FOOTNOTES:
[218] Descent of Man, pp. 41-43; also pp. 13-15.
[219] Man's Place in Nature, p. 64.
[220] Man's Place in Nature, p. 67. See Figs. of Embryos of Man and Dog in Darwin's Descent of Man, p. 10.
[221] The Descent of Man, pp. 7, 8.
[222] Man and Apes. By St. George Mivart, F.R.S., 1873. It is an interesting fact (for which I am indebted to Mr. E.B. Poulton) that the human embryo possesses the extra rib and wrist-bone referred to above in (2) and (4) as occurring in some of the apes.
[223] Man and Apes, pp. 138, 144.
[224] For a sketch of the evidence of Man's Antiquity in America, see The Nineteenth Century for November 1887.
[225] This subject was first discussed in an article in the Anthropological Review, May 1864, and republished in my Contributions to Natural Selection, chap, ix, in 1870.
[226] Man's Place in Nature, p. 102.
[227] For a full discussion of this question, see the author's Geographical Distribution of Animals, vol. i. p. 285.
[228] For a full discussion of all these points, see Descent of Man, chap. iii.
[229] Descent of Man, chap. iv.
[230] Lubbock's Origin of Civilisation, fourth edition, pp. 434-440; Tylor's Primitive Culture, chap. vii.
[231] It has been recently stated that some of these facts are erroneous, and that some Australians can keep accurate reckoning up to 100, or more, when required. But this does not alter the general fact that many low races, including the Australians, have no words for high numbers and never require to use them. If they are now, with a little practice, able to count much higher, this indicates the possession of a faculty which could not have been developed under the law of utility only, since the absence of words for such high numbers shows that they were neither used nor required.
[232] Article Arithmetic in Eng. Cyc. of Arts and Sciences.
[233] See "History of Music," in Eng. Cyc., Science and Arts Division.
[234] This is the estimate furnished me by two mathematical masters in one of our great public schools of the proportion of boys who have any special taste or capacity for mathematical studies. Many more, of course, can be drilled into a fair knowledge of elementary mathematics, but only this small proportion possess the natural faculty which renders it possible for them ever to rank high as mathematicians, to take any pleasure in it, or to do any original mathematical work.
[235] I am informed, however, by a music master in a large school that only about one per cent have real or decided musical talent, corresponding curiously with the estimate of the mathematicians.
[236] In the latter part of his essay on Heredity (pp. 91-93 of the volume of Essays), Dr. Weismann refers to this question of the origin of "talents" in man, and, like myself, comes to the conclusion that they could not be developed under the law of natural selection. He says: "It may be objected that, in man, in addition to the instincts inherent in every individual, special individual predispositions are also found, of such a nature that it is impossible they can have arisen by individual variations of the germ-plasm. On the other hand, these predispositions—which we call talents—cannot have arisen through natural selection, because life is in no way dependent on their presence, and there seems to be no way of explaining their origin except by an assumption of the summation of the skill attained by exercise in the course of each single life. In this case, therefore, we seem at first sight to be compelled to accept the transmission of acquired characters." Weismann then goes on to show that the facts do not support this view; that the mathematical, musical, or artistic faculties often appear suddenly in a family whose other members and ancestors were in no way distinguished; and that even when hereditary in families, the talent often appears at its maximum at the commencement or in the middle of the series, not increasing to the end, as it should do if it depended in any way on the transmission of acquired skill. Gauss was not the son of a mathematician, nor Handel of a musician, nor Titian of a painter, and there is no proof of any special talent in the ancestors of these men of genius, who at once developed the most marvellous pre-eminence in their respective talents. And after showing that such great men only appear at certain stages of human development, and that two or more of the special talents are not unfrequently combined in one individual, he concludes thus—
"Upon this subject I only wish to add that, in my opinion, talents do not appear to depend upon the improvement of any special mental quality by continued practice, but they are the expression, and to a certain extent the bye-product, of the human mind, which is so highly developed in all directions."
It will, I think, be admitted that this view hardly accounts for the existence of the highly peculiar human faculties in question.
[237] For an earlier discussion of this subject, with some wider applications, see the author's Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection, chap. x.
