THE END

INDEX

Abbot, meaning of word, [425]; as father of family of monks, [143]; election of, [144]; description of installation of, [145]; wealth and political influence of, [147]; disorders among lay, [179]; as a feudal lord, [373]; in legislative assemblies, [400].

Abelard opposed by Bernard, [196].

Abraham, St., the hermit, [50]; quoted, [60].

Abstinence, no virtue in false, [419].

Accountability, personal, sense of maintained by monks, [414].

Act of Succession, [298].

Agriculture, monasteries centers of, [155]; and the Cistercian monks, [192]; fostered by monks, [403]. See [Benedict], Order of St.

Alaric the Goth sacks Rome, [103].

Albans, St., Abbey of, Morton on its vices, [338].

Albertus Magnus, a Dominican, [242].

Albigensians, Hallam on doctrines of, [232]; Hardwick on same, [233]; Dominic preaches against, [234]; Dominic's part in crusade against, [235].

Alcuin, on corruptions of monks, [173]; education and, [167].

Alexander IV., Pope, on the stigmata of St. Francis, [221]; and the University of Paris quarrel, [250].

Alfred, King, the Great, complains of monks, [173]; his reformatory measures, [181].

Alien Priories, confiscated, [338]; origin of, [340].

Allen, on the fate of the Templars, [202]; on Dominic and the Albigensian crusade, [238]; on spiritual pride of the Mendicants, [257]; on the genius of feudalism, [373]; on the deficiencies of monastic characters, [394].

Alms-giving, see [Charity.]

Alverno, Mount, and the stigmata of St. Francis, [219].

Ambrose, embraces ascetic Christianity, [84]; Theodosius on, [115]; saying of Gibbon applied to, [116]; describes Capraria, [126]; his influence on Milanese women, [126].

Ammonius, the hermit, visits Rome, [72].

Anglicans, claims of, respecting the early British Church, [162].

Anglo-Saxons and British Christianity, [164].

Anglo-Saxon Church, effect of Danish invasion on, [181]; effect of Dunstan's work on, [187]. See [Britain.]

Anslem, of Canterbury, on flight from the world, [369].

Anthony, St., visits Paul of Thebes, [37]; his strange experiences, [38]; buries Paul, [41]; birth and early life of, [43]; his austerities, [44], [45]; miracles of, [46]; his fame and influence, [47]; his death, [48]; Taylor on biography of, [48].

Ap Rice, a Royal Commissioner, [311].

Aquinas, Thomas, a Dominican, [242].

Ascetic, The, his morbid introspection, [392]; meaning of word, [425]. See [Monks] and [Hermits.]

Asceticism, in India, [18]-20, [357]; among Chaldeans, [20]; in China, [20]; among the Greeks, [21], [22]; the Essenes, [23]; in apostolic times, [27]; the Gnostics, [27]; and the Bible, [30], [366]; in post-apostolic times, [31]; modifications of, under Basil, [64]; protests against, in early Rome, [124]; various forms of, [385]; effects of, [391], [401]. See [Monasticism.]

Aske, Robert, heads revolt against Henry VIII., [326].

Athanasius, St., visits hermits, [35]; his life of Anthony, [42]; influence of same on Rome, [80], [83]; spreads Pachomian rule, [63]; visits Rome, [71], and effect of, [80]; visits Gaul, [119]; his saying on fasting, [121].

Atonement, for sin, the monk's influence on doctrine of, [417].

Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, his life, and services to monasticism, [117], [119]; influenced by biography of Anthony, [43]; on marriage and celibacy, [112]; charges monks with fraud, [128].

Augustine, Rule of, adopted by Dominic, [232], [241].

Augustine, the monk, his mission to England, [161].

Augustinians, [246].

Aurelius, Emperor, Christianity during reign of, [124].

Austerities, Robertson on, [94]. See [Asceticism] and [Self-denial]

Austin Canons, [118].

Bacon, Roger, a Franciscan, [228]; imprisonment of, [407].

Bagot, Richard, on the English reformation, [345].

Bale, John, on the fall of the monasteries, [333].

Baluzii, on the prosperity of the Franciscans, [255].

Bangor, Monastery of, founded, [123]; slaughter of its monks, [165].

Barbarians, the struggle of the monks with, [148], [149], [170]; conversion of, [398].

Basil the Great, [63]; revolts against excessive austerities, [64]; founder of Greek monasticism, [64], [65]; his rules, [65]; adopts irrevocable vows, [65]; on marriage, [66]; enforces strict obedience, [66].

Bede, The Venerable, on the British Church, [123]; on monks and animals, [156].

Begging Friars, see [Mendicants], [Franciscans] and [Dominicans].

Benedict, Pope, XI., [221]; XII., consecrates Monte Cassino, [135]; on the stigmata of St. Francis, [221].

Benedict of Aniane, his attempted reform, [176].

Benedict, of Nursia, birth and early life, [131]; his trials, [132]; his fame attracts followers, [133]; his strictness provokes opposition, [133]; retires to Monte Cassino, [134]; conquers Paganism, [135]; his miracles and power over barbarians, [137]; his last days, [138]; his rules, [138]; Schaff on same, [148]; Cardinal Newman on mission of, [149]; saying of, on manual labor, [403].

Benedict, Order of St., [131]; rules of, [138]; the novitiate, [140]; daily life of monks, [140]; meaning of term "order," [143]; abbots of, [144]; manual labor, [147], [403]; Schaff on rules of, [148]; its dealings with barbarians, [148], [398]; its literary and educational services, [151]; its agricultural work, [155], [404]; spread of, [158]; its followers among the royalty, [159].

Bernard, of Clairvaux, his birth and monastic services, [193]; character of his monastery, [192]; on drugs and doctors, [194]; his reforms, [195]; Vaughan on, [195]; Storrs on, [197]; the Crusades, [197]; on the abuses of charity, [411].

Bernardone, Peter, father of Francis, [208]. See [Francis.]

Bethlehem, Jerome's monasteries at, [85], [88]; Paula establishes monasteries at, [100].

Bible, The, and monasticism, [30], [376].

Bigotry, of monks, [394].

Biography, monastic history centers in, [84].

Björnstrom, on the stigmata, [223].

Blæsilla, murmurs against monks at her funeral, [125].

Blunt, on the: fall of the monasteries, [333].

Boccaccio, comments on his visit to Monte Cassino, [136].

Boleyn, Anne, and Henry VIII., [294].

Bollandists, Catholic, on Dominic and the Inquisition, [238].

