The filtration of public water-supplies / Third edition, revised and enlarged.

by Allen Hazen

INFLUENCE OF DEGREE OF TURBIDITY UPON BACTERIAL EFFICIENCY OF MECHANICAL FILTERS.

It will be noticed by referring to the tables that as the sulphate of alumina quantities increased the turbidities increased and the numbers of bacteria increased, as well as the bacterial efficiencies. That is to say, with the less turbid waters, small sulphate of alumina quantities have been used, the numbers of bacteria in the raw water have been low, and the bacterial efficiencies have also been low. With turbid waters much larger quantities of sulphate of alumina have been used, the raw water has contained more bacteria, and the bacterial efficiencies have been higher. It may be then that the increased efficiencies with increased quantities of sulphate of alumina are not due alone to the increased sulphate of alumina, but in part also to other conditions. Thus it may be easier to remove a large percentage of bacteria from a water containing many than from a water containing only a few.

To investigate this matter and eliminate the influence of turbidity and numbers of bacteria in the raw water, the results were first classified with reference to turbidity. The results with waters having turbidities of 0.10 or less, and called for convenience turbid waters, are arranged by alum quantities as before. Afterwards the results obtained with turbidities from 0.11 to 0.50, and called for convenience muddy waters, are grouped; and finally the results with turbid water having turbidities of 0.51 and over, and called for convenience thick waters. The results thus arranged are as follows:

SUMMARY OF RESULTS WITH WARREN MECHANICAL FILTER, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO TURBIDITIES AND SULPHATE OF ALUMINA QUANTITIES.
Number of Days Represented.	Turbidity.	Bacteria.		Per cent remaining.	Per cent removed.	Sulphate of Alumina used Grains per Gallon.
		Raw Water.	Effluent.
7	0.05	4,773	1713	35.89	64.11	0.00
2	0.07	2,785	850	30.52	69.48	0.12
12	0.06	3,209	224	7.00	93.00	0.42
31	0.06	4,238	119	2.81	97.19	0.60
9	0.06	7,953	130	1.64	98.36	0.84
16	0.04	11,265	137	1.22	98.78	1.11
29	0.06	11,500	158	1.37	98.63	1.58
5	0.17	8,783	416	4.73	95.27	0.36
10	0.16	6,535	165	2.54	97.46	0.85
13	0.19	13,253	186	1.40	98.60	1.13
15	0.22	10,944	93	0.85	99.15	1.36
13	0.29	14,089	112	0.80	99.20	1.73
10	0.35	18,088	102	0.57	99.43	2.38
5	0.29	25,580	540	2.11	97.89	4.30
6	0.87	25,433	369	1.45	98.55	1.74
6	0.73	26,566	79	0.30	99.70	2.64
4	1.35	42,037	1388	3.30	96.70	8.16
SUMMARY OF RESULTS WITH JEWELL MECHANICAL FILTER, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO TURBIDITIES AND SULPHATE OF ALUMINA QUANTITIES.
Number of Days Represented.	Turbidity.	Bacteria.		Per cent remaining.	Per cent removed.	Sulphate of Alumina used Grains per Gallon.
		Raw Water.	Effluent.
6	0.03	14,037	6217	44.29	55.71	0.00
3	0.07	5,170	991	19.15	80.85	0.21
25	0.05	2,403	143	5.95	94.05	0.38
20	0.06	6,531	185	2.84	97.16	0.64
27	0.06	5,811	122	2.10	97.90	0.88
14	0.06	14,978	412	2.75	97.25	1.11
10	0.06	15,787	390	2.47	97.53	1.37
10	0.05	10,847	47	0.43	99.57	2.17
14	0.16	7,525	256	3.40	96.60	0.60
17	0.24	11,310	208	1.84	98.16	0.91
15	0.24	15,441	262	1.70	98.30	1.13
10	0.28	17,842	232	1.30	98.70	1.43
8	0.29	9,556	59	0.62	99.38	1.59
4	0.29	20,212	135	0.67	99.33	2.00
5	0.66	23,680	336	1.42	98.58	1.42
7	0.96	30,200	475	1.57	98.43	1.74
4	1.25	37,587	496	1.32	98.68	2.81

The following table shows the bacterial efficiencies with turbid, muddy, and thick waters, with substantially equal quantities of sulphate of alumina:

Grains of Sulphate of Alumina.			Corresponding Bacterial Efficiencies.
Turbid.	Muddy.	Thick.	Turbid.	Muddy.	Thick.
WARREN FILTER.
0.42	0.36		93.00	95.27
0.84	0.85		98.36	97.46
1.11	1.13		98.78	98.60
1.58	1.73	1.74	98.63	99.20	98.55
	2.38	2.64		99.43	99.70
	4.30	8.16		97.89	96.70
JEWELL FILTER.
0.64	0.60		97.16	96.60
0.88	0.91		97.90	98.16
1.11	1.13		97.25	98.30
1.37	1.43	1.42	97.53	98.70	98.58
2.17	1.59	1.74	99.57	99.38	98.43
	2.00	2.81		99.33	98.68

It appears from this table that waters of various degrees of turbidity give substantially equal bacterial efficiencies with equal quantities of sulphate of alumina, the results varying as often in one direction as the other. Within certain limits it may thus be said that turbidity is without influence upon the bacterial efficiency obtained in mechanical filtration.

It must be borne in mind, however, that the quantities of sulphate of alumina, with very few exceptions, were sufficient to produce full coagulation. Mr. Fuller has shown in his Louisville report that considerable quantities of sulphate of alumina may be added to turbid waters without producing appreciable coagulation; and therefore if a quantity of sulphate of alumina sufficient to produce a certain bacterial efficiency in a clear water should be added to a water so turbid that it was unable to coagulate it, scarcely any effect would be produced. The above statement therefore only applies in those cases where sufficient sulphate of alumina is used to adequately coagulate the water.

As the numbers of bacteria often vary with the turbidity, the variation in the numbers of bacteria in the different classes is much less than in the first tables; but to further investigate the question of whether the numbers of bacteria in the raw water have an important influence upon the bacterial efficiencies, each of the two largest classes in the foregoing tables was divided into two parts, according to the bacterial numbers in the raw water, namely, the results from the Jewell filter with turbid waters and with sulphate of alumina quantities ranging from 0.75 to 1.00 grain per gallon, and the results from the Warren filter with turbid waters and with sulphate of alumina quantities of 1.25 grains per gallon and upward. The results are as follows:

Number of Days Represented.	Turbidity.	Bacteria.		Per cent remaining.	Per cent removed.	Sulphate of Alumina used Grains per Gallon.
		Raw Water.	Effluent.
JEWELL FILTER.
14	0.05	3,938	81	2.06	97.94	0.88
13	0.07	7,827	167	2.13	97.87	0.87
WARREN FILTER.
15	0.06	3,545	59	1.66	98.34	1.67
14	0.06	20,022	265	1.32	98.68	1.48

It will be observed that the bacterial efficiencies are substantially the same, with the lower and with the higher numbers of bacteria in the raw water. That is to say, other things being equal, as the number of bacteria increase in the raw water the number of bacteria in the effluent increase in the same ratio. A further analysis of other groups of results would perhaps show variations in one direction or the other, but on the whole it is believed that the comparison is a fair one, and that there is no well-marked tendency for bacterial efficiencies of mechanical filters to increase or decrease with increasing numbers of bacteria.