INDEX
A
Abbott, Dr. C.C., instability of habits of birds, [76]
on American water-thrushes (Seiurus), [117]
Mr., drawings of caterpillars and their food plants, [203]
Accessory plumes, development and display of, [293]
Acclimatisation, [94]
Achatinellidae, Gulick on variations in, [147]
Acquired characters, non-heredity of, [440]
Acraeidae, mimicry of, [247]
Adaptation to conditions at various periods of life, [112]
Adolias dirtea, sexual diversity of, [271]
Aegeriidae, mimicry by, [240]
Agaristidae, mimicry of, [246]
Agassiz, on species, [5]
on North American weeds, [15]
Agelaeus phoeniceus, diagram showing variations of, [56];
proportionate numbers which vary, [64]
Albatross, courtship of great, [287]
Allen, Mr. Grant, on forms of leaves, [133]
on degradation of wind-fertilised from insect-fertilised flowers, [325] (note)
on insects and flowers, [332]
on production of colour through the agency of the colour sense, [334]
Mr. J.A., on the variability of birds, [50]
Allen, Mr. J.A., on colour as influenced by climate, [228]
Alluring coloration, [210]
American school of evolutionists, [420]
Anemone nemorosa, variability of, [78]
Animal coloration, a theory of, [288]
general laws of, [296]
intelligence, supposed action of, [425]
characteristics of man, [454]
Animals, the struggle among, [18]
wild, their enjoyment of life, [39]
usually die painless deaths, [38]
constitutional variation of, [94]
uses of colours of, [134]
supposed effects of disuse in wild, [415]
most allied to man, [450]
Antelopes, recognition marks of, [219]
Anthrocera filipendula inedible, [235]
Apples, variations of, [87]
Arctic animals, supposed causes of white colour of, [191]
Argyll, Duke of, on goose reared by a golden eagle, [75]
Artemia salina and A. milhausenii, [426]
Asclepias curassavica, spread of, [28]
Asses running wild in Quito, [28]
Attractive fruits, [306]
Australia, spread of the Cape-weed in, [29]
fossil and recent mammals of, [392]
Azara, on cause of horses and cattle not running wild in Paraguay, [19]
Azores, flora of, supports aerial transmission of seeds, [368]
B
Baker, Mr. J.G., on rarity of spiny plants in Mauritius, [432]
Ball, Mr., on cause of late appearance of exogens, [400]
Barber, Mrs., on variable colouring of pupae of Papilio nireus, [197]
on protective colours of African sun-birds, [200]
Barbs, [91]
Barriers, importance of, in questions of distribution, [341]
Bates, Mr. H.W., on varieties of butterflies, [44]
on inedibility of Heliconidae, [234]
on a conspicuous caterpillar, [236]
on mimicry, [240], [243], [249]
Bathmism or growth-force, Cope on, [421]
Beddard, Mr. F.E., variations of earthworms, [67]
on plumes of bird of paradise, [292]
Beech trees, aggressive in Denmark, [21]
Beetle and wasp (figs.), [259]
Beetle, fossil in coal measures of Silesia, [404]
Beginnings of important organs, [128]
Belt, Mr., on leaf-like locust, [203]
on birds avoiding Heliconidae, [234]
Belt's frog, [266]
Birds, rate of increase of, [25]
how destroyed, [26]
variation among, [49]
variation of markings of, [52]
variation of wings and tails of, [53]
diagram showing variation of tarsus and toes, [60]
use of structural peculiarities of, [135]
eggs, coloration of, [212]
recognition marks of, [222]
and butterflies, white in tropical islands, [230]
sometimes seize inedible butterflies, [255]
mimicry among, [263]
Birds, sexual coloration of, [275]
cause of dull colour of female, [277]
choice of female not known to be determined by colour, etc., [285]
decorative plumage of, [285]
antics of unornamented, [287]
which fertilise flowers, [319]
colours of, not dependent on the colours of flowers, [336]
no proof of aesthetic tastes in, [336]
dispersal of, [355]
and insects at sea, [357]
of oceanic islands, [358]
carrying seeds on their feet, [361]
ancestral forms of, [407]
Birthplace, probable, of man, [459]
Bombyx regia, protective form of larva of, [210]
Boyd Dawkins, on development of deer's horns, [389]
on origin of man, [456]
Brady, Mr. George, on protective colouring of starfishes, [209]
Brain development, progressive, [390]
Brains of man and apes, [452]
Branner, Mr. J.C., on supposed proofs of glaciation in Brazil, [370]
Brazil, supposed proof of glaciation in, [370]
Brewer, Professor W.H., on want of symmetry in colours of animals, [217]
Bromelia, animals inhabiting leaves of, [118]
Bronn, Professor, on supposed uselessness of variations of ears and tails, [136]
Butler, Mr. A.G., on inedibility of conspicuous caterpillars, [237]
Butterflies, varieties of, [44]
small, of Isle of Man, [106]
special protective colouring of, [206]
recognition by, [226]
inedibility of some, [234]
mimicry among, [240], [249]
colour development of, [274]
sexual coloration of, [271]
C
Caddis-fly larvae inhabiting bromelia leaves, [118]
Callophis, harmless mimicking poisonous species, [262]
Candolle, Alp. de, on variation in oaks, [77]
on variability of Papaver bracteatum, [79]
Cardinalis virginianus, diagram showing proportionate numbers which vary, [65];
variations of, [58]
Carpenter, Dr. W.B., on variation in the Foraminifera, [43]
Carriers, [91]
Caterpillars, resemblance of, to their food plants, [203]-[205]
inedible, [236]
Cattle, how they prevent the growth of trees, [18]
increase of, in St. Domingo, Mexico, and the pampas, [27]
Ceylon, spread of Lantana mixta in, [29]
Chaffinch, change of habit of, in New Zealand, [76]
Chambers, Robert, on origin of species, [3]
Chance rarely determines survival, [123]
Change of conditions, utility of, [326]
Characters, non-adaptive, [131]
transferred from useless to useful class, [132]
Charaxes psaphon persecuted by a bird, [235]
Chile, numerous red tubular flowers in, [320]