Bonaventura, on the stigmata of Francis, [220]; a Franciscan, [228]; on vices of the monks, [337].

Boniface, the apostle to the Germans, [167].

Bonner, Bishop, persuades Prior Houghton to sign oath of supremacy, [303].

Brahminism, asceticism under, [19].

Britain, Tertullian, Origen, and Bede, on Christianity in, [123];. relation of early church in, to Rome, [162]; monasticism in, [162], [168].

Brotherhood of Penitence, [229].

Bruno, the abbot of Cluny, [177].

Bruno, founder of Carthusian order, [188]; Ruskin on the order, [189]; the monastery of the Chartreuse, [189]; his eulogy of solitude, [396].

Bryant, poem of, on fall of monasteries, [353].

Buddha, on the ascetic life, [357].

Buddhism, asceticism under, [19].

Burke, Edmund, quoted by Gasquet on fall of monasteries, [312].

Burnet, on report of Royal Commissioners, [316].

Bury, Father, on Chinese monks, [20].

Cambridge, University of, the friars at, [252], [405].

Campeggio, Cardinal, the divorce proceedings of Henry VIII. and, [294].

Capraria, Rutilius and Ambrose on island of, [126].

Capuchins, [246].

Carlyle, Thomas, on Mahomet, [33]; quotes Jocelin on Abbot Samson's election, [145]; on the twelfth century, [157]; on the monastic ideal, [174]; on Jesuitical obedience, [271]; views of, criticised, [278].

Carmelites, [246].

Carthusians, The, establishment of, [188]; famous monastery of, [189]; rules of, [189]; in England, [191], [334]. See [Charterhouse.]

Cassiodorus, the literary labors of, [152].

Casuistry, of the Jesuits, [272]; [429].

Catacombs, visited by Jerome, [87].

Catharine, of Aragon, Henry's divorce from, [293].

Catholic, Roman, see [Rome, Church of.]

Celibacy, praised by Jerome and Augustine, [112]; views of Helvidius on, opposed by Jerome, [113]; the struggle to establish sacerdotal, [183]; Lingard on, [183]; Lea on, [184]; vow of, [380]; and Scripture teaching, [381]; early Fathers on, [381]; a modern ecclesiastic's reasons for, [381]; how vow of, came to be imposed, [382]; no special virtue in, [419].

Cellani, Peter, Dominic retires to house of, [238];

Celtic Church, see [Britain.]

Cenobites, meaning of term, [425]; origin of, in the East, [57]; habits of early, [58]; aims of, [60].

Chalcis, desert of, [87].

Chaldea, asceticism in, [20].

Chalippe, Father Candide, on miracles of saints, [224].

Channey, Maurice, on fall of the Charterhouse, [302].

Channing, William E., on various manifestations of the ascetic spirit, [385]; on exaggerations of monasticism, [415].

Chapter, The, defined, [144]; of Mats, [228].

Chapuys, despatches of, to Charles V., [297].

Charity, of monks, [348], [410]; true and false, [348], [412]; Bernard, Jacob of Vitry and Lecky on abuses of, [411]; as a passport to Heaven, [411].

Charlemagne, [118].

Charles V., Emperor, Pole writes to, [296]; Chapuy's despatches to, [297].

Charterhouse, of London, [191]; execution of monks of, [301], [334]; and the progress of England, [343]. See [Carthusians.]

Chartreuse, Grand, monastery, [189].

Chastity, vow of, in Pachomian rule, [61]. See [Celibacy.]

China, asceticism in, [20].

Chinese monks, Father Bury on, [20].

Christ, see [Jesus Christ.]

Christian clergy, character of, in the fourth century, [77].

Christian ideal, tending toward fanaticism, [129].

Christian discipleship, nature of true, [390].

Christianity, asceticism and apostolic, [27], [28], [31]; conquers Roman empire, [71], [76]; endangered by success, [77]; in Rome in the fourth century, [79]; Lord on same, [80]; is opposed to fanaticism, [94]; in ancient Britain, [123], [161], [162]; Clarke on, [171]; Mozoomdar on essential principle of, [359]; requires some sort of self-denial, [390], [418], [419]; monasticism and, compared, [420]; monasticism furnishes example of, [422]. See [Britain] and [Church.]

Chrysostom, becomes an ascetic, [84]; brief account of life of, [116]; monastic cause furthered by, [117].

Church, Christian, the triumphant, compared with church in age of persecution, [109]; ideal of, furthers monasticism, [129]; and the barbarians, [149]; of the thirteenth century, [206]; its life-ideal, [369]; its union with paganism, [370]. See [Anglo-Saxon Church], [Britain], and [England, Church of.]

Cistercian Order, the monks and rule of, [192]; decline of, [193].

Citeaux, Monastery at, [192].

Civic duties and monasticism, [399]. See [Monasticism.]

Clairvaux, Bernard of, see [Bernard]; Monastery of, [193].

Clara, St., Nuns of, founded, [228].

Clarke, William Newton, on Christianity of first and second centuries, [171].

Clarke, James Freeman, on Brahmin ascetics, [20].

Classics, Jerome's fondness for the, [95]; the monks and the, [405].

Clement XIV., Pope, dissolves the Society of Jesus, [279].

Clergy of the Christian Church, [77].

Clinton, Lord, on the work of suppression, [311].

Cloister, [426]. See [Monastery.]

Cluny, Monastery at, [177]; the congregation of, [178].

Coke, Sir Edward, quoted, [329].

Columba, St., his church relations, [162].

Commissioners, The Royal, appointed to visit monasteries of England, their methods, [308], [333]; character of, [311]; begin their work, [313]; their report, [316]; Parliament acts on same, [319].

Confession, among the Jesuits, [269].

Conscience, liberty of, renounced by monks, [394].

Constantine the Great, [71].

Contemplation, John Tauler on, [395]; Bruno on, [396].

Council, of Saragossa, [122]; of Trent, [382]; Lateran, [242].

Court of Augmentation, [319].

Crocella, Santa, chapel of, [131]; Romanus the monk, [131].

Cromwell, Richard, on Sir John Russell, [326].

Cromwell, Thomas, his life and aims, [308]; Green and Froude on, [309]; his religious views, [309]; Foxe and Gasquet on character of, [310]; becomes Vicegerent, [310]; inspires terror and hatred, [324]; his removal demanded, [326]; overcomes the Pilgrims of Grace, [326]; bribed for estates, [329].

Cross, loyalty to the, fostered by monks, [414]; power of the doctrine of, [418].

