INDEX.

A.
Abrus precatoria, perhaps a case of mimicry, [226]
Absorption-colours or pigments, [183]
Acræidæ, warning colours of, [174]
Adaptive characters, [150], [155]
Affinities, how to determine doubtful, [148]
African large mammalia, recent immigrants, [323]
Allen, Mr. Grant, on protective colours of fruits, [225]
Alpine flowers, why so beautiful, [232]
Amboyna, large-sized butterflies of, [258]
American monkeys, [118]
American Continents, past history of, [332]
Ancient races of North and South America, [298]
Andaman Islands, pale butterflies of, [260]
white-marked birds of, [263]
Anderson, Mr. W. Marshall, on cranium from N. American mound, [296]
Andes, very rich in humming-birds, [139]
Animal colours, how produced, [184]
life in tropical forests, [70]
Anthribidæ, [95]
Ants, wasps, and bees, [80]
numbers of, in India and Malaya, [81]–[88]
destructive to insect-specimens, [85]
and vegetation, special relation between, [89]
Apatura and Heterochroa, resemblance of species of, [257]
Apes, [116]
Aqueous vapour of atmosphere, its influence on temperature, [9]
quantity at Batavia and Clifton, [10]
Arctic plants, large leaves of, [236]
flowers and fruits brightly coloured, [237]
Areca palm, [45]
Arenga saccharifera, [43]
Argus-pheasant, wonderful plumage of, [205]
Arums, [48]
Assai of the Amazon, [43]
Auckland Isles, handsome flowers of, [238]
Audubon, on the ruby humming-birds, [130], [137]
Australian Region, mammalia of, [340]
birds of, [340]
extinct fauna of, [341]
its supposed union with S. America, [341]
Azara, on food of humming-birds, [135]
B.
Bamboos, [52]
uses of, [53]–[58]
Bananas, wild, [47]
Banana, [48]
Barber, Mrs. on colour changes of pupa of Papilio nireus, [168]
Barbets, [105]
Bark, varieties of in tropical forests, [33]
Barometer, range of, at Batavia, [24]
Batavia, Meteorology of, [4]
and London, diagram of mean temperatures, [5]
greatest rainfall at, [24]
range of barometer at, [24]
Bates, Mr., on climate at the Equator, [24]
on scarcity of forest-flowers on Amazon, [61]
on animal life in Amazon valley, [70]
on abundance of butterflies at Ega, [75]
on importance of study of butterflies, [78]
on leaf-cutting ants, [86]
on blind ants, [88]
on bird-catching spider, [97]
on use of toucan’s bill, [106]
on large serpents, [115]
on the habits of humming-birds, [132]
Bats, [118]
Beetles, [94]
abundance of, in New Forest-clearings, [96]
probable use of horns of, [202]
Belt, Mr., on virgin forests of Nicaragua, [62]
on aspects of tropical vegetation, [67]
on leaf-cutting ants, [86]
on an Acacia inhabited by ants, [89]
on uses of ants to the trees they live on, [90]
on a leaf-like locust, [93]
on tree-frogs, [116]
on the habits of humming-birds, [133], [134]
on uneatable bright-coloured frog, [175]
on use of light of glow-worm, [205]
Betel-nut, [45]
Bill of humming-birds, [129]
Biology, by-paths of, illustrated, [251]
Birds, [99]
how many known, [124]
cases of local variation of colour among, [262]
influence of locality on colours of, [255]
which fertilize flowers, [273], [274]
and insects blown to oceanic islands, [308]
of Palæarctic Region, [316]
of Ethiopian Region, [318]
of Oriental Region, [320]
Bonelli, Mr., on the Sappho comet humming-bird, [132]
Bullock on food of humming-birds, [153]
Buprestidæ, [94]
Burchell, Dr., on the “stone mesembryanthemum,” [223]
Butterflies, abundance of, in tropical forests, [72]
conspicuousness of in tropical forests, [73]
colours and form of, [74]
peculiar habits of tropical, [76]
tropical and temperate compared as to colour, [164]
females do not choose their partners, [200]
with gaily-coloured females, [204]
numbers and variety of, [255]
influence of locality on colours of, [255]
Buttressed trees, [31]
C.
