulman and Bunder, monkeys worshipped, [238].
Humboldt, Alexander von, [xx.]
Hungary, bird-fauna of, [540].
Hyæna-dog of African steppes, [195].
Instinct versus Love, [259].
Isegrim, name for the wolf, [152], [154], [564].
Jerboa of the Asiatic steppes, [108], [570].
Journey, in the Desert, [318];
in Siberia, [390].
Kaisak, Kasak, or Cossack. See Kirghiz.
Kalüm, price of a Kirghiz bride, [499].
Kazan, town of, [393].
Kirghiz, the, [397];
a sample of their poetry, [398].
See Nomad Herdsmen, and Family and Social Life.
Kittiwake, brooding-places of the, [60].
Korti, the Nubians defeated at, [370].
Koumiss, [469], [498].
Kulan, ancestor of the domestic horse, [115], [404], [571];
migrations of the, [245].
Lark of the Asiatic steppes, [105], [115].
Lemming of the tundra, [74];
migrations of, [254], [568], [580].
Lizards in Africa, [185].
Locusts, [230].
Lofodens and their bird-life, [48].
Love and Courtship among Birds, [259];
intelligence and emotional life in animals, [260];
all birds seek to pair, [261];
various methods of bird-wooing, [262];
their songs are love-songs, [263];
their love-flights, [265];
love-dances, [266];
coyness of the female birds, [271], [581];
combats among the rival males, [272];
devotion of birds to their chosen mates, [275];
occasional unfaithfulness, [277];
polygamous birds, [279], [581];
bird widows and widowers, [280], [581].
Love versus Instinct, [259].
Love-dances of birds, [266].
Love-flights of kites, harriers, &c., [265].
Love-song of birds, [263].
Lynx in Siberia, [155].
Mammals, migrations of, [234].
Man-like apes, [308].
Maral stag, hunting of the, [144];
value of his antlers for preparing a Chinese quack specific, [144], [573].
Marmoset, lowest of the monkey order, [291].
Marriage ceremonies among the Kirghiz, [498].
Marsh-harrier, a bird of prey, [102].
Melik el Nimmr, the “panther king”, [371].
Metallic starling, the, [214], [215].
Migrations of Mammals, [234];
causes of periodic migrations, [234];
wanderings of the brown rat, souslik, and mice, [235];
expeditions to obtain better food, [238];
fundamental cause of all true migration, [239];
scarcity of water a cause of migrations, [242];
migration of sea animals, [248];
mad flight of zebras and other animals in South Africa, [256].
Mines of Siberia, convicts in, [534].
Mohammed Aali subjugates the Nubians, [370].
Monkeys. See Apes and Monkeys.
Monkeys, long-tailed, [222], [581].
Mosquito, a terrible pest in the tundra, [81], [568].
Mud-fish of Africa, [183], [575].
Naturalist-travellers, list of works by, [xxix].
Nests of birds, [217];
of the bee-eaters, [217];
of the golden weaver-birds, [218];
of the cow weaver-birds, [219];
of finches, [219];
of the hornbills, [219];
of the umber-bird, [220];
of the dwarf peregrine falcon and guinea-dove, [221];
of the African swift, [221];
of the crocodile-bird, [229].
New-World or broad-nosed monkeys, [293].
Nomad Herdsmen and Herds of the Steppes, [451];
domain and tribes of the Kirghiz, [452];
their racial affinities, [452];
physical features, [453];
dress, [453];
dwellings, [454];
wealth reckoned by their herds, [458];
importance of the horse, [458];
their sheep and goats, [464];
cattle, [465];
camels, [466];
dog, [467];
food of the people, [468];
their constant roamings, [470];
the winter camping-ground, [473];
manner of travelling, [474];
milking the animals, [477];
a charming picture of pastoral life, [480].
Northern Lights, the, [38], [86], [443].
Norway, harvest of the sea, [38].