Crusades, effect of, on monastic types, [373]. See [Military Orders] and [Bernard.]

Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria, [61]; and murder of Hypatia, [68].

Damian, Church of St., repaired by Francis, [211], [214].

Danish invasion of England, its consequences, [180].

Dante, on Francis and poverty, [215].

Democracy, Christian, and monasticism, [422].

Desert, Jerome on attractions of, [89].

De Tocqueville, on self-subjection, [143].

Dhaquit, the Chaldean, quoted, [20].

Dharmapala, on the ascetic ideal in India, [357].

Dill, Samuel, on Rome's fall and the Christian Church, [74], [79], [108], [109].

Domestic life, a field of forbidden fruit, [394], [398]. See [Family-ideal] and [Jerome.]

Dominic, St., Innocent III. dreams of, [216]; early life of, [230]; his mother's dream, [231]; visits Languedoc, [232]; rebukes papal legates, [234]; his crusade against Albigensians, [234]; his relation to the Holy Inquisition, [235]; establishes his order, [239]; at Rome, [239]; his self-denial and death, [240]; canonized, [241].

Dominic, St., Nuns of, [242].

Dominicans, The, the Inquisition and, [238]; order of, founded, [239]; constitution of the order of, [241]; spread of, [241]; eminent members, [242]; three classes of, [242]; the preaching of, [249]; quarrel with the Franciscans, [249]; enter England, [251]; fatal success and decline of, [253], [256]; on the stigmata of Francis, [221]; liberal education and, [408].

Ducis, on the Hermits, [32].

Duns Scotus, a Franciscan, [228].

Dunstan, reforms of, [182]; his character and life-work, [186].

East, monasticism in the, see [Monasticism] and [Monks.]

Echard, a Dominican, [242].

Eckenstein, Lina, on Morton's letter, [339].

Edersheim, on the Essenes, [24].

Edgar, King, aids Dunstan in reform, [186].

Education, The Mendicants and, [248]; the monks further, in England, [253]; the effect of monasticism on, [407].

Edward I. and III., confiscate alien priories, [338].

Egypt, The hermits of, [33]; Kingsley and Waddington on same, [34].

Elijah, and asceticism, [30].

Elizabeth, Princess, and the Act of Succession, [298].

Endowments of monasteries, abolished by first Mendicants, [244]; reason for some, [361].

England, Church of, separates from Rome, [328]; causes of, and by whom separation secured, [340], [342]. See [Britain.]

Essenes, asceticism of, [23].

Ethelwold, aids Dunstan, [186].

Eudoxia, Empress, banishes Chrysostom, [117].

Eustochium, see [Paula.]

Fabiola, St., Lecky on her charities, [105]; her care for sick, [105]; her death, [105].

Family-ideal, of monastery, Taunton on, [143]. See [Domestic Life.]

Fanaticism, Christianity hostile to, [94]; tendency toward, among early Christians, [129].

Farrar, on the luxury of Rome, [75].

Fasting, amusing instance of rebellion of monks against, [120]; Athanasius on, [121]. See [Self-denial], [Ascetic] and [Asceticism.]

Ferdinand, of Austria, educated by Jesuits, [277].

Feudalism, monasticism affected by, [373].

Finnian, the monk, quarrels with Columba, [170].

Fisher, G.P., on the stigmata of Francis, [223].

Fisher, execution of, by Henry VIII., [301], [306].

Filial love, strangulation of, by monks, [397].

Forsyth, on St. Francis, [225].

Foxe, on Thomas Cromwell, [310].

France, New, and the Jesuits, [282].

Francis, St., his birth and early years, [208]; his dreams and sickness, [209]; visits Rome, [210]; seeking light on his duty, [210], [211]; sells his father's merchandise and keeps proceeds, [211]; renounces his father, [212]; assumes monkish habit, [213]; repairs Church of St. Damian, [214]; Dante on poverty and, [215]; visits Innocent III., [216]; visits Mohammedans, [217]; a lover of birds, [217]; Longfellow's poem on a homily of, [218]; his temptations, [218]; the stigmata, [219]; death of, [224]; his character, [225]; his rule, [226]; on prayer and preaching, [249]; method of, forsaken, [421].

Franciscans, The, first year of, [215]; order of, sanctioned, [216], [217]; three classes of, [226]; the rule of, [226]; Sabatier on rule of, [227]; the title "Friars Minor," [227]; number of, [228]; St. Clara and, [228]; The Third Order of, [229]; quarrel over the vow of poverty, [246]; prosperity of, [246]; educational work of, [248]; quarrel with Dominicans, [249]; settle in England, [251]; Baluzii on success of, [255]; fatal success of, [253].

Fratricelli, sketch of the, [247].

Freedom, religious, want of, [402].

Friars, Begging, see [Franciscans], [Dominicans] and [Mendicants].

Friars Minor, [227].

Froude, on the Charterhouse monks, [302], [304]; on Thomas Cromwell, [309]; on the report of the Royal Commissioners, [317]; on the Catholics and the Reformation, [346].

Future punishment, the monks and the doctrine of, [417].

Gairdner, on Henry's breach with Rome, [301].

Galea, the Goth, awed by St. Benedict, [137].

Gardiner, burns heretics, [311].

Gasquet, on Thomas Cromwell, [310]; quotes Burke on the suppression, [312].

Gauls, monastic, complain to St. Martin, [120].

Germany, monasticism enters, [122].

Gervais, reason for his donations, [361].

Gibbon, on bones of Simeon, [57]; on Egyptian monks, [62]; on Roman marriages, [110]; saying of, applied to Ambrose, [116]; on military orders, [199]; quotes Zosimus, [348]; on the monastic aim, [362]; on the character of the monks, [388].

Gindeley, on the Jesuits and the Thirty Years' War, [277].

Giovanni di San Paolo, on gospel perfection, [226].

Glastonbury, fall of Abbey of, [314].

Gnostics, and asceticism, [27], [366].

Godfrey de Bouillon, endows Hospital of St. John, [201].

Godric, his unique austerities, [132].

Goldsmith, on the English character, [166].

Grand Chartreuse, monastery, [189].

Greece, asceticism in, [20].

Greeks, ancient, asceticism among the, [21].

Greek Church, monasticism of the, [64], [67].

Green, J.R., on the preaching friars, [254]; on Thomas Cromwell, [309]; on the suppression, [323].

Gregory of Nazianza, on ascetic moderation, [65].

Gregory, Pope, I., [138]; II., [135]; VII., [160], [178]; IX., [241]; X., [245].