Calamus, [41]
Callithea, imitated by species of Catagramma and Agrias, [257]
Callithea markii, [75]
Campylopterus hemileucurus, pugnacious and ornamental, [214]
Cattleyas, [51]
Cecropias, trees inhabited by ants, [89]
Celebes, large and peculiarly formed butterflies of, [259]
white-marked birds of, [263]
Centipedes, [97]
Ceylon and Malaya, resemblances of fauna of, [327]
Chameleons, [113]
Chameleon, cause of changes of its colour, [170]
Chemical action changes colours, [183]
Chili, humming-birds of, [141]
Chiroptera, [119]
Chrysobactron Rossii, [238]
Clark, Rev. Hamlet on leaf-cutting ants, [86]
Climate of Equator, general features of, [17]
Climates of Timor, Angola, and Scotland compared, [14]
Climbing plants of tropical forests, [37]
uses of, [39]
Cockatoos, [100]
Cœlogynes, [51]
Coloration of tropical birds, [110]
Colour, cause of change of, in humming-birds, [144]
Colour in nature, problems of, [159]
how far constant, [161]
as affected by heat and light, [161]
of tropical birds, [163]
of tropical butterflies, [164]
of temperate and tropical flowers, [165]
changes of, in animals produced by coloured light, [167]
voluntary change of, in animals, [170]
not usually influenced by coloured light, [171]
Colour, the nature of, [180]
how produced, [183]
changed by heat, [183]
a normal product of organization, [185]
as a means of recognition, [196]
proportionate to integumentary development, [198]
not caused by female selection, [198]
Colour absent in wind-fertilized flowers, [233]
same theory of, in animals and plants, [234]
of flowers and their distribution, [235]
Colour, nomenclature of, formerly imperfect, [247]
Colour-development as illustrated by humming-birds, [212]
local causes of, [216]
in animals, summary, [216]
Colour-perception, supposed recent growth of, [244]
Colour-sense, origin of the, [241]
need for, [243]
not of recent origin, [246]
not wholly explicable, [248]
Colours, classification of organic, [172]
protective, [172]
warning, [174]
sexual, [177]
typical, [179]
of animals, how produced, [184]
theory of protective, [187]
theory of warning, [189]
theory of sexual, [192]
theory of typical, [215]
Colours and ornaments of humming-birds, [127]
Colours of fruits, attractive, [224]
protective, [225]
Colours, which first perceived, [243]
Cometes sparganurus, very pugnacious, [214]
Compositæ, arborescent in oceanic islands, [276]
Continent, past changes of the great Eastern, [321]
Continents of Tertiary period, probable aspect of, [343]
Copridæ, [95]
probable use of horns of, [202]
Crematogaster, genus of ants, [83]
Cross-fertilization of flowers, use of, [228]
complex arrangements for, [229]
Cuckoos, [104]
D.
Danaidæ, warning colours of, [174]
Danainæ, Acræinæ and Heliconiinæ, local resemblances of, [256]
Daphne pontica, [230]
Darwin, Mr., on mode of cross-fertilization and its use, [228]
not too highly rated, [252]
on vegetation of Galapagos, [272]
on use of scented leaves, [277]
on former union of West Indian islands and S. America, [306]
on oceanic islands, [307]
revolution in thought effected by, [284]
Deserts on line of tropics, [28]
Desmoncus, [41]
De Vry, Mr., on the sugar-palm, [43]
Dews, cause of heavy tropical, [10]
Diagram of mean temperature at Batavia and London, [5]
of rainfall at Batavia and London, [15]
Dianthus alpinus, D. glacialis, [232]
Distribution of humming-birds, [138]
Dragons or flying-lizards, [113]
Drugs from equatorial forest-trees, [36]
Duke-of-York Island, pale-coloured insects of, [259]
Islands, remarkable white plumaged birds of, [263]
Dyes from equatorial forest-trees, [36]
Dynastidæ, [95]
probable use of horns of, [202]
E.