Chimpanzee, figure of, [454]
Clark, Mr. Edwin, on cause of absence of forests on the pampas, [23]
on the struggle for life in the South American valleys, [24]
Cleistogamous flowers, [322]
Close interbreeding, supposed evil results of, [326]
Clover, white, spread of, in New Zealand, [28]
Co-adaptation of parts by variation, no real difficulty, [418]
Cobra, use of hood of, [262]
Coccinella mimicked by grasshopper, (figure), [260]
Collingwood, Mr., on butterflies recognising their kind, [226]
Coloration, alluring, [210]
of birds' eggs, [212]
a theory of animal, [288]
Colour correlated with sterility, [169]
correlated with constitutional peculiarities, [170]
in nature, the problem to be solved, [188]
constancy, in animals indicates utility, [189]
and environment, [190]
general theories of animal, [193]
animal, supposed causes of, [193]
obscure, of many tropical animals, [194]
produced by surrounding objects, [195]
adaptations, local, [199]
for recognition, [217]
of wild animals not quite symmetrical, [217] (note)
as influenced by locality or climate, [228]
development in butterflies, [274]
more variable than habits, [278]
and nerve distribution, [290]
and tegumentary appendages, [291]
of flowers, [308]
change of, in flowers when fertilised, [317]
in nature, concluding remarks on, [299], [333]
of fruits, [304]
of flowers growing together contrasted, [318]
Complexity of flowers due to alternate adaptation to insect and self-fertilisation, [328]
Composite, a, widely dispersed without pappus, [367]
Confinement, affecting fertility, [154]
Continental and oceanic areas, [346]
Continents and oceans cannot have changed places, [345]
possible connections between, [349]
Continuity does not prove identity of origin, [463]
Cope, Dr. E.D., on non-adaptive characters, [131]
on fundamental laws of growth, [420]
on bathmism or growth-force, [421]
on use producing structural change, [422]
on law of centrifugal growth, [422]
on origin of the feet of ungulates, [423]
on action of animal intelligence, [425]
Correlations in pigeons, horses, etc., [140]
Corvus frugilegus, [2]
corone, [2]
Coursers, figures of secondary quills, [224]
Cowslip, two forms of, [157]
Crab, sexual diversity of colour of, [269]
Cretaceous period, dicotyledons of, [400]
Crisp, Dr., on variations of gall bladder and alimentary canal, [69]
Crosses, a cause of variation, [99]
reciprocal, [155]
Cross-fertilisation, modes of securing, [310]
difference in, [155]
Crossing and changed conditions,
parallelism of, [166]
Cruciferae, variations of structure in, [80]
Cuckoo, eggs of, [216]
Cuckoos mimick hawks, [263]
Cultivated plants, origin of useful, [97]
Curculionidae mimicked by various insects (figs.), [260]
Curves of variation, [64]
D
Dana, Professor, on the permanence of continents, [342]
Danaidae little attacked by mites, [235]
mimicry of, [246]
Darwin, change of opinion effected by, [8]
the Newton of Natural History, [9]
his view of his own work, [10]
on the enemies of plants, [16]
on fir-trees destroyed by cattle, [17]
on change of plants and animals caused by planting, [18]
on absence of wild cattle in Paraguay, [19]
on cats and red clover, [20]
on variety of plants in old turf, [35]
on the beneficent action of the struggle for existence, [40]
on variability of wild geraniums, [79]
on variability of common species, [80]
his non-recognition of extreme variability of wild species, [82]
on races of domestic pigeon, [90]
on constitutional variation in plants, [95]
on unconscious selection, [96]
on a case of divergence, [105]
on advantage of diversification of structure in inhabitants of one region, [110]
on species of plants in turf, [110]
on isolation, [119]
on origin of mammary glands, [129]
on eyes of flatfish, [129]
on origin of the eye, [130]
on useless characters, [131]
on use of ears and tails, [136]
on disappearance of sports, [140]
on tendency to vary in one direction, [141]
on rare perpetuation of sports, [142]
on utility of specific characters, [142] (note)
on importance of biological environment, [148]
on variable fertility of plants, [155]
on fertile hybrids among plants, [164]
Darwin, on correlation of sterility and colour, [169]
on selective association, [172]
on infertility and natural selection, [174]
on cause of infertility of hybrids, [185]
on white tail of rabbit, [218]
on conspicuous caterpillars, [236]
on sexual selection in insects, [274]
on decorative plumage of male birds, [285]
on development of ocelli, [290]
on value of cross-fertilisation, [309]
on limits to utility of intercrossing, [326]
on flowers due to insects, [332]
on oceanic islands, [342]
on effects of disuse in domestic animals, [415], [435]
on direct action of environment, [419]
on unintelligibility of theory of retardation and acceleration, [421] (note)
on origin of man's moral nature, [461]
Mr. George, on intermarriages of British aristocracy, [326]
Darwinian theory, statement of, [10]
not opposed to spiritual nature of man, [478]
Dawkins, Professor Boyd, on development of deer's horns, [389]
on recent origin of man, [456]
Dawson, Sir W., on determination of fossil plants by leaves, [398] (note)
Death of wild animals usually painless, [38]
De Candolle, definition of species, [1]
on difficulty of naturalising plants, [15]
on war between plants, [16]
on origin of useful cultivated plants, [97]
Deer's horns, development of, [389]
Degeneration, [121]
Delboeuf's law of variation, [141]
Dendraeca coronata, variation of wing-feathers of, [51]
Denmark, struggle between trees in, [20]
Denudation, evidences of, [379]
Desert animals, colour of, [192]
Deserts, effect of goats and camels in destroying vegetation in, [17]
Development and display of accessory plumes, [293]