Gregory, St., Monastery of, rules of, [141].

Griffin, Henry, on the Royal Commissioners, [311].

Grimke, on historic movements, [84].

Guigo, rules of, [190]; on vow of obedience, [383].

Guizot, on state of early Europe, [149]; on the Benedictines, [404]; on monastic education, [407].

Gustavus, contrasted to monks, [394].

Guzman, see [Dominic.]

Hallam, on the Albigensians, [233], [235]; on the suppression, [334]; on charity of the monks, [349].

Happiness, the key to, [392].

Hardwick, on the Albigensian doctrines, [233].

Harnack, on early ascetics, [28]; on nominal Christianity of Rome, [77]; on life-ideal in the early church, [129]; on monasticism and the church, [414].

Hell, the monks' teachings about, [417].

Helvidius, on celibacy, [113].

Henry, King, II., and the British church, [165]; III., invites students to England, [252]; IV., confiscates alien priories, [338].

Henry VIII., and the independence of English church, [163]; and the fall of the monasteries, [286]; opinions respecting his character, [288], [290]; inconsistencies of, [291]; "Defender of the Faith," [293]; his divorce from Catharine, [293]; breach with Rome, [294], [300]; dangers to his throne, [295]; monks enraged at, [296]; as "Head of the Church," [297], [298]; Act of Succession, [298]; Oath of Supremacy, [298], [301]; excommunicated, [306]; the struggle for power, [324]; suppresses "Pilgrims of Grace," [326]; his use of monastic revenues, [328], [330]; Coke on his promises to Parliament, [329]; his motives for the suppression, [332]; Hooper on reforms of, [339]; an unconscious agent of new forces, [344]; two epochs met in reign of, [346]; Lecky on his use of monastic funds, [411].

Heresy, growth of, in thirteenth century, [206]; monks attempt extirpation of, [261], [402]; Jesuits and, [276], [409].

Heretical sects, attack vices of monks, [245].

Hermit life, founder of, [35]; unsuited to women, [107].

Hermits, The, of India, [20]; of Egypt, [33]; their mode of life, [49]; visit Rome, [71]; effect of story of, in Rome, [71], [80], [84]; of Augustine, [246].

Hilarion, the hermit, [49].

Hildebrand, see [Gregory VII.]

Hill, on manual labor, [142]; on fall of monasticism, [345].

History, monastic contributions to, [406].

Hoensbroech, Count Paul von, on Jesuitical discipline, [268].

Holiness, false views of, [421]. See [Soul-purity] and [Salvation.]

Holy Land, motives for exodus to, [97].

Holy Maid of Kent, [337].

Home-life, not to be despised, [420].

Honorius, III., Pope, sanctions Franciscan Order, [217]; confirms Dominican Order, [239].

Hooper, Bishop, on Henry's reforms, [339].

Hospital, Knights of, see [Knights.]

Hospitals, founded by Fabiola, [105]; Lecky on, [105]; result of woman's sympathy, [111].

Houghton, Prior, see [Charterhouse.]

Household duties, Jerome on, [114]. See [Domestic Life.]

House of Lords, majority in the, changed, [347].

Houses, Religious, see [Monasteries.]

Hugh, St., of Lincoln, and the swan, [157]; Ruskin on, [189].

Human affection, monks indifferent to, [394], [397].

Hume, on the suppression, [333].

Hypatia, Kingsley's, quoted, [61]; death of, [48].

Ideal, monastie, [354]. See [Monasticism.]

Ignatius, St., see [Loyola.]

Independence, Jesuitism and personal, [270]; of thought, renounced by monks, [394]. See [Freedom], [Liberty.]

India, asceticism in, [18], [357].

India, monasticism in, [18], [357], [358]; causes of same, [355].

Individual, influence of the, [91]; effect of self-sacrifice upon the, [390]; effect of solitude upon the, [393].

Industry, modern, not to be despised, [420].

Innocent, Pope, III., [216], [234], [239], [242]; IV., [250]; VIII., [339].

Inquisition, The Holy, the Albigensian crusade and, [233]; relation of Dominicans toward, [235]; its establishment and management, [238].

Intellectual progress, monasticism opposed to true, [407]; in Europe, [409].

Introspection, evil effects of morbid, [392].

Iona, Monastery of, [168].

Ireland, St. Patrick labors in, [123]; monasteries of, as centers of culture, [169].

Isidore, the hermit, visits Rome, [72].

Itineracy, substituted for seclusion in cloister, [244].

Jacob of Vitry, on abuses of charity, [411].

James, the Apostle, quoted on rich men, [377].

Jerome, St., his life of Paul of Thebes, [35]; on Pachomian monks, [59]; his letter to Rusticus, [59]; on solitude, [61]; on number of Egyptian monks, [63]; on clergy of the fourth and fifth centuries, [77]; in his cell, [85]; Schaff on, [86]; his birth and early life, [86]; his travels, and austerities, [87], [92]; organizes monastic brotherhood, [88]; his literary labors, [88]; glorifies desert life, [89]; influences Rome, [91]; his temptations, [93]; his fondness for the classics, [95]; his biographies of Roman nuns, [96]; his life of St. Paula, [97], and of Marcella, [102]; on folly of Roman women, [108]; on marriage and celibacy, [112]; on household duties, [113]; attacks the foes of monks, [127]; on vices of monks, [128]; on monastic aim, [360]; on the natural, [366].

Jesuits, see [Jesus, The Society of.]

Jesuits, The Pagan, [22], [426].

Jesus Christ, the Essenes and, [26]; quoted by early ascetics, [31], and by Jerome, [92]; teachings of, used by monks, [366], [376]; his doctrine of wealth, [377]; his attitude toward rich men, [379]; the doctrine of the cross and, [418].

Jesus, The Society of, Sherman on nature of, [258]; rejects seclusion, [258]; Bishop Keane on, [259], [273]; how differs from other monastic communities, [259]; founded by Loyola, [264]; constitution and polity of, [265]; grades of members of, [265]; vow of obedience in, [266]; von Hoensbroech on, [268]; confession in, [269]; Carlyle on obedience in, [271]; casuistry of, [272], [429]; its doctrine of probabilism, [274]; the Roman Church and, [275]; Roman foes of, [276]; mission of, [276]; its attitude toward Reformation, [277]; the Thirty Years' War and, [277]; calumnies against, [279]; Clement XIV. dissolves, [279]; expulsion of, from Europe, [279]; missionary labors of, [280]; Parkman contrasts, with Puritans, [281]; failure of, [283]; restoration of, [283]; causes for rise of, [374]; hostility of, to free government, [402]; liberal education opposed by, [409]. See [Loyola.]