Earl, Mr. George Windsor, on division of Malay Archipelago, [307]
Earth-sculpture or surface-geology, [250]
Earthworks, North American, [292]
Easter Island, sculptures on, [291]
Eciton, genus of foraging ants, [87]
Elateridæ, luminous species perhaps mimetic, [205]
Emperor-moth, protective coloration of, [174]
Environment, relation of living things to, [254]
Epicalia, sexes of, differently coloured, [178]
Epilobium angustifolium, E. parviflorum, [233]
Epimachinæ, [150]
Equator, cause of uniform high temperature near, [6]
short twilight at, [21]
Equatorial climate, general features of, [17]
uniformity of in all parts of the world, [18]
local diversities of, [19]
Equatorial forests, general features of, [29]
Equatorial forest-belt, cause of, [27]
Equatorial heavens, aspect of, [23]
Equatorial zone, temperature of, [3]
Ethiopian Region, [317]
Eugenes fulgens, [134]
Eunica and Siderone, resemblance of species of, [257]
Euplœa, pale species of, in Moluccas and New Guinea, [258]
Euro-Asiatic continent, Miocene fauna of, [323]
Eustephanus, [141]
Eustephanus galeritus, [143]
Euterpe oleracea, [43]
Evaporation and condensation, equalising effects of, [16]
F.
Female birds, greater brilliancy of some, [211]
Female insects, greater brilliancy of some, [203]
Ferns, [46]
Ferns, preponderance of in Tahiti and Juan Fernandez, [269], [270]
Fiji Islands, pale butterflies of, [259]
Fire-ants, [83]
Fishes, causes of general coloration of, [171]
Flowering trunks, probable cause of, [34]
Flowers, comparative scarcity of in equatorial forests, [60]
Flowers and insects, [64]
Flowers of temperate zones brilliantly coloured, [165]
comparatively scarce in tropical forests, [167]
Flowers, attractive colours of, [228]
fertilized by insects, [228]
attractive odours of, [230]
when sweet-scented not conspicuously coloured, [230]
attractive grouping of, [231]
alpine, why so beautiful, [232]
why allied species differ in beauty, [233]
when wind-fertilized not coloured, [233]
relation of colours of, to distribution, [235]
and fruits, recent views as to action of light on, [236]
Flowers of Auckland and Campbell’s Isles, bright-coloured, [238]
Flying-lizards, [113]
Foliage, two chief types of, in tropical forests, [33]
colours of, [221]
Foot of savages does not approach that of apes, [289] (note)
Forest-belt, cause of equatorial, [27]
Forest-belts, temperate, [29]
Forest-tree, section of a Bornean, [32]
formed from climbers, [32]
Forest-trees, characteristics of, [30]
Forest-trees of low growth, [34]
Forest-trees, uses of equatorial, [35]
Forests, effect of on rainfall and drought, [19]
devastation caused by destruction of, [20]
equatorial, [29]
undergrowth of tropical, [34]
Formica gigas, [81]
Foxes, none in Isle of Wight in 1605, [305]
Frogs and toads, [116]
Frog, with bright colours uneatable, [175]
Frogs of oceanic islands, [309]
Fruit-bats, [119]
Fruits of equatorial forest-trees, [36]
Fruits, attractive colours of, [224]
protective colours of, [225]
greater antiquity of protected than attractive, [227]
G.
Galapagos, colours of productions of, [163]
poor in flowers and insects, [235]
weedy vegetation of, [272]
Gardner, Dr., on a large water-boa, [115]
Geckos, [112]
Geiger, on ancient perception of colour, [245]
Geranium pratense, G. pusillum, [233]
Gibbons, [116]
Ginger-worts, [47]
Gladstone, Mr., on the colour-sense, [245]
Glow-worm, use of its light, [205]
Goliath cuckoo, [105]
Gosse, Mr., on Jamaica humming-birds, [132], [135]
on the pugnacity of humming-birds, [134]
on food of humming-birds, [137]
Gould, Mr., on the motions of humming-birds, [131]
Grammatophyllums, [51]
Green, why the most agreeable colour, [244]
Grisebach, on cause of vivid colours of arctic flowers, [237]
Guilielma speciosa, [42]
Gums from equatorial forest-trees, [36]
H.
