INDEX

A.
Air, importance of pure, [42].
Army and Navy afford a conclusive test, [62].
statistics of small-pox in, [63].
B.
Bavaria, small-pox and vaccination in, [49].
proves uselessness of vaccination, [50].
Berlin, severe epidemics in, [49].
Biggs, Mr. T., statistics of Leicester mortality, [55].
cross-examination of, [61].
Bills of mortality and dissenters, [32].
Birch, John, on failure of vaccination, [10].
Birmingham and Leicester small-pox, [58].
Brown of Musselburgh, on small-pox after vaccination, 1809, [11].
C.
Certificates of death, often erroneous, [18].
Commissioners should have been statisticians, [24].
on decline of small-pox after 1800, [38].
on Scotch and Irish small-pox, [41].
not use the diagrams, [42].
why conclusions wrong, [44].
not compare small-pox and general mortality, [47].
illogical reasoning of, [52].
neglect the method of comparison, [53], [65].
on case of Leicester, [60].
on small-pox in Army and Navy, [62].
on treatment of Army and Navy small-pox mortality, [68], [69].
put opinions above facts, [75].
Conclusion, plain speaking justified, [91].
Continental small-pox, teaching of diagrams of, [86].
Creighton, Dr., history of epidemics, [33].
on substitution theory, [36].
on variolous test, [8], [9].
Crookshank, Prof., on Inoculation, [7], [9].
D.
Davidson, Mr., on injurious effects from vaccination, [20].
Death from vaccination, a dreadful, [21].
Death certificates, inaccurate, [18].
Deaths stated to be of the vaccinated or unvaccinated, why untrustworthy, [83].
Dewsbury, Leicester, and Warrington small-pox, [59].
Diphtheria and Scarlatina in London, [37].
Doctors are bad statisticians, [13].
often misstate figures, [13].
E.
English small-pox, 1838-1895, [40].
teaching of diagram of, [86].
Epidemics, theory of substitution of, [36].
Experiments adverse to vaccination, [54].
F.
Farr, Dr., on decrease of infant mortality, [57].
Fevers in London, [37].
“Final Report” valueless and misleading, [69].
critical remarks on, [70].
on advantage of revaccination, [72].
hesitating tone of, [74].
on Army and Navy, [90].
Fox, Mr. C., on 56 cases of illness or death following vaccination, [18].
G.
Gloucester epidemic due to insanitation, [60].
Goldson, William, on small-pox after vaccination, 1804, [11].
Guy, Dr., figures alone can prove value of vaccination, [23].
H.
Hart, Mr. E., on small-pox at Ceara, [81].
Hospital statistics prove vaccination to be useless, [30].
I.
Infant mortality in London and England, [57].
Inoculation, diseases which prevented, [7].
Ireland, imperfect vaccination in, [43].
compared with Army and Navy, [65].
J.
Jenner awarded £10,000, [9].
£20,000 voted by House of Commons in 1807, [12].
Jenner’s Inquiry, [7].
L.
Lancet on vaccination disasters, [73].
the, on revaccination, [90].
Leicester affords a test experiment, [55].
vaccination and infant mortality in, [56].
how dealt with by Commissioners, [60].
compared with Army and Navy, [67].
Leprosy and plague in England, [36].
Local Government Board’s misstatements as to the steamship Preussen, [81].
London small-pox, [32].
small-pox mortality discussed, [33].
zymotic diseases in, [36].
growth from 1845, [37].
main drainage of 1865, [37].
sanitary advance from 1800, [38].
small-pox teaching of the diagram of, [84].
zymotics teaching of diagram of, [85].
Lymph, erroneous use of the term, [91].
M.
MacCabe, Dr., on vaccination in Ireland, [43].
on the unvaccinated in tenement houses, [71].
Maclean, Dr., 535 cases of small-pox after vaccination, 97 of them fatal, [11].
Measles, the Commissioners on, [35].
in London, [36].
Milnes, Mr. A., estimated deaths from vaccination, [19].
Misstatements of National Vaccine Establishment in Reports, [13].
by Dr. Lettsom, [15].
by Sir Lyon Playfair, [15].
by Dr. W. B. Carpenter, [15].