Jewish asceticism, [23].

Jocelin, quoted by Carlyle, [145].

John, King, confiscates alien priories, [338].

John, St., Knights of, see [Knights.]

John, St., of Calama, visits his sister in disguise, [397].

John, the Apostle, on love of the world, [377].

John the Baptist, and asceticism, 30.

Johnson, on Monastery of Iona, 168.

Joseph, St., Church of, in England, 163.

Josephus on the Essenes, [23].

Jovinian, hostility of, toward monks, [127]; compared by Neander to Luther, [127].

Julian, Emperor, the exodus of monks and the, [127].

Juvenal, satire of, on Roman women, [82].

Keane, Bishop, on the Jesuits, [259], [273].

Kennaquhair, installation of abbot of, [145].

King, on Hildebrand, [178].

Kingsley, on Egypt and the hermits, [34]; on Roman women, [82], [106]; on fall of Rome, [78], [367].

Knights of St. John, their origin and mission, [200].

Knights of the Hospital, sketch of the, [198].

Knights Templars, rule of the, [197]; rise and fall of, [202].

Labor, manual, Jerome on, [59]; in Pachomian rule, [60]; Hill on benefits of, [142]; among the Benedictines, [147], [404]; Benedict on, [403]; effect of Mendicants on, [404]; not to be despised, [420].

Lama, Grand, in India, [21].

Lateran Council, [242].

Latimer, Bishop, and the monastic funds, [323].

Laumer, St., and wild animals, [156].

Laveleye on Christianity, [378].

Lay abbots, disorders among the, [179].

Layton, a Royal Commissioner, [311], [312].

Lea, on celibacy, [184]; on the Reformation, [342].

Learning, influence of Alcuin and Wilfred on, [167]; Irish monasteries as centers of, [169]; monks further, in England, [252]; the monks and secular, [406]; effects of monasticism on the course of, [407]. See [Literary services.]

Lecky, on Fabiola's hospitals, [105]; on asceticism and civilization, [401]; on industry and the monastic ideal, [405]; on abuses of alms-giving, [411]; on the monastic doctrines of hell, [418].

Legh, a Royal Commissioner, [311].

Leo X., Pope, [293].

Liberty, the Jesuits on, [375]. See [Freedom] and [Independence.]

Libraries, monastic, [152].

Lincoln, Abraham, quoted, [205].

Lingard, on Bede and the conversion of King Lucius, [124]; on the Anglo-Saxon Church, [181].

Literary services of monks, [153], [406]. See [Learning.]

Lollardism, way paved for destruction of cloisters by, [294]. See [429].

Lombards destroy Monte Cassino, [135].

London, John, a Royal Commissioner, [311].

Longfellow, poem of, on Francis, [218]; on Monte Cassino, [135]

Lord, John, on needed religious reforms, [80].

Loyola, St. Ignatius, his birth, [261]; enters upon religious work, [262]; his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, [263]; his education, [263]; imprisonments, [263]; founds Society of Jesus, [264]; his "Spiritual Exercises," [265], [267]; on obedience, [267]; his mission, [276]; Sherman on, [278]; compared with Hamilcar, [409]. See [Society of Jesus.]

Lucius, a British king, embraces Christianity, [124].

Luther, influence of, in history, [92]; an Augustinian monk, [118]; Henry VIII. attacks, [293].

Lytton, his views of Jesuits denounced, [278].

Macarius, the hermit, [49].

Macaulay, his views of Jesuits opposed, [278]; on the aims of Jesuits, [283]; on the Roman Church, [402].

Mahomet, Carlyle on, [33].

Maitland, on Benedictine monasteries, [155].

Maitre, on desecration of cloisters, [350].

Malmesbury, his charges against the monks, [173].

Manicheism, relation of, to Albigensians, [233].

Marcella, St., Jerome on life of, [102]; her austerities and charity, [103].

Maria dei Angeli, Sta., Francis hears call in church of, [214].

Marriage, Basil on, [66]; how esteemed in Rome, [110]; Gibbon on, in Rome, [110]; Jerome and Augustine on, [112]; vow of celibacy and, [381].

Married life in Rome, Jerome on, [114].

Martensen, on ascetics, [391]; on solitude and society, [395].

Martin, St., of Tours, credibility of biography of, [119]; sketch of his life, [120]; his death, [122]; churches and shrines in honor of, [122].

Martinmas, [122].

Materialism, monasticism and, [350], [413]; of the West, [371].

Mathews, Shailer, on Christ and riches, [379].

Matthew of Paris, on prosperity of friars, [246].

Maur, St., walks on water, [137].

Maximilian, of Bavaria, educated by Jesuits, [277].

Melrose Abbey, [289].

Mendicant Friars, The, [205]; success of, [242], [255]; their value to Rome, [243]; confined to four societies, [246]; quarrels among, [246]; their educational work, [248]; in England, [251]; decline of, [253]; as preachers, [244]; [254]; effects of prosperity on, [256].

Mendicity of monks, [245].

Milan, church of, Emperor refused entrance to the, [115].

Military-religious orders, their origin, labors and decline, [197].

Militia of Jesus Christ, [242].

Mill, John Stuart, on preaching friars, [244].

Milman, on the early church leaders, [129]; on dream of Dominic's mother, [231]; on bigotry of monks, [395]; on monks and natural affections, [398].

Milton, contrasted to monks, [394].

Miracles, [224]. See [Anthony], Stylites, [St. Martin], etc.

Missionary labors, of monks, [148], [171], [398]; of the Jesuits, [280], [281].

Modern life and thought, monasticism rejected by, [421].

Mohammedans, mission of Francis to, [217].

Monastery, of Pachomius, [58]; Monte Cassino, [134]; St. Gregory's, rules of, [141]; Kennaquhair, [145]; Vivaria, [152]; Bangor, [165]; Iona, [168]; Cluny, [177]; Grand Chartreuse, [189]; Charterhouse, [191], [301], [334], [343]; Citeaux, [192]; Clairvaux, [193]; St. Nicholas, [240]; Melrose, [289]; Glastonbury, [314].

Monasteries, in Egypt, [44]; of Jerome, [88]; of Paula, [100]; in early Britain, [123]; as literary centers, [151]; decline of, in Middle Ages, [173]; destruction of, by Danes, [180]; corruptions of, in Dunstan's time, [185]; abandonment of endowments, [244]; fall of, in England, [286]; fall of, in various countries, [288], [430]; obstacles to progress, [343]; new uses of, [350]; life in, [392]; charity of, [410].