Habenaria chlorantha, [230]
Habits of humming-birds, [130]
Heat due to condensation of atmospheric vapour, [14]
changes colours, [183]
Heliconiinæ and Acræinæ, local resemblances of, [256]
Hindostan and Africa, resemblances of fauna of, [328]
Hooker, Sir J. on flowers of Auckland Isles, [238]
on deficient odour of New Zealand flowers, [277]
Hornbills, [107]
Horns of beetles, probable use of, [202]
Howling-monkeys, [118]
Humming-birds, number of, [124], [133]
distinctness of, [125], [129]
structure of, [125]
colours and ornaments of, [127]
descriptive names of, [129]
motions and habits of, [130]
display of ornaments by males, [134]
food of, [135]
nests of, [137]
geographical distribution and variation of, [138]
of Juan Fernandez, [140]
influenced by varied conditions in South America, [147]
relations and affinities of, [148]
sternum of, [151]
eggs of, [152]
feather-tracts of, [152]
resemblance of swifts to, [152]
nestlings of, [153]
differences from sun-birds, [154]
I.
Iguanas, [113]
Indian peninsula once an island, [325]
ancient fauna of, [325]
Insects, wingless, [97]
general observations on tropical, [98]
Insular plants and insects, relations of, [267]
Interference-colours in animals, [184]
Islands, influence of locality on colour in, [257]
J.
Jacamars, [105]
Juan Fernandez, humming-birds of, [140]
insects of, [270]
abundance of humming-birds in, [273]
L.
Land and sea, peculiar distribution of, [311]
existing distribution of, very ancient, [312]
Leaf-insects, [92]
Leaves, supposed use of odours of, [277]
Lemuria, an hypothetical continent, not required, [328]
Leopoldinia major, [45]
Lepidoptera, diurnal, [72]
Leptalis, a good case of mimicry, [189]
Leptena erastus, [256]
Light, theory of, as producing colours, [161]
action of, on plants, [222]
supposed direct action of, on colours of flowers and fruits, [236]
Lizards, [111]
Local causes of colour-development, [216]
Locusts, richly-coloured tropical, [94]
Longicorns, [95]
Lophornis ornatus, very pugnacious, [214]
Lord Howe’s Island, white rail in, [264]
Lubbock, Sir John, on colour-perception in insects, [255]
M.
Macaws, [100]
Madagascar, white-marked butterflies of, [260]
Madagascar once united to Africa, [325]
Madagascar and Malaya, resemblances of fauna of, [328]
Male birds, origin of ornamental plumage of, [205]
Male birds which incubate, [212]
Male humming-birds produce a shriller sound, [215]
Males, theory of display of ornaments by, [207]
Malva sylvestris, M. rotundifolia, [233]
Mammals, [116]
Mammalia, supposed variations of, comparable to those of butterflies, [261]
local resemblances of, in Africa, [262]
Mammalia of Palæarctic Region, [315]
of Ethiopian Region, [317]
of Oriental Region, [319]
of Miocene period in Euro-Asia, [321]
Man, antiquity and origin of, [280]
indications of extreme antiquity of, [285]
highly developed at very early period, [286]
antiquity of intellectual, [290]
Mangroves, [58]
Manicaria saccifera, [41]
Mantidæ, [91]
Mantis resembling an orchis-flower, [173]
Marantaceæ, [47]
Marmosets, [118]
Marshall, Messrs. on barbets, [106]
Martins, M. Charles, on increased size of leaves of arctic plants, [236]
Mates readily found by birds, [200]
Mauritia, palm, [40]
Maximiliana regia, [41]
Meiglyptes, [150]
Meldola, Mr. R., on variable colouring in insects, [170]
Meliphagidæ in Auckland Isles probably flower-fertilizers, [239]
Melliss, Mr., on flora of St. Helena, [275]
Migrations between N. America and Euro-Asia, [334]
between N. America and South America, [335]
Mesembryanthemum, stone, [223]
Meteorological phenomena, intensity of, at the equator, [23]
Mimicry, theory of, [189]
Mimosa pudica, [59]
Mivart, Professor, on animal origin of man, [284]
on the divergent affinities of man and apes, [288]
Mongredien, Mr., on showy and fragrant flowers, [230]
Monkeys, [116]
Monkeys and pigeons, [102]
Moseley, Mr., on humming-birds of Juan Fernandez, [143]
Moseley, Mr. H. N., on birds conveying seeds to islands, [268]
Moths, conspicuously-coloured caterpillars of, uneatable, [175]
Motmots, [105]
Mott, Mr. Albert, on antiquity of intellectual man, [291]
Mounds of N. America, antiquity of, [296]
Mound-builders, a semi-civilized race, [297]
Müller, Dr. Hermann, on fertilization of alpine flowers, [232]
on fertilization of Martagon lily, [231]
on variations of insect-fertilized flowers, [275]
on differences of allied species of flowers, [233]
Musa paradisiaca, [48]
Musaceæ, [48]
Mygale, a bird-catching spider, [97]
Mysis chameleon, changes of colour of, [171]
N.