by Mr. Ernest Hart, [16], [81].
by the National Health Society, [16], [17].
as to small-pox at Ceara, [81].
as to steamship Preussen, [82].
Moseley, Dr., on failure of vaccination in 1804, [10].
N.
National Health Society’s misstatements, [16].
Navy, causes of reduction of mortality in, [64].
Nurses in hospitals, immunity of, [72].
P.
Population, density of, affecting disease, [42].
in Scotland and Ireland, [43].
Post-office, no real statistics of small-pox mortality in, [68].
Preston, staff-surgeon on improved health of Navy, [64].
Preussen, steamship, small-pox on, [81].
Prussia, small-pox in, [48].
R.
Revaccination, officials on the value of, [62].
alleged benefits of, [72].
Rowley, Dr., on injury and death after vaccination, 1805, [10].
Royal Commission accepts the variolous test, [9].
Royal Commissioners should have been Statisticians, [24].
S.
Scarlatina and diphtheria in London, [37].
Seaports, cause of unhealthiness of, [53].
Simon, Sir John, evidence for vaccination must now be statistical, [23].
Small-pox in London, [32].
mortality in London, [33].
in England during registration, [39].
in Scotland and Ireland, [40].
on the Continent, [44].
in Sweden after vaccination, [45].
mortality not reduced by vaccination, [47].
in Prussia, [48].
in Bavaria, [49].
in seaports, [52].
and zymotics follow same laws, [53].
in Leicester, [55].
in Leicester and Birmingham, [58].
in German army, statistics unreliable, [73].
no immunity against second attack, [76].
liability to, increased by vaccination, [78].
and overcrowding, [78].
in Sweden, Prussia, and Bavaria, [86].
in Leicester, a test case, [87].
in army and navy, a crucial test, [88].
Squirrel, Dr., on injury and death after vaccination, 1805, [10].
Statistics alone can show value of vaccination, [23].
of vaccinated and unvaccinated worthless, [25].
Scientific treatment of, [31].
Stockholm, first vaccination in 1810, [46].
Summary of argument, [80].
Sweden, vaccination and small-pox in, [45].
shows uselessness of vaccination, [48].
T.
Tebb, Mr. W., on 535 cases of small-pox, after vaccination before 1810, [11].
U.
Unvaccinated a different class from the vaccinated, [29].
evidence as to, not trusted in Germany (note), [29].
V.
Vaccinated and unvaccinated, how determined by doctors, [25].
persons wrongly registered, [26].
and unvaccinated death-rates of, as given by doctors, [27].
and unvaccinated death-rates of, as given by doctors in last century, [28].
and unvaccinated, how they differ, [70].
Vaccination, early history of, [6].
injury and death from, [10].
and the medical profession, [12].
doctors not best judges, [13].
deaths caused by, [17].
illness and death from, [19].
estimated deaths from, [19].
official evidence of, not trustworthy, [21].
a dreadful case of death from, [21].
how it affects the poor, [22].
evidence for, often worthless, [23].
can only be proved useful by statistics, [23].
marks not permanent, [26].
marks hidden by eruption, [26].
proved useless by modern hospital statistics, [30].
in England 1872-95, [40].
on the Continent, [44].
in Stockholm from 1810, [46].
in Stockholm not especially deficient, [47].
false assertions as to value of, [50].
uselessness of, proved, [51].
and small-pox in Leicester, [55].
and infant mortality in Leicester, [56].
injuries from increase death-rate, [57].
disasters at Shorncliffe camp concealed, [73].
increases liability to small-pox, [78].
Vacher, Dr., on registration of vaccinated and unvaccinated, [25].
Variolous test, fallacy of, [7], [9].
Vogt, Prof. A., on vaccination increasing small-pox, [51].
no immunity from a previous attack of small-pox, [76].
W.
Warrington and Leicester small-pox, [59].
Whooping-cough in London, [37].
Z.
Zymotic diseases in London, [36].
in Leicester, [55].
Zymotics in bills of mortality, [33].