Monasteries, The Fall of, in England, [286]; various views of, [288]; necessity for dispassionate judgment, [289]; events preceding, [293]; progress and, [300]; the Charterhouse, [302]; the Royal Commissioners and their methods, [308], [313]; Glastonbury, [314]; report of commissioners, [313], [314]; action of Parliament, [319]; the lesser houses, [319]; the larger houses, [320]; total number and the revenues of, [321]; effect of, upon the people, [322]; Green on same, [323]; uprisings and rebellions, [325]; use of funds, [328]; justification for, [331]; Bale, Blunt and Hume on justification for, [333]; Hallam on, [334]; charges against monks true, [336]; Bonaventura and Wyclif on vices of monks, [337]; confiscation of alien priories, [338]; compared with suppression in other countries, [339], [430]; alienation of England from Rome, [342]; superficial explanation of, [343]; true view of, [344]; monks and reform, [344]; causes of, enumerated, [345]; results of, [345], [347]; general review of, [352]; Bryant on, [353].

Monasticism, Eastern, origin of, [17], [29]; philosophy and, [18]; Christian, [29]; the Scriptures and, [30]; in Egypt, [33]; virtual founder of, [42]; under Pachomius, [58], [63]; under Basil, [63]; character of, in Greek church, [67]; perplexing character of, [69]. See [Jerome], [Basil] and [Athanasius.]

Monasticism, Western, [71]; introduction in Rome, [71]; effect upon Rome, [80]; women and, [96], [106]; Gregory the Great and, [160]; in England, [162]; spread of, [115]; in Germany, [122]; in Spain, [122]; in early Britain, [123], [168]; disorders and oppositions, [124]; enemies of, [127]; its eclipse, [130]; code of, [139]; reforms of, and military types, [173], [197]; decline of, in the Middle Ages, [173], [179]; Benedict of Aniane tries to reform, [176]; in England, in Middle Ages, [180]; failure of reforms, [196], [207]; its moral dualism, [205]; its recuperative power, [205]; in the thirteenth century, [206]; new features of, [244]; popes demand reforms in, [286]; attacked by governments, [287]; Hill on fall of, in England, [345]; a fetter on progress, [347]; alms-giving and, [348]; age of, compared to modern times, [351].

Monasticism, Causes and Ideals of, [354]; causative motives, [355]; the desire for salvation, [356]; quotations on the ideal, [129], [173], [174], [357], [358], [360]; nothing gained by return to ideal, [352]; motive for endowments, [361]; the love of solitude, [362]; various motives, [364]; beliefs affecting the causative motives, [365]; Gnostic teachings, [366]; effect of the social condition of Roman Empire, [367]; the flight from the world, [368]; causes of variations in types, [371]; East and West compared, [371]; effect of political changes, [372]; the Crusades, [373]; effect of feudalism, [373]; effect of the intellectual awakening, [374]; the Modern Age and the Jesuits, [374]; the fundamental vows, [375].

Monasticism, Effects of, [386]; the good and evil of, [387]; variety of opinions respecting, [387]; the diversity of facts, [389]; elements of truth and worth, [390]; effects of self-sacrifice, [390], of solitude, [393]; the monks as missionaries, [398]; civic duties, [399]; upon civilization, [401]; upon agriculture, [403]; upon secular learning, [405]; the charity of monks, [410]; upon religion, [412], [413]; the sense of sin, [414]; the atonement for sin, [417]; the distinction between the secular and the religious, [418]; monasticism and Christianity, [420]; old monastic methods forsaken, [421]; summary of effects, [423].

Monastic Orders, the usual history of, [174]. See [Benedict], Order of St., [Franciscans], etc.

Monks, not peculiar to Christianity, [17]; Jerome on habits of, [36]; in Egypt, [44]; Pachomian, [58]; number of Eastern, [63]; under Basil, [63]; character of Eastern, [67], [69]; as theological fighters, [68]; Hypatia and the, [68]; in the desert of Chalcis, [87]; in early Rome, [96]; motives of early, [106], [128]; of Augustine, [118]; under Martin of Tours, [120]; opposition to Roman, [125], [147]; disorders among the early, [128], [150]; literary services of, [151], [153], [167], [169], [248], [253], [405], [406]; agricultural services of, [155], [192], [403]; wild animals and the, [156]; early British, [162], [168]; influence of the, in England, [166]; the barbarians and the, [148], [171], [398]; military, [173], [197]; corruptions of, [124], [173], [175], [179], [196], [206], [336]; the celibacy of, [183]; changes in the character of, [284]; rebel against Henry VIII., [296]; as obstacles to progress, [300], [343]; required to take the Oath of Supremacy, [301]; pious frauds of, in England, [318]; receive pensions, [320]; oppose reforms in England, [344]; privileges and powers of the, affected by the suppression, [347]; charity of the, [348], [410], [411]; objects of the, [360]; once held in high esteem, [361]; their flight from Rome, [368]; diversity of opinions respecting the, [388]; effect of austerities on the, [390]; effect of solitude on the, [393]; deficiencies in the best, [394]; as missionaries, [398]; civic duties and the, [399]; military quarrels incited by the, [401]; enthusiasm for religion kept alive by the, [413]; their sense of sin, exaggeration in their views and methods, [413]; their doctrine of hell, [417]; the doctrine of the cross and the, [418]. See [Mendicants], [Benedict], Order of St., etc.

Montaigne, on the temptations of solitude, [393].

Montalembert, on Eastern monachism, [67]; on Benedict, [130]; on the ruin of French cloisters, [351]; on the attractions of solitude, [364]; on the value of the monks, [388], [406].

Montanists, The, and asceticism, [27].

Monte Cassino, Monastery at, Montalembert on, [134]; sketch of its history, [134].

Montserrat, tablet on Ignatius in church at, [262].

More, Sir Thomas, causes of his death, [298]; his character, [299]; influence of, in prison, [303], [305]; on Henry's ambition, [322].

Morton, Cardinal, on the vices of the monks, [338].

Mosheim, on Francis, [225]; on the quarrel of the Franciscans, [247].

Mozoomdar, on the motives and spirit of Oriental asceticism, [358].

Mutius, taught renunciation, [62].

Neander, compares Jovinian to Luther, [127]; on the dreams of Francis, [209].

Newman, Cardinal, on Benedict's mission, [149].