Diadema anomala, [271]
misippus, great diversity of sexes in, [271]
Diaphora mendica mimics Spilosoma menthrasti, [249]
Difficulties in the facts of fertilisation of flowers, [325]
Dimorphism and trimorphism, [156]
Dippers, probable origin of, [116]
Disease and markings, [290]
Diseases common to man and animals, [449]
Display of decorative plumage, [287]
Distribution of organisms should be explained by theory of descent, [338]
conditions which have determined the, [341]
of marsupials, [350]
of tapirs, [352]
Disuse, effects of, among wild animals, [415]
no proof that the effects of, are inherited, [417]
Divergence of character, [105]-[109]
leads to maximum of forms of life in each area, [109]
Diversity of fauna and flora with geographical proximity, [339]
Dixon, Mr. C, changed habits of chaffinch in New Zealand, [76]
Dogs, origin of, [88]
varieties of, [89]
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, diagram showing variations of, [55]
Domestic animals, varieties of, [88]
Draba verna, varieties of, [77]
Dress of men not determined by female choice, [286]
Dust from Krakatoa, size of particles of, [363]
E
Eastern butterflies, variation of, [45]
Eaton, Rev. A.E., on Kerguelen insects, [106]
Edwards, Mr. W.H., on dark forms of Papilio turnus, [248]
Eggs protectively coloured, [214], [215]
theory of varied colours of, [216]
Elaps mimicked by harmless snakes, [261]
Embryonic development of man and other mammalia, [448]
Ennis, Mr. John, on willows driving out watercresses from rivers of New Zealand, [24]
Entomostraca, in bromelia leaves, [118]
Environment never identical for two species, [149]
direct action of, [418]
direct influence of, [426]
as initiator of variations, [436]
action of, overpowered by natural selection, [437]
Ethical aspect of the struggle for existence, [36]
Euchelia jacobeae inedible, [235]
Everett, Mr. A., on a caterpillar resembling moss, [205]
Evidence of evolution that may be expected among fossil forms, [380]
Evolutionists, American school of, [420]
Exogens, possible cause of sudden late appearance of, [400]
External differences of man and apes, [453]
Extinct animals, number of species of, [376]
Extinction of large animals, cause of, [394]
Eye, origin of, [130]
Eyes, explanation of loss of in cave animals, [416]
F
Facts of natural selection, summary of, [122]
Falcons illustrating divergence, [108]
and butcher birds, hooked and toothed beaks of, [422]
Fantails, [91]
Female birds, why often dull coloured, [277]
Female birds, what their choice of mates is determined by, [286]
butterflies, why dull coloured, [272]
brighter than male bird, [281]
choice a doubtful agent in selection, [283]
preference neutralised by natural selection, [294]
Fertility of domestic animals, [154]
Flatfish, eyes of, [129]
Flesh-fly, enormous increase of, [25]
Floral structure, great differences of, in allied genera and species, [329]
Flowers, variations of, [88]
colours of, [308]
with sham nectaries, [317]
changing colour when fertilised, [317]
adapted to bees or to butterflies, [318]
contrasted colours of, at same season and locality, [318]
fertilisation of, by birds, [319]
self-fertilisation of, [321]
once insect-fertilised now self-fertile, [323]
how the struggle for existence acts among, [328]
repeatedly modified during whole Tertiary period, [331]
the product of insect agency, [332]
Forbes, Mr. H.O., on protective colour of a pigeon, [200]
on spider imitating birds' dropping, [211]
Fossil shells, complete series of transitional forms of, [381]
crocodiles afford evidence of evolution, [383]
horses in America, [386]
and living animals, local relations of, [391]
Fowl, early domestication of, [97]
Frill-back, Indian, [93]
Frog inhabiting bromelia leaves, [118]
Fruits, use of characters of, [133]
colours of, [304]
edible or attractive, [306]
poisonous, [307]
Fulica atra, protectively coloured eggs of, [215]
Fulmar petrel, abundance of, [30]
G
Gallinaceae, ornamental plumes of, [292]
Galton, Mr. F., diagrams of variability used by, [74]
on markings of zebra, [220] (note)
on regression towards mediocrity, [414]
theory of heredity by, [443] (note)
on imperfect counting of the Damaras, [464]
Gaudry on extinct animals at Pikermi, [377]
Gay, Mons. T., on variations of structure in Cruciferae, [80]
Gazella soemmerringi (figure), [219]
Gazelles, recognition marks of, [218]
Geddes, Professor, on variation in plants, [428]
objection to theory of, [430]
Geikie, Dr. Archibald, on formation of marine stratified rocks, [344]
Geoffroy St. Hilaire, on species, [6]
Geological evidences of evolution, [376], [381]
record, causes of imperfection of, [379]
distribution of insects, [403]
antiquity of man, [455]
Ghost-moth, colours of, [270]
Glaciation, no proofs of, in Brazil, [370]
Glow-worm, light a warning of inedibility, [287]
Gomphia oleaefolia, variability of, [79]
Goose eating flesh, [75]
Gosse, Mr. P.H., on variation in the sea-anemones, [43]
on sea-anemone and bullhead, [265]
Gould, Mr., on colours of coast and inland birds, [228]
Grant Allen, on forms of leaves, [133]
on insects and flowers, [332]
Graphite in Laurentian implies abundant plant life, [398]
Gray, Dr. Asa, on naturalised plants in the United States, [110]
Dr. J.E., on variation of skulls of mammalia, [71]
Great fertility not essential to rapid increase, [30]
Great powers of increase of animals, [27]
Green colour of birds in tropical forests, [192]
Grouse, red, recent divergence of, [106]
Gulick, Rev. J.T., on variation of land-shells, [43]
on isolation and variation, [147], [150]
on divergent evolution, [148]
H
Habits of animals, variability of, [74]
Hairy caterpillars inedible, [237]