Nearctic Region, mammalia of, [329]
birds of, [330]
Neotropical region, mammalia of, [331]
birds of, [332]
Nests of humming-birds, [137]
Newton, Professor, on appearance of living humming-birds, [130]
New Zealand, poor in flowers and insects, [235]
New World, regions of the, [329]
North American earthworks, [292]
Nuttall, Mr., on the rufous flame-bearer, [131]
Nymphalidæ, local resemblances of species of distinct genera of, [257]
O.
Oceanic Islands, peculiar floras of, [269]
theory of, [307]
Odontomachus, genus of ants, [82]
Odour deficient in New Zealand flowers, [277]
Odours absorbed unequally by differently coloured stuffs, [266]
of flowers attractive, [230]
Œcodoma cephalotes, [85]
Œcophylla smaragdina, [82]
Ogle, Dr., on colour and sense-perception, [265]
Oil from palms, [45]
Oncidiums, [51]
Optical theory of colour, [180]
Orchids, [49]
Oriental Region, [319]
Ornamental humming-birds, the most pugnacious, [214]
Ornaments, display of, by male humming-birds, [134]
Orthoptera, [91]
P.
Palæarctic Region, [314]
Palms, [40]
height of, [41]
climbing, [41]
Palm-wine, [43]
Palm-trees, uses and products of, [42]–46
Pandanaceæ, [49]
Papilio, pale varieties of, in Moluccas and New Guinea, [258]
Papilionidæ and Nymphalidæ, local resemblances of, [255]
Papilio nireus, changes of colour of pupa of, [168]
Parrots, [99]
red in Moluccas and New Guinea, [264]
black in New Guinea and Madagascar, [264]
Passeres, [108]
Phyllostoma, [120]
Phasmidæ, [91]–93
Phœnix sylvestris, [45]
Phaëthornithinæ, [136]
Pheasants, brilliant plumage of, in cold countries, [163]
Pheidole, genus of ants, [84]
Philippine Islands, metallic colours of butterflies of, [259]
white-marked birds of, [263]
Picariæ, [103]
Pickering, Mr., on plants of Pacific Islands, [269]
Pieridæ and Lycænidæ, local resemblances of, [256]
Pigeons, [102]
black in Australia and Madagascar, [264]
Pigs, white poisoned in Virginia, black not, [265]
Pipes from N. American mounds, [295]
Plantain, [48]
Plantain-eaters, [197]
Plants, protective coloration in, [223]
Platycerium, [47]
Plumage of tropical birds, [109]
of humming-birds, [128]
Polyrachis, genus of ants, [81]
Polyalthea, tree with flowers on trunk, [35]
Polygonum bistorta, P. aviculare, [233]
Pontia rapæ, changes of colour of chrysalis of, [168]
Ponera clavata, terrible sting of, [82]
Portraits on sculptured pipes from mounds, [295]
Prosthemadera in the Auckland Isles, [239]
Protective colours, theory of, [187]
Psittacula diopthalma, sexual difference of colour of, [178]
Pterylography, [151]
Pyramid, the Great, [298]
the Great, indicates an earlier civilization, [300]
Pythons, [115]
R.
Rabbits, why white-tailed, [197]
Rainbow, how described by ancient writers, [245]
Rainfall at London and Batavia, diagram of, [15]
Rainfall, greatest recorded at Batavia, [24]
Ramsay, Prof. on ancient fresh-water deposits, [313]
Raphia tædigera, [41]
Rattan-palms, [42]
Recognition aided by colour, [196]
Reed, Mr., on humming-birds in Juan Fernandez, [146]
Mr. Edwyn C., on insects of Juan Fernandez, [270]
Reptiles, [111]
Reptiles of oceanic islands, [309]
Rhamphococcyx, [105]
S.