Nicholas, St., Monastery of, [240].

Normans, The, and the alien priories, [341].

Novitiate, Benedictine, extended by Gregory, [160]; of the Jesuits, [260], [269]. See various orders.

Nun, see [Women.]

Nunneries, origin of, [106].

Obedience, vow of, in Pachomian rule, [61]; enforced by Basil, [66]; among the Jesuits, [266]; Loyola on, [267]; Dom Guigo on, [383]; its value and its abuses, [384].

Observantines, [246].

Oliphant, Mrs., on the temptations of Francis, [218]; on the stigmata, [222].

Origen, on Christianity in Britain, [123].

Oswald, aids Dunstan in reforms, [186].

Oxford University, friars enter, [251]; founded by monks, [406].

Pachomius, St., [32]; birth and early life of, [58].

Pachomian Monks, rules of, [58]; vows, [61]; their number and spread, [63].

Pagan philosophy powerless to save Rome, [76].

Palgrave on the miter, [400].

Pamplona, Ignatius wounded at siege of, [262].

Parkman, Francis, on the Puritans and the Jesuits, [281]; on the Roman Church, [386].

Parliament of Religions, World's Fair, views of asceticism at the, [357], [358].

Paris, University of, [249], [406].

Paschal II., Pope, the gift of Cluny, [178].

Patrick, St., [122]; labors in Ireland, [123]; was he a Romanist? [162].

Paul, The Apostle, on asceticism, [27].

Paul III., Pope, excommunicates Henry VIII., [306].

Paul of Thebes, Jerome's life of, [35]; his early life, [36]; visited by Anthony, [37]; his death, [40]; effect of his biography on the times, [42].

Paula, St., Jerome on death of, [98], [101]; her austerities and charities, [98], [100]; separates from her children, [98]; her monasteries at Bethlehem, [100]; inscription on her tombstone, [102]; faints at her daughter's funeral, [125].

Paulinus, embraces ascetic Christianity, [84].

Peter, The Apostle, marriage of, [115].

Peter the Venerable, [178].

Petrarch, Mabie on, and the classics, [408].

Peyto, Friar, denounces Henry VIII., [296]:

Philanthropy, spirit of, kept alive by monks, [412]. See [Charity.]

Philip IV., King, of France, his charges against the Knights, [202].

Phillips, Wendell, on the reading of history, [386].

Philo, on the Essenes, [23]; on the Therapeutæ, [27].

Philosophy, ascetic influence of Greek, [21]; Gnostic, [27]; Pagan, and fall of Rome, [76].

Pike, Luke Owen, on the character of Henry VIII., [290]; on the lawlessness of monks, [336].

Pilgrims of Grace, [326]; their demands and overthrowal, [327].

Pillar Saints, [51].

Plague, Black, and the monks, [410].

Plato, ascetic teachings of, [22].

Pliny, on the Essenes, [25].

Pole, Reginald, on Henry VIII. and Rome, [295].

Politics, not to be despised, [420].

Portus, inn at, [105].

Potitianus, affected by Anthony's biography, [83].

Poverty, vow of, in Pachomian rule, [61]; Franciscans quarrel over, [246]; and the Scriptures, [376].

Preaching Friars, see [Dominicans], [Franciscans] and [Mendicants].

Pride, spiritual, of monks, [395].

Probabilism, doctrine of, [274].

Protestantism, effect of, upon monasticism, [286]; guilty of persecution, [332]; and the Church of England, [340]; its real value to England, [346]; its religious ideal, [356].

Putnam, on the rule of St. Benedict, [139]; on Cassiodorus, [153]; on the first quarrel over copyright, [170].

Pythagoras, asceticism of, [21], [426].

Reade, Charles, on the monk's flight from the world, [368].

Reading, the monks of, their pious frauds, [318].

Recluses, see [Hermits.]

Reformed Orders, [173].

Reform, monastic, [173], [205]; fails to stop decline of monasteries, [196], [207], [286]; demanded by popes, [286]; failure of, [336]. See [Monasticism.]

Reformation, The Protestant, furthered by certain Franciscans, [247]; relation of Mendicants to, [248]; the Jesuits and, [277]; [278], [283]; in England, its character, and results, [345], [346]; and the monastic life, [374].

Relics, fraudulent, [128], [318].

Religion, monasticism and, [18], [412]; influence of feelings and opinions, [354]; enthusiasm for, fostered by monks, [413]; the sense of sin, [414]; salvation, [417]; the distinction between the secular and the religious, [418], [420]; the doctrine of the cross, [418]; essence of, [419]; true, possible outside of convents, [421].

Religious houses, see [Monasteries.]

Renunciation of the world, [358], [369]. See [Self-denial.]

Rice, Ap, a Royal Commissioner, [311].

Riches, see [Wealth.]

Richard II., confiscates alien priories, [338].

Robertson, F.W., on excessive austerities, [94].

Rome, Church of, her claims respecting the early British Church, [162]; writers of, on the stigmata, [223]; her relation to the Jesuits, [275], and the English people, [294], [341]; martyrs of, [332]; writers of, on the fall of monasteries, [334], [335]; England separates from, [342]; her religious ideal, [356]; Parkman on, [386]; Macaulay on, [403]. See [Henry VIII.]

Rome, Monasticism introduced in, [71]; social and religious state of, in the fourth century, [72], [74]; Dill on causes of the fall of, [74]; classes of society in, [75]; Farrar on luxury of, [75]; epigram of Silvianus, [76]; Kingsley on ruin of, [78]; Jerome on sack of, by Alaric, [103]. See [Jerome.]

Roman Empire, nominally Christian, [73];. its impending doom, [73], [367].

Romanus, a monk, [131].

Royalty, affected by monasticism, [179].

Rules, monastic, the first, [58]; before Benedict, [107]; of Augustine, [118]; of St. Benedict, [138], [139], [147], [151], [158]; of Dom Guigo, [189]; of St. Francis, [226]. See [Celibacy], [Poverty], [Obedience.]

Ruskin, on St. Hugh of Lincoln, [189].

Rusticus, a monk, [59].

Rutilius, on the monks, [126].

Sabatier, on rule of St. Francis, [227].