Nubia and the Nile Rapids, [356];
the region of the rapids, [357];
its prehistoric ruins, [359];
vegetation and fauna, [363];
fertility of middle Nubia, [366];
the Nubian and Egyptian contrasted, [368];
Nubia subjugated by the Egyptians, [370];
sketch of the Nubian people, [373];
navigation of the rapids, [379];
a night on one of the rocks, [382];
the voyage down-stream, [383], [388];
a warning unheeded, [388].
Nyke, visit to the, [53];
its immense number of birds, [55].
Oases of the desert, [341].
Obdorsk, annual fair at, [440].
Ohrt, the Ostiak god, [421], [443], [448].
Old-World monkeys, [296].
Omsk, town of, [396].
Ornithologist (an) on the Danube, [540];
a tempting invitation, [541];
scenery on the Danube, [541];
a famous heronry, [544];
bird-life in the marshes, [546];
sea-eagle hunting, [548];
fighting and pairing of the birds, [549];
care for their young, [552];
protection of animal life in Hungary, [554];
a grand river picture, [556];
a wonderful district, [557];
vulture-shooting, [561];
a sail through a forest-wilderness, [563].
Ostiaks, the Heathen, [416];
condition of the people, [416];
probable number of the tribe, [417], [584];
contrasted with Ostiaks of the Greek Church, [418];
their physical features, [421];
language and dress, [422];
dwellings, [423];
employments, [425];
their reindeer and dogs, [426];
constant migrations, [431];
a “bloody meal”, [434];
at night in a tshum, [436];
at a fishing-station, [437];
hunting for game, [439];
the fair of Obdorsk, [440];
evils of brandy-drinking, [440];
marriage customs, [441];
domestic life, [445];
performances and prophecies of a shaman, [445];
religion of the people, [448];
their burial customs, [450].
Ostrich, legend regarding the, [190];
habits and omnivorous appetite of, [191], [576];
breeding of, [192].
Ox of the Kirghiz, [465].
Oyster-catcher, the, [49].
Pairing-cry of birds, [273].
Pallas’s sand-grouse or steppe-grouse, [115], [404].
Palm-tree of the desert, [342].
Pangolin of North Africa, [194].
Phalarope in the tundra, [80], [568].
Philæ, island of, [361], [584].
Pichta fir of Siberia, [128], [394].
Pine-marten, [158];
hunting of the, [161].
Polygamy of some birds, [279].
Primeval Forests of Central Africa, [201];
their magnificence in spring-time, [203];
sailing up the Blue Nile, [204];
a remarkable tribe, [204];
the forest reached, [207];
difficulty of penetrating it, [208];
the baobab-tree and duleb-palm, [209];
bird-fauna of the forest, [213];
varieties of nests, [217];
mammals of the forest, [222];
animal life on the river-banks and islands, [225];
rain-lakes and water-pools of the forest, [229];
visits of the locust, [230];
night in the primeval forest, [231].
Ptarmigan of the tundra, [77]
Quagga, flight of the, [256]; [569].
Ramwood of the Asiatic steppes, [112].
Rat, invasion of the, [235]; [578].
Razor-bill or auk, [57], [61].
Reindeer, [76], [150], [240], [578];
ravages of disease among, [412], [426], [584].
Roe-deer, hunting of the, [146].
Rouble and kopek, [573].
Sable, rarity of the, [157];
hunting the, [161].
Sahara, the, [326].
Salt-steppes, [90], [98].
Salt’s antelope, [223].
Samoyedes, [417], [440].
Sand-grouse of the desert, [334], [570].
Scandinavia, ancient legend concerning, [33];
general aspect of the land, [34];
its fjords, [a]35];
islands and skerries, [37];
fisheries, [38];
bird-bergs, [40], [a]51].
Schlangenberg or Snakemount, [107], [129], [157], [408].
Schohazen or Catholic Servians, [555].
Sea-birds, habits of, [39];
value of their eggs and flesh as food, [48].
Sea-eagle hunting in Hungary, [548].
Seal, migrations of the, [250], [580].
Secretary-bird, [184], [187].
Serfdom, abolition of, [512].
Shaman or Ostiak priest, [445], [585].
Sheep of the Kirghiz, [464].
Shendy, massacre at, [371];
Nubians defeated at, [373].
Shrikes, different notes of male and female, [216].