Hanbury, Mr. Thomas, on a remarkable case of wind conveyance of seed, [373] (note)
Hansten-Blangsted, on succession of trees in Denmark, [21]
Harvest mice, prehensile tails of young, [136]
Hawkweed, species and varieties of British, [77]
Hector, Sir James, use of horns of deer, [137]
Heliconidae, warning colours of, [234]
mimicry of, [240]
Helix nemoralis, varieties of, [43]
hortensis, varieties of, [43]
Hemsley, Mr., on rarity of spines in oceanic islands, [432]
Henslow, Professor G., on vigour of self-fertilised plants, [323]
on wind-fertilised as degradations from insect-fertilised flowers, [324]
on origin of forms and structures of flowers, 434 (note)
Herbert, Dean, on species, [6]
on plant hybrids, [164]
Herbivora, recognition marks of, [218]
Heredity, [11]
Weismann's theory of, [437]
Herschel, Sir John, on species, [3]
Hooker, Sir Joseph, on attempts at naturalising Australian plants in New Zealand, [16]
Home, Mr. C, on inedibility of an Indian locust, [267]
Horns of deer, uses of, [136]
Horse tribe, pedigree of, [384]
ancestral forms of, [386]
Humming-birds, recognition marks of, [226]
Huth, Mr., on close interbreeding, [160]
Huxley, Professor on the struggle for existence, [37]
on fossil crocodiles, [383]
on anatomical peculiarities of the horse tribe, [384]
on development of vertebrates, [448]
on early man, [456]
on brains of man and the gorilla, [457]
Hybridity, remarks on facts of, [166]
summary on, [184]
Hybrids, infertility of, supposed test of distinct species, [152]
fertility of, [159]
fertile among animals, [162]
between sheep and goat, [162]
fertile between distinct species of moths, [163]
fertile among plants, [163]
Hymenopus bicornis, resembling flower, [212]
I
Icterus Baltimore, diagram showing proportionate numbers which
vary, [63]
Imitative resemblances, how produced, [205]
Increase of organisms in a geometrical ratio, [25]
Inedible fruits rarely coloured, [308]
Insect and self-fertilisation, alternation of, in flowers, [328]
Insect-fertilisation, facts relating to, [316]
Insects, coloured for recognition, [226]
warning colours of, [233]
sexual coloration of, [269]
importance of dull colours to female, [272]
visiting one kind of flower at a time, [318]
and flowers, the most brilliant not found together, [335]
Insects, no proof of love of colour by, [336]
and birds at sea, [357]
in mid-ocean, [359]
at great altitudes, [360]
geological distribution of, [403]
ancestral in Silurian, [405]
fossil support evolution, [405]
Instability of useless characters, [138]
Instinct, the theory of, [441]
Insular organisms illustrate powers of dispersal, [354]
Interbreeding, close, injurious effects of, [160]
supposed evil results of close, [326]
Intercrossing, swamping effects of, [142]
not necessarily useful, [325]
Intermediate forms, why not found, [380]
Islands, all oceanic are volcanic or coralline, [342]
Isle of Man, small butterflies of, [106]
Isolation, the importance of, [119]
to prevent intercrossing, [144]
by variations of habits, etc., [145]
Rev. J.G. Gulick on, [147]
when ineffective, [150]
Ituna Ilione and Thyridia megisto, figures of wings of, [251]
J
Jacobin, [93]
Jenyns, Rev. L., on internal variations of mammalia, [69]
Jordan, Mons. A., on varieties of Draba verna, [77]
Judd, Professor, on dust fallen at Genoa, [363]
on Hungarian fossil lacustrine shells, [381]
K
Kerguelen Island, wingless insects of, [106]
Kerivoula picta, protective colour of, [201]
Kerner, Professor, on use of external characters of plants, [133]
on seeds found on glaciers, [366]
Kingfishers illustrating divergence of character, [109]
L
Lacerta muralis, diagram of variation of, [47]
Lagopus scoticus, origin of, [107]
Lamarck, on origin of species, [3]
Land debris deposited near coasts, [343]
and ocean, diagram showing comparative height and depth of, [345]
Large animals, cause of extinction of, [394]
Larvae of moths, variability of, [46]
Laughers, Frill-backs, Nuns, Spots, and Swallows, [93]
Law of relation of colour and nest, [278], [279]
Laws of animal coloration, [296]
Lawson Tait, on uses of tails, [136]
Leaf-butterflies, [207]
Leguminosae, rare in oceanic islands, [368]
Lemuria, an unsound hypothesis, [354]
Lepidoptera, variation of, [44]
Leyden Museum, diagram showing variability of birds in, [61]
Life, Weismann on duration of, 437 (note)
Limenitis misippus mimics Danais archippus, [248]
ursula mimics Papilio philenor, [248]
Linnaeus, on rapid increase of the flesh-fly, [25]
Livingstone, his sensations when seized by a lion, [38]
Lizards, variation among, [46]
diagram of variation of, [48]
sexual colours of, [281]
Local colour adaptations, [199]
Locusts with warning colours inedible, [267]
Longicorns mimic Malacoderms, [257]
Low, Mr., on effects of close interbreeding, [160]
Low, Mr., on fertile crosses between sheep and goat, [162]
on selective association, [172]
Low forms of life, continued existence of, explained, [114]
forms, persistence of, [121]
temperature of tropics not needed to explain plant dispersal, [370]
Lower types, extinction of, among the higher animals, [114]
Lubbock, Sir John, on forms of leaves, [133]
on imperfect counting of early man, [464]
Lyell, Sir Charles, on variation of species, [4]
on the shifting of continents, [342]
M
Madagascar and New Zealand, [347]
Madeira, wingless beetles of, [105]
Maize, origin of, [98]
Male rivalry, a real cause of selection, [283]
Males of many animals fights together, [282]
Malm, on eyes of flatfish, [129]
Mammalia, variation of, [65]
sexual colours of, [281], [282]
afford crucial tests of theories of distribution, [353]
early forms of, [407]
geological distribution of, [408]
Mammary glands, supposed origin of, [129]