Saint, Paul of Thebes, [35]; Anthony, [37]; Athanasius, [42]; Abraham, [50], [60]; Macarius, [49]; Hilarion, [49]; Simeon Stylites, [51]; Pachomius, [58]; Basil, [63]; Gregory of Nazianza, [65]; Jerome, [85]; Paula, [97]; Marcella, [102]; Fabiola, [105]; Ambrose, [115]; Chrysostom, [116]; Augustine, [117]; Martin of Tours, [119]; Maur, [137]; Patrick, [123], [162]; Benedict of Nursia, [131]; Hugh of Lincoln, [157], [189]; Gregory the Great, [159]; Columba, [162], [168], [170]; Boniface, [167]; Wilfred, [167]; Benedict of Aniane, [176]; Dunstan, [182]; Bruno, [188]; Bernard, [192]; Francis, [208]; Clara, [228]; Dominic, [230]; Loyola, [261].

Salvation, the desire for, [70], [111], [355], [396]; the struggle for, [95]; monastic views of, [417].

Samson, Abbot, election of, [145].

Santa Crocella, chapel of, [131].

Saracens burn Monte Cassino monastery, [135].

Saragossa, Council of, forbids priests to assume monks' robes, [122].

Savonarola, a Dominican, [242].

Saxons invade England, [180].

Schaff, Philip, on origin of monasticism, [18]; on Montanists, [28]; on the biography of the hermit Paul, [35]; on St. Jerome, [86]; on Augustine, [117]; on Benedictine rule, [148]; on monasteries as centers of learning, [153]; on effects of monasticism, [387].

Scholastica, story about, [138].

Schools, monastic, [154], [167]. See [Learning.]

Scott, Walter, on installation of an abbot, [145]; on the crusaders, [199].

Seclusion, [244], [259]. See [Solitude.]

Secular life, duties of, [113]; the monks and, [399]; distinction between religion and the, [418]; true view of, [420].

Self-crucifixion, [418].

Self-denial, its nature, [356]; Mozoomdar on, [358].

Selfishness, engendered by monasticism, [396].

Self-forgetfulness, the key to happiness, [392].

Self-mastery, the craving for, [70].

Self-sacrifice, effect of, upon the individual, [390]; meaning of true, [419]. See [Asceticism.]

Serapion, monks of, [63].

Severus, his life of St. Martin, [119].

Sherman, Father Thomas E., on the Society of Jesus, [258]; on Loyola, [278].

Sick, ministered to by women, [350]. See [Charity.]

Silvianus, epigram of, on dying Rome, [76].

Simon de Montfort, [237].

Simeon Stylites, birth and early life of, [51]; austerities of, [52]; his fame, [52]; lives on a pillar, [53]; Tennyson on, [54]; death of, [56]; refuses to see his mother, [397]; method of, forsaken, [421].

Sin, monastic confessions of, [413]; consciousness of, preserved by monks, [414]; exaggerated views of, [415]; false methods to get rid of, [416]; monastic influence on doctrine of atonement for, [417].

Sisterhoods, see [Women.]

Sixtus IV. and V., Popes, on the stigmata, [221].

Social service, spirit of, [419], [423].

Solitude, of Egypt, [33]; provided for in Pachomian rules, [60]; Jerome on, [61]; the love of, as a cause of monasticism, [362], [363]; effects of, upon the individual, [393]; Montaigne on temptations of, [393]; society and, [395].

Soul-purity, struggles for, [95]. See [Salvation.]

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius, [265].

Spain, monasticism enters, [122].

Starbuck, Charles C., on the casuistry of the Jesuits, [274].

Stigmata, of St. Francis, [219].

Storrs, on Bernard, [197].

Subiaco, desert of, [131].

Superstitions, monastic, when revolt against is justifiable, [423].

Suppression of monasteries, see [Monasteries], The Fall of.

Supremacy, the monks required to take the oath of, [301].

Tabenna, Monastery at, [32], [58].

Tauler, John, a Dominican, [242]; on service and contemplation, [395].

Taunton, E.L., on the family-idea of monasteries, [143]; on Augustine and British monks, [165].

Taylor, Isaac, on the biography of Anthony, [48].

Templars, see [Knights.]

Tennyson, on Stylites, [54].

Tertullian, on Christianity in Britain, [123].

Thackeray, views of, on Jesuits opposed, [278].

Theodoret, on Stylites, [51], [53].

Theodosius, Abbot, [50].

Theology, the monks and, [406]; White on same, [416].

Theophilus, joins Eudoxia against Chrysostom, [117].

Therapeutæ, Philo on the, [27].

Thieffroy, on charity of monks, [410].

Third Order, see [Franciscans] and [Dominicans.]

Thirty Years' War, the Jesuits and the, [277].

Trench, on monastic history, [175]; on genius in creation, [207]; on the stigmata, [223].

Trent, Council of, restricts Mendicants, [246]; on marriage, [382].

Universities, foundations of, laid by monks, [405].

Urban II., Pope, the gift of Cluny monastery, [178].

Valens, Emperor, fails to stop flight from Rome, [127].

Vaughan, on Bernard's reforms, [195]; on the need of reformation, [402].

Virgins, see [Marriage.]

Virgil, Jerome's fondness for, [95]; Mabie on reading of, [408].

Vivaria, literary work in monastery at, [152].

Voltaire, on the monks, [388].

Vows, monastic, [61]; irrevocable, [66], [112]; usual history of, [174]; of the military orders, [198]; the fundamental, [375]; the passing away of, [423]. See [Poverty], [Celibacy] and [Obedience.]

Vulgate, Jerome, [85].

Waddington, on the hermits, [34]; on conscience and method of monks, [390].

War, monks incite to, [401].

Watch-dogs of the Church, a term applied to the Dominicans, [249].

Wealth, Christ's doctrine of, [377]; not in itself an evil, [379]; its true value, [405]; compatible with Christianity, [420].

White, on the theology of the monks, [416].

Whiting, Richard, Abbot of Glastonbury, [315].

Widows, see [Women] and [Marriage.]

Wilfred, St., his monastic labors, [167].

William of Aquitaine, [177].

William of Amour, [250].

William of Orange, [394].

Wolsey, Cardinal, [294], [308].

Women, welcome call of monks, [81]; Kingsley on same, [82]; Juvenal on Roman women, [82]; Jerome's influence on, [86], [96]; monasticism and, [106]; hermit life unsuited to, [107]; effect of corrupt society on, [107], no; distinguished by mercy, in, [350]; compared with monks, [111]; married life of, in Rome, [112]; influence of Ambrose upon, [126]; regulation of Guigo concerning monks and, [190].

Wyclif, attacks the friars, [253], [337]; spirit of, affects monasticism, [295], [429].

Ximenes, Cardinal, a Franciscan, [228].

Zosimus, on charity of monks, [348].

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