DIAGRAM I.

London Death-rates per Million Living from 1760 to 1896.

The Upper line shows rates of Death from All Causes.

The Middle line shows rates of Death from Zymotic Diseases, including Measles, Fevers, Whooping-cough, and Diphtheria.

The Lower line (shaded for distinctness), Small-pox.

The blank four years, 1834-8, are omitted because they are the last of the old “Bills of Mortality,” and are considered to be very imperfect.

From 1838 onwards is the period of complete Registration.

Each ten years is indicated at the bottom and top of the diagram.

The figures at the sides and centre show the mortality per million.

The Upper line (total mortality) is on a smaller vertical scale, and is brought lower down to allow of its being included in the diagram.

Authorities.

The lines in the diagram from 1760 to 1834 are calculated from the figures given in the Second Report, pp. 289-91, with those for other diseases from Dr. Creighton’s History of Epidemics in Britain; the population at the different periods being taken from the best available sources (Maitland, and the 8th Report of the Registrar-General). The later portion is entirely from the Reports of the Registrar-General.

DIAGRAM II.

Showing Death-rates from the Chief Zymotic Diseases in London from 1838 to 1896.

From the Registrar-General’s Annual Summary, 1896, Table 14, page xxxiii., and 1888, Table 12, for first nine years.

These diagrams show the same facts as Dr. Whitelegge’s Diagram E. in the Sixth Report of the Royal Commission, page 660, but in a simpler form.

DIAGRAM III.

Small-pox, Vaccinations, Zymotics, and Total Death-rate in England and Wales.

Small-pox from Final Report, Tab. B. p. 155, and Registrar-General’s Report, 1895, Table 24.

Vaccinations from Final Report, p. 34.

Zymotic diseases from Registrar-General’s Report (1895), Table 24, Columns 3 to 9.

Total Death-rate from Registrar-General’s Report, 1895, Table 3.

N.B.—Each of the lines showing Death-rates has its own vertical scale showing the rate per million living, in order to allow of the four separate rates being shown on one diagram so that their corresponding rise or fall may be compared.

DIAGRAM IV.

Comparison of Scotland and Ireland as regards their Death-rates from Small-pox and two Zymotics (Measles and Scarlet-fever).

From Tables given in the Roy. Comm. Final Report. (See pages 35, 37, 42, and 44.)

Solid lines. Small-pox (shaded for distinctness).

Dotted lines. Two Zymotics.

Both per million living.

DIAGRAM V.

Sweden. Small-pox and Total Death-rates, and Stockholm Small-pox Epidemics.

These death-rates have been calculated by myself from the official tables of Small-pox and total deaths, and populations in the Sixth Report, pages 752-3.

The portion relating to Small-pox agrees with Diagram D, p. 129, in the Third Report of the Commission, but comes to a later date. The figures for the Stockholm epidemics are not given in the Reports of the Royal Commission except as regards the last and greatest of them. The others are from the same authority as in my former diagram—Dr. Berg, head of the Statistical Department at Stockholm, who supplied them to Dr. Pierce as stated in his Vital Statistics.

The Upper line, showing the death-rate from all causes, is from the five-year average mortality, and is on a smaller vertical scale (as shown by the figures at the sides) in order to bring it into the same diagram.

DIAGRAM VI.

Small-pox death-rates in Prussia —————— Epidemics in Berlin ------

From the figures appended to the diagram opposite p. 232 of the Second Report, and the Berlin epidemics from the table at p. 231 of the same Report.

DIAGRAM VII.

Bavaria. Mortality from Small-Pox and other Zymotic Diseases in the years 1858-73.

From Tables in the Second Report, pp. 337-8.

Bavaria is chosen by Dr. Hopkirk to show the advantages of compulsory vaccination (see Q. 1489, p. 11, and Table facing p. 238, of Second Report).

DIAGRAM VIII.