Salvin, Mr., on the pugnacity of humming-birds, [134], [214]
Saüba ant, [85]
Saxifraga longifolia, [233]
S. cotyledon, [233]
S. oppositifolia, [233]
Scorpions, [97]
Screw-pines, [49]
Scythrops, [105]
Seeds, how protected, [226]
Sensitive-plants, [59]
Sexes of butterflies differently coloured for recognition, [196]
Sexual colours, [177]
theory of, [192]
Sexual selection not a cause of colour, [198]
neutralized by natural selection, [210]
Sickle-bill humming-bird, [136]
Size, correspondence of, in tropical flowers and insects, [236]
Sky, colour of not mentioned in old books, [245]
Smith, Mr. Worthington, on mimicry in fungi, [223]
Smyth, Professor Piazzi, on the Great Pyramid, [298]
Snakes, [114]
Sobralias, [51]
Soil, heat of, [8]
influence of temperature on climate, [8]
Solenopsis, genus of ants, [84]
Sorby, Mr., on composition of chlorophyll, [221]
South America, extinct fauna of, [336]
geographical changes of, [338]
its parallelism with Africa, [339]
an area of preservation of ancient types, [339]
Spices from equatorial forest-trees, [36]
Spiders, [97]
Spruce, Dr. Richard, on number of ferns at Tarrapoto, [47]
on inconspicuousness of tropical flowers, [61]
on use of aromatic secretions of leaves, [278]
Stainton, Mr., on insects attacking scented leaves, [277]
Stick-insects, [92]
St. Helena, indigenous flowers of, [275]
St. John, Mr., on large python, [115]
Structure of humming-birds, [125]
Sugar from palm-trees, [44]
Sunda Islands and Japan once joined to Asia, [326]
Sun-birds, differences from humming-birds, [154]
Sun’s noonday altitude in Java and London compared, [6]
Sun’s rays, heating effect of, [7]
Sunrise in the equatorial zone, [22]
Swifts, resemblances of to humming-birds, [152]
Symmachia trochilus, [75]
colubris, [75]
T.
Tahiti, preponderance of ferns in, [269]
Temperature of London and Batavia compared, [6]
of different latitudes, various causes of, [7]
Temperature, influenced by heat of soil, [8]
influenced by aqueous vapour of atmosphere, [9]
Temperature of tropical and temperate zones, cause of, illustrated, [12]
Tertiary faunas and their relations, [344], [347]
Thaumastura cora, very pugnacious, [214]
Timor and Scotland, climates compared, [14]
Timor and Flores, white-marked birds of, [263]
Toucans, [106]
Tree-frogs, [116]
Tristan d’Acunha, bright-coloured Pelargonium of, [275]
Trochilidæ, [125]
Trogons, [105]
Tropical vegetation, concluding remarks on, [65]
probable causes of its luxuriance and variety, [66]
Mr. Belt on, [67]
Tropical birds, dull-coloured, [110]
coloration of, [110]
green, [110]
Tropics, limitation of, [3]
aspects of animal life in, [121]
Trunks, variety of, [31], [33]
probable cause of flowering, [34]
Twilight, short at equator, [21]
Typical colours, [179]
V.
Vanda lowii, [51]
Vampyre-bats, [119]
Variation, how influenced, [142]
Vegetation, equatorial, [27]
Vipers, green, [114]
Vitality a cause of bright colour, [193]
W.
Warning Colours, theory of, [189]
Wasps and bees, [90]
Wave-lengths of coloured rays, [180]
Weale, Mr. J. P. Mansel, on plants of Karoo, [223]
on Ajuga ophrydis, [223]
Webber, Mr., on food of humming-birds, [137]
West-Indian Islands, large and brilliant butterflies of, [261]
peculiarly coloured birds of, [262]
Whip-snakes, [114]
White animals poisoned where black escape, [265]
White colours influencing sense-perception, [265]
White colour doubly prejudicial to animals, [266]
White tropical birds, [110]
Wilson, Dr., on pottery from N. American mounds, [295]
Winds, influence of on temperature, [11]
direction of near equator, [11], [12]
cause of cold near equator, [12], [13]
Wolves in England show its union with continent, [305]
Woods from equatorial forest-trees, [36]
Z.
Zebra, possible use of its stripes, [197]
Zingiberaceæ, [47]
Zoological regions, [314]
Zoological regions of the New World, [329]

LONDON: R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, BREAD STREET HILL.