Man, summary of animal characteristics of, [454]
geological antiquity of, [455]
early remains of, in California, [456]
probably as old as the Miocene, [457]
probable birthplace of, [459]
origin of moral and intellectual nature of, [461]
possesses mental qualities not derived exclusively
from his animal progenitors, [474]
Man's body that of an animal, [444]
development similar to that of animals, [449]
structure compared with that of the anthropoid apes, [451]
Mania typica refused by lizards, [238]
Mantidae resembling flowers, [212]
Marcgravia nepenthoides fertilised by birds (woodcut), [320]
Marine animals, protective resemblance among, [208]
with warning colours, [266]
Marsh, Mr., on destructiveness to vegetation of goats and camels, [17]
Professor O., on the development of the horse tribe, [386]
on brain development of Tertiary mammals, [391]
on specialised forms dying out, [395]
Marsupials, distribution of, [350]
Mathematical faculty, the origin of the, [464]
how developed, [466]
not developed by law of natural selection, [469]
Mathematics, late development of, [465]
Meldola, Professor R., on variable protective colouring, [196]
on mimicry among British moths, 249 (note)
on an extension of the theory of mimicry, [255] (note)
Melons, variations of, [87]
Methona psidii and Leptalis orise (figs.), [241]
Meyer, Dr. A.B., on mimicry of snakes, [262]
Milne Edwards, on variation of lizards, [46]
Mimicking birds deceive naturalists, [264]
butterfly, figure of, [241]
Mimicry, [239]
how it has been produced, [242]
among protected genera, [249]
extension of, [255]
in various orders of insects, [257]
among vertebrata, [261]
among birds, [263]
objections to theory of, [264]
Mineral particles carried by wind, [363]
Miocene fossils of North America, [378]
Missing links, character of, [380]
Mivart, Dr. St. George, on variation of ribs and dorsal vertebrae, [69]
on supposed useless characters, [138] (note)
on resemblance of man and apes, [451]
Modifications for special purposes, [113]
Mongrels, sterility of, [165]
Monkeys affected by medicines as are men, [450]
Monocotyledons degradations from dicotyledons, [325] (note)
scarcity of, in Rocky Mountains, [401]
scarcity of, in Alpine flora, [401]
Moral nature of man, origin of, [461]
Morse, Professor E.T., on protective colouring of marine mollusca, [209]
Moseley, Professor, on protective resemblance among marine
animals, [208]
on courtship of Great Albatross, [287]
Moths, protected groups of, [235]
Mountains, remote, with identical plants, [369]
Müller, Dr. Fritz, on inhabitants of bromelia leaves, [118]
on butterfly, deceived by its mimic, [245]
his explanation of mimicry among protected genera, [252]
Dr. Hermann, on variability of Myosurus minimus, [78]
Murray, Mr. John, on bulk of land and ocean, [344]
on quartz particles on ocean floor, [363]
Rev. R.P., variation in the neuration of butterflies' wings, [45]
Musical and artistic faculties, origin of, [467]
Myosurns minimus, variability of, [78]
N
Natural selection with changed and unchanged conditions, [103]
and sterility, [173]
overpowers effects of use and disuse, [435]
the most important agency in modifying species, [444]
Naturalist deceived by a mimicking insect, [259]
by mimicking birds, [264]
Naudin, M., on varieties of melons, [87]
Nectarinea amethystina, protective colouring of, [201]
Nestor notabilis, variation of habits of, [75]
Nests of birds influence the colour of females, [278]
New species, conditions favourable to origin of, [115]
Newton, Professor A., on fertile hybrid ducks, [162]
New Zealand, European plants in, [15]
spread of white clover in, [28]
effects of introduced plants in, [29]
native rat and fly exterminated by European species, [34]
many plants of, incapable of self-fertilisation, [321]
fauna of, [348]
few spiny plants in, [433]
Nocturnal animals, colours of, [193]
Non-adaptive characters, instability of, [138]
Normandy pigs, fleshy appendages to jaws of, [139]
North America, Miocene fossils of, [378]
Northern plants in southern hemisphere, [368]
Nostus Borbonicus, variability of, [80]
Number of individuals which vary, [62]
Nutmeg, how dispersed, [307]
Nuts, not meant to be eaten, [305]
O
Oaks, great variability of, [78]
Objections to Darwin's theory, [126]
Ocean floor, deposits on, [343]
Oceanic animals, colours of, [193]
and continental areas, [346]
islands have no mammals or batrachia, [342]
Oceans, the permanence of, [341]
Oedicnemus, figures of wings of, [223]
Opthalmis lincea and Artaxa simulans (figs.), [247]
Orang-utans, variations of skull of, [69]
Orchideae, why scarce on oceanic islands, [367]
Orchis pyramidalis, mode of fertilisation of, [314]
figures illustrating fertilisation of, [315]
Organic development, three stages of, involving new cause or power, [474]
world, the development of, implies a spiritual world, [476]
Organisation, advance of, by natural selection, [120]
degradation in, [121]
Origin of species, objections, [7]
of accessory plumes, [291]
Orioles mimicking honey-suckers, [263]
Ornamental plumes and vitality, [293]
P
Pachyrhynchi subjects of mimicry, [261]
Pampas, effects of drought in, [23]
Papaver bracteatum, variability of, [79]
Papilio, use of forked tentacle of larva of, [210]
protected groups of, [235]
mimicry of, [247]
Paraguay, absence of wild cattle and horses, [19]
Parnassia palustris, sham nectaries of, [317]
Parrot, change of habits of New Zealand, [75]
Parus, species of, illustrate divergence, of character, [107]
Passenger-pigeon, account of its breeding-places and numbers, [31]
Pelagic animals, colours of, [193]
Phasmidae, resemblance of, to sticks and leaves, [203]
Physiological selection, [180]