Siberia, false ideas concerning, [120];
its vast forests, [121];
forest-fires, [123];
limited variety of trees, [127];
difficulty of traversing the primeval forests, [130];
their desolateness, [131];
uncertainty of finding game, [132];
Siberian methods of hunting, [135];
the trade in furs and birds’ skins, [135], [573];
game animals of the forests, [136];
hunting of game birds, [140], and of big and smaller game, [144].
Siberia, Journey in, [390];
travelling in winter, [391];
from Europe into Asia, [394];
Western Siberia reached, [395];
Russian hospitality, [395];
a great hunting expedition, [397];
entertained by a Chinese mandarin, [399];
a horrible massacre, [401];
at the Irtish river, [404];
in the Altai Mountains, [404];
camp-life with a Russian general, [405];
summer scene in the Altai, [406];
a voyage on the great river Obi, [408];
an unfortunate exploring expedition, [411];
ravages of disease, [412], [414];
the return home, [415].
Simoom, the, [171], [348].
Skua in the tundra, [79].
Sky-goat, [103], [570].
Souslik, the, [108], [237], [407].
Spiders and scorpions in a night-camp, [178].
Splenic fever, ravages of, [412], [584].
Springbok, flight of the, [257]; [580].
Spring-gun of the Ostiaks and Samoyedes, [139].
Squirrels, migrations of, [253].
Steppe, origin and usage of the term, [87], [174].
Steppe-fires, [397].
Steppes, characteristics of the Asiatic, [87];
their scenery, [89];
vegetation, [91], [568];
beauty of the flowers in spring, [95];
animal life in the steppes, [97], [109], [115];
insects and reptiles, [107];
the giant wild sheep, [110];
the kulan or wild horse, [115];
a kulan hunt and capture of a foal, [119].
Steppes of Inner Africa, [168];
sketch of their seasons, [169];
miseries of the winter, [170];
spring heralded by terrible storm and rain, [171];
definition of the African steppe, [174];
inhospitable character of the region, [175];
its vegetation, [176];
difficulties of travelling, [177];
a night’s experience in camp, [177];
fauna of the country, [182];
the bird-fauna, [187];
mammals, [193];
stampede and destruction of animal life caused by the steppe-fire, [198].
Stone-seas in the Nile, [367].
Storks, stories regarding, [276], [277], [278], [281].
Swallow, courting of the, [266].
Swärtholm brooding-place, [60], [62].
Syene, or Sun, on the Nile, [359], [584].
Taiga region in Siberia, [129], [572].
Tarpan of the Dnieper steppes, [115], [571].
Tchukutchak stormed by the Dungani tribe, [401].
Termite or white ant in Africa, [181], [574].
Tiger, hunting of the, [157].
Titmouse, the penduline, [563], [586].
Tiumen, town of, [395].
Tragopan, wooing of the, [267].
Tshum or hut of the Ostiaks, [410], [423].
Tundra of the Polar region, described, [63], [566];
its lakes, [67];
vegetation, [68];
prehistoric animals embedded in its ice-crust, [72], [567];
fauna of the tundra, [72];
characteristic birds, [77];
the mosquito, [81];
autumn and winter in the tundra, [85];
an unhappy expedition to one, [411].
Umber-bird, the, [220], [576].
Ustkamenegorsk, school in, [494].
Vodki in Siberia, [524].
Voles, migrations of the, [253].
Vulture, the crested black, [559].
Wady Halfa, on the Nile, [357], [362], [387], [390].
Wallace, Alfred Russel, [xxiv].
Whale, systematic migrations of the, [248].
Wild sheep hunting on the Arkat Mountains, [488].
Willows (sallows) of the tundra, [69].
Wolf, [93], [151], [152], [486], [488], [564].
Wood-ibis, song of the, [216].
Yamaul, messenger of the gods, [446], [447].
Yurt or Kirghiz house, [454], [570].
Zaizan, town of, [403], [494].
Zebra, flight of the, [256].
Zoology, history of, [xv].

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Transcriber’s Notes:

Variations in spelling and hyphenation are retained.

Perceived typographical errors have been changed.