Showing the Death-rates per Million living by Small-pox and Zymotic Diseases, from 1838 to 1896, in Leicester.

The dotted line shows the percentage of Vaccinations to Births.

N.B.—Before 1862 private vaccinations have been estimated.

The Upper Thick line shows the death-rate from the following diseases:—Measles, Scarlet Fever, Diphtheria, Typhus, Whooping Cough, Enteric and other Fevers.

The Lower Line, shaded for distinctness, shows the Small-pox death-rate.

Drawn from Mr. Thomas Biggs’ Table 19, at p. 440 of the Fourth Report, kindly continued by Mr. Biggs to 1896.

DIAGRAM IX.

This Diagram shows various Death-rates in Leicester, in five-year Averages.

The dotted line shows the percentage of vaccinations to total births.

Authorities.

The three Death-rates and the Vaccinations are from Table 34 (p. 450) in the Fourth Report.

The Small-pox death-rate is from Table 45 (p. 461) in same Report.

Figures to continue the diagram to 1896 have been kindly furnished by Mr. Biggs from official sources.

DIAGRAM X.

Infant Mortality.

The upper portion of this diagram shows the Infant Mortality of London from 1730 to 1830, from Dr. Farr’s tables in McCulloch’s Statistical Account of the British Empire, vol. ii., p. 543 (1847). From 1840 to 1890 shows the Infant Mortality of England calculated from the Reports of the Registrar-General (see 3rd Report, p. 197, Table O). Materials for the continuation of Dr. Farr’s London Table (under 5 years) are not given by the Registrar-General.

The Lower part of the Table shows, on a larger scale, the Infant Mortality of London, under one year, as given by the Registrar-General in his Annual summary for 1891, Table 12, p. xxv., and in his 58th Annual Report, Table 25, p. xci.

DIAGRAM XI.

Army and Navy.

Lower Thick line shows the Small-pox mortality per 100,000 in the Army.

Upper Thick line shows the total Disease Mortality in the Army (Home Force).

The two Thin lines show the corresponding Mortalities in the Navy.

Authorities.

Total Disease Mortalities, from the Registrar-General’s 51st Report, Table 29, and 58th Report, Table 33, for the Army. From Table at p. 254 of Second Report of Roy. Comm. for the Navy.

Small-pox Mortalities from the “Final Report,” pp. 86-88.

N.B.—The higher figures (hundreds) show the Disease mortality; the lower figures (tens) show the Small-pox mortality; both per 100,000.

DIAGRAM XII.

Small-pox Mortality per 100,000.

The Army and Navy as compared with Ireland.

From the earliest year given for Ireland in the Reports of the Royal Commission.

Authorities.

Army, 2nd Report, Table C., p. 278.

Navy, 2nd Report, Table C., p. 254.

Both supplemented for the last six years by the “Final Report,” pp. 86-88.

Ireland. Table on p. 57 of “Final Report” corrected to ages 15-45 by adding one-tenth according to the Table J. at p. 274 of 2nd Report.

Butler & Tanner, The Selwood Printing Works, Frome, and London.

To be Published in April, 1898

In One Volume, Crown 8vo

The Wonderful Century

Its Successes and Failures

BY
ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
LL.D., Dubl.; D.C.L., Oxon.; F.R.S., etc.

The object of this volume is to give a short descriptive sketch of the more important mechanical inventions and scientific discoveries which are distinctive of the nineteenth century; and especially to enable those who have lived only in the latter half of it to realise its full significance in the history of human progress.

The author maintains that our century is altogether unique; that it differs from the eighteenth or the seventeenth centuries, not merely as those differed from the centuries which immediately preceded them, but that it has initiated a new era, and that it may be more properly compared with the whole preceding historical period.

His estimate of the advances made during the present century is, therefore, higher than that of previous writers; but he points out that it is almost wholly a material and intellectual progress, and that, even intellectually, it is very imperfect. The second part of the work discusses the intellectual and moral failures of the century, which are shown to be as conspicuous and deplorable as its successes are admirable and unprecedented.

SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & Co., Ltd., London.