Pickard-Cambridge, Rev. O., on sexual selection, [296] (note)
Pieridae, sexual diversity among, [271]
Pigeons, varieties of, [89]
domestic, derived from wild rock-pigeons, [90]
curious correlations in, [140]
white eggs of, protective, [213]
Pigs, great increase of, in South America and New Zealand, [28]
Pikermi, extinct animals of, [377]
Pipits as illustrating divergence, [108]
Planorbidae, variations of, [44]
Plants, the enemies of, [16]
variability of, [76]
constitutional variation of, [94]
colour relations of, [302]
true mimicry rare in, [303]
exotic rarely naturalised in Europe, [356]
dispersal of, [361]
northern, in southern hemisphere, [368]
identical on summits of remote mountains, [369]
progressive development of, [397]
geological development of (diagram), [402]
Plovers, recognition marks of (figure), [221]
Plumes, origin of accessory, [291]
muscular relation of ornamental, [292]
Poisonous fruits, [307]
Porto Santo, rabbits of, [326]
Poulton, Mr. E.B., on variable colours of larvae and pupae, [196], [198]
on concealments of insects by resemblance to environment, [202]
on protective form of Notodonta ziczac, [210]
on inedibility of conspicuous larvae, [237]
Pouters, [90]
Primulaceae, variations of structure in, [79]
Problem, the, before Darwin, [6]
Problems in variation and heredity, [410]
Progression in plants and animals, [395]
Protection by terrifying enemies, [209]
Protective colouring, variable, [195]
of white-headed fruit-pigeon, [200]
of African sun-birds, [200]
of Kerivoula picta, [201]
of sloths, [201]
of larva of Sphinx ligustri, [202]
of stick and leaf insects, [203]
of caterpillars, [203], [205]
of butterflies, [206]
Ptilopus cinctus, protective colour of, [200]
Pugnacity of birds with accessory plumes, [294]
R
Rabbit, use of white tail of, [218]
Rapid increase of plants, [28]
Raspail, M., on variability in a grass, [80]
Rat, black, spread of, [34]
Rattlesnake, use of rattle of, [262]
Raven, why black in arctic regions, [191]
Reciprocal crosses, [155]
Recognition marks of herbivora, [218]
of birds, [222]
of tropical forest birds, [224]
of insects, [226]
Reproductive functions, susceptibility of, [153]
Reptiles, geological distribution of, [406]
Rhinoceroses, evidence of evolution afforded by fossil, [383]
Rocks, all stratified formed in shallow water, [344]
Rocky Mountains, scarcity of monocotyledons in, [401]
Rodents, prevent woody vegetation in the pampas, [23]
Romanes, Professor G.J., on useless characters, [131], [139]
on meaningless peculiarities of structure, [140]
on supposed absence of simultaneous variations, [142]
on physiological selection, [180]
Rook and crow, [2]
Roses, Mr. Baker on varieties of, [77]
Rubus, Bentham and Babington on species and varieties of, [77]
Rudiments and variations in man, [446]
Runts, [91]
Rutaceae, variation of structure in, [79]
S
St. Helena, destruction of forests by goats, [17]
St. Hilaire, M. Aug., variability of Gomphia oleaefolia, [79]
Saxicola, divergence of character in species of, [108]
recognition marks of, [222]
Scientific opinion before Darwin, [4]
Scolopax, figures of tails of, [225]
Scudder, Mr. S.H., on inedibility of Danais archippus, [238]
on fossil insects, [403]
Seebohm, Mr., on swamping effects of intercrossing, [143]
Seeds, how dispersed, [306]
how protected, [307]
floating great distances, [361]
dispersal of, by wind, [362]
weight and dimensions of, [364]
importance of wind-carriage of, [372]
remarkable case of wind-carriage of, [373]
Seiurus carolinensis, diagram of variation, [67]
sp., habits of, [117]
Selection, artificial, [84]
by man, circumstances favourable to, [96]
unconscious, [96]
Selective association, isolation by, [171]
Self-fertilisation of flowers, [321]
Semper, Professor, on casting hairs of reptiles and Crustacea, [137] (note)
on direct influence of environment, [426]
Sesiidae, mimicry by, [240]
Sex colour and nests of birds, [277]
Sex, colours characteristic of, [269]
Sexual colours of insects, probable causes of, [273]
of birds, [275]
characters due to natural selection, [283]
diversity the cause of variation, [439]
Sexual selection and colour, [274]
by struggles of males, [282]
neutralised by natural selection, [294]-[296]
restricted to male struggles, [296]
Shetland Islands, variety of ghost-moth in, [270]
Shrews and field-mice, internal variations of, [69]
Shrikes, recognition marks of, [222]
Similarity of forms of life not due to similarity of conditions, [339]
Singing of male birds, use of, [284]
Skull of wolf, diagram of variations of, [70]
of Ursus labiatus, diagram of variations of, [72]
of Sus cristatus, diagram of variations of, [73]
Skunk an illustration of warning colour, [233]
Slack, Baron von, on protective markings of sloths, [201]
Sloth, protective colour and marking of, [201]
Snakes, mimicry of poisonous, [261]
Snipe, tails of two species (figs.), [225]
Sounds and odours peculiar to male,
how useful, [284]
produced by peculiar feathers, [284]
South America, fossil and recent mammals of, [393]
Species, definition of, [1], [2]
origin of, [2], [6]
Lyell on, [4]
Agassiz on, [5]
transmutation of, [6]
Geoffroy St. Hilaire on, [6]
Dean Herbert on, [6]
Professor Grant on, [6]
Von Buch on, [6]
allied, found in distinct areas, [36]
Species, which vary little, [80]
closely allied inhabit distinct areas, [111]
vigour and fertility of, how kept up, [327]
Spencer, Mr. Herbert, on factors of organic evolution, [411]
on effects of disuse, [413]
on difficulty as to co-adaptation of parts, [417]
on direct action of environment, [418]
Sphingidae, protective attitudes of larvae, [210]
Sphinx ligustri, general resemblance of larva to food plant, [202]
Spider, alluring coloration of, [211]
Spines, on origin of, [431]
rarity of, in oceanic islands, [432]
Spiny plants abundant in South Africa and Chile, [433]
Spots a primitive ornamentation of animals, [289]
Sprengel on flowers and insects, [309]
Staphylinidae, protective habit of, [210]
Sterility of mongrels, [165]
correlated with colour, etc., [168]
and natural selection, [173]
of hybrids produced by natural selection, [179]
Struggle for existence, [14]
among plants, [15]
for life, illustrations of, [18]
for existence on the pampas, [22]
for life between closely allied forms most severe, [33]
for existence, ethics of, [36]
how it acts among flowers, [328]
Summary of facts of colouring for protection and recognition, [227]
Survival of the fittest, [11], [122], [123]
Swainson, definition of species, [2]
Swamping effects of intercrossing, [142]
Sweden, destruction of grass by larvae of moths in, [17]
Swinhoe, Mr., on protective colouring of a bat, [201]
Symmetry, bilateral in colours of animals needful for recognition, [217]
T
Tails used as respirators, [136]
Tapirs, distribution of, [352]
Tegetmeier, Mr., on feeding habits of pigeons and fowls, [75]
on sparrows and crocuses, [75]
on curious correlations in pigeons, [140]
Tegumentary appendages and colour, [291]
Thousand-fathom line divides oceanic from continental islands, [347]
the teachings of, [348]
map showing, [349]
Thwaites, Mr., on spread of Lantana mixta in Ceylon, [30]
Tiger, use of stripes of, [199]
Titmice as illustrating divergence, [107]
Transformation of species of crustacea, [427]
Transmutationists, the early, [3]
Travers, Mr. W.L., on effects of introduced plants in New Zealand, [29]
Trees, great variety of, in many forests, [36]
Trimen, Mr., on butterfly deceived by its mimic, [245]
on mimicry, [247]
Tropical animals, why brilliantly coloured, [299]
Tropics, no proof of lower temperature of, [369]
Tropidorhynchi mimicked by orioles, [263]
Trumpeter, [93]
Tumblers, [91]
Turbits and owls, [91]
Tylor, Mr. A., on Coloration in Animals and Plants, [285]
U
Ungulates, origin of feet of, [423]
Use and disuse, effects of, overpowered by natural selection, [435]
Useless characters, [131]
not specific, [132]
Useless specific characters, no proof of existence of, [141]
Utriculariae inhabiting bromelias, [118]
V
Vanessa callirhoe, small variety in Porto Santo, [106]
Variability of the lower animals, [42]
of the Foraminifera, [43]
of sea-anemones, [43]
of land mollusca, [43]
of insects, [44]
of lizards, [46]
of birds, [49]
of primary wing-feathers, [51]
of wings and tail, [53]
of Dolichonyx oryzivorus, [55]
of Agelaeus phoeniceus, [56]
of Cardinalis virginianus, [58]
of tarsus and toes, [60]
of birds in Leyden Museum, [61]
of Sciurus carolinensis, [67]
of skulls of wolf, [70]
of skulls of a bear, [72]
of skulls of Sus cristatus, [73]
of plants, [76]
of oaks, [77]
Variation, Lyell on, [4]
in internal organs, [66]
the facts of, [83]
proofs of generality of, [85]
of vegetables and fruits, [86]
of apples and melons, [87]
under domestication accords with that under nature, [100]
coincident not necessary, [127]
and heredity, problems of, [410]
Professor Geddes's theory of, [428]
the cause of, [439]
Variations of flowers, [88]
of domestic animals, [88]
of domestic pigeons, [89]
conditions favourable to production of, [98]
beneficial, [143]
Varieties, importance of, [41]
of same species adapted to self or to insect-fertilisation, [330]
Vegetables, variation of, [86]
Vegetation and reproduction, antagonism of, [428]
Vertebrata, mimicry among, [261]
geological succession of, [405]
Vestiges of Creation, [3]
Viola odorata, [2]
canina, [2]
Violets, as illustrating species, [2]
Von Buch on species, [6]
W
Wallace, Dr. Alexander, on absence of choice by female moths, [275]
Ward, Mr. Lester F., on progressive development of plants, [398]
Warning coloration, [232]
Warning colours of marine animals, [265]
Wasps and bees, mimicry of, [258]
poisonous with warning colours, [287]
Water-cress, chokes rivers in New Zealand, [24]
driven out by willows, [24]
Water-ouzels, probable origin of, [116]
Weale, Mr. Mansel, on protective colours of butterflies, [206]
Weeds of United States, [15]
Weir, Mr. Jenner, on deceptive resemblance of a caterpillar to
a twig, [204]
on inedibility of conspicuous caterpillars, [236]
on birds disregarding inedible larvae, [254]
Weismann on progressive adaptation of colours of larva, [206]
on non-heredity of acquired characters, [440]
and Galton's theories of heredity almost identical, 443 (note)
on origin of the mathematical faculty, ([note])
Weismann's theory of heredity, [437]
Westwood, Professor, on variation of insects, [44]
deceived by a mimicking cricket, [259]
White coloration of insular birds and butterflies, [230]
Whymper, Mr., his sensations when falling on the Matterhorn, [38]
Willows, species and varieties of British, [77]
Wilson, Alexander, his account of the passenger-pigeon in North
America, [31]
Wind-carriage of seeds explains many facts of plant distribution, [371]
Wind-dispersal of seeds, objections to, [365]
Wind-fertilised degraded from insect-fertilised flowers, [324]
Wings of stone-curlews (figure), [223]
why small but useless are retained, [416]
Wit and humour, origin of faculties of, [472]
Wollaston, Mr. T.W., on variation of beetles, [44]
on small butterfly in Porto Santo, [106]
Wolves, varieties of in Catskill Mountains, [105]
Wood, Mr. J., on muscular variations, [447]
Mr. T.W., on variable colouring of pupae of cabbage butterflies,
[197]
Woodward, Dr. S.P., on variation of mollusca, [43]
Y
Youatt, on breeds of sheep, [97]
Young animals often spotted, [289]
Z
Zebra, markings for recognition and protection, ([note])