REMARKS ON FOOD.

PROBABLY the best means of ascertaining food best adapted to the human stomach, has been given us by Dr. Beaumont, in his experiments.

While stationed at Michilimackinac, Michigan Territory, in 1822, in the service of the United States, he was called upon to take charge of Alexis St. Martin, a young Canadian, eighteen years of age, of good constitution and robust health, who was accidentally wounded by the discharge of a musket, June 6th, 1822.

“The charge,” says Dr. Beaumont, “consisting of powder and duck-shot, was received in the left side, at the distance of one yard from the muzzle of the gun. The contents entered posteriorly, in an oblique direction, forward and inward, literally blowing off inguments and muscles the size of a man’s hand, fracturing and carrying away the anterior half of the sixth rib, fracturing the fifth, lacerating the lower portion of the left lobe of the lungs, the diaphragm, and also perforating the stomach!”

On the fifth day, sloughing took place; lacerated portions of the lung and stomach separated, and left a perforation into the latter “large enough to admit the whole length of the middle finger into its cavity; and also a passage into the chest, half as large as his fist.” Violent fever and further sloughing ensued, and for seventeen days, everything swallowed passed out through the wound, and the patient was kept alive chiefly by nourishing injections. By and by the fever subsided, the wound improved in appearance, and after the fourth week the appetite became good, digestion regular, the evacuations natural, and the health of the system complete. The orifice, however, never closed; and at every dressing the contents of the stomach flowed out, and its coats frequently became everted, or protruded so far as to equal in size a hen’s egg; but they were always easily returned.

On the 6th of June, 1823, a year from the date of the accident, the injured parts were all sound except the perforation into the stomach, which was now two and a half inches in circumference. For some months thereafter, the food could be retained only by constantly wearing a compress and bandage; but early in winter, a small fold or doubling of the villous coat began to appear, which gradually increased till it filled the aperture, and acted as a valve, so as completely to prevent any efflux from within, but to admit of being easily pushed back by the finger from without.

Here, then, was an admirable opportunity for experimenting on the subject of digestion, and for observing the healthy and undisturbed operations of nature, free from the agony of vivisections, and from the sources of fallacy inseparable from operating on animals. Dr. Beaumont was sensible of its value, and accordingly pursued his enquiries with a zeal, perseverance, and disinterestedness, highly creditable to his character, both as a man and as a philosopher.

Dr. Beaumont began his experiments in May, 1825, and continued them for four or five months, St. Martin being then in high health. In the autumn, St. Martin returned to Canada, married, had a family, worked hard, engaged as a voyager with the Hudson’s Bay Fur Company, remained there four years, and was then engaged at a great expense, by Dr. Beaumont, to come and reside near him, on the Mississippi, for the purpose of enabling him to complete his investigations. He came accordingly in August, 1829, and remained till March, 1831. He then went a second time to Canada, but returned to Dr. Beaumont in November, 1832, when the experiments were once more resumed, and continued till March, 1833, at which time he finally left Dr. Beaumont. He now enjoys perfect health, but the orifice made by the wound remains in the same state as in 1824.

The following table exhibits the general results of all the experiments made upon St. Martin, posterior to 1825; and the average is deduced from those which were performed when the stomach was considered, by Dr. Beaumont, to be in its natural state, and St. Martin himself subjected to ordinary exercise.

[TABLE,]
SHOWING THE MEAN TIME OF DIGESTION OF THE DIFFERENT ARTICLES OF DIET.

Articles of Diet.Mode of
Preparation.		Time required
for Digestion.
H. M.
Rice,Boiled,1.00
Sago, do. 1.45
Tapioca, do. 2.00
Barley, do. 2.00
Milk, do. 2.00
Do. Raw,2.15
Gelatine,Boiled,2.30
Pigs’ feet, soused, do. 1.00
Tripe, soused, do. 1.00
Brains, do. 1.45
Venison steak,Broiled,1.35
Spinal marrow,Boiled,2.40
Turkey, domestic,Roasted,2.30
Do. do. Boiled,2.25
Do. wild,Roasted,2.18
Goose, do. 2.30
Pig, sucking, do. 2.30
Liver, beef’s fresh,Broiled,2.00
Lamb, fresh, do. 2.30
Chicken, full-grown,Fricassee,2.45
Eggs, fresh,Hard boiled,3.30
Do. do. Soft do. 3.00
Do. do. Fried,3.30
Do. do. Roasted,2.15
Do. do. Raw,2.00
Do. whipped, do. 1.30
Custard,Baked,2.45
Codfish, cured, dry,Boiled,2.00
Trout, salmon, fresh, do. 1.30
Do. do. Fried,1.30
Bass, striped, fresh,Broiled,3.00
Flounder, do. Fried,3.30
Catfish, do. do. 3.30
Salmon, salted,Boiled,4.00
Oysters, fresh,Raw,2.55
Do. do. Roasted,3.15
Do. do. Stewed,3.30
Beef, fresh, lean, rare,Roasted,3.00
Do. do. dry, do. 3.30
Do. steak,Broiled,3.00
Do. with salt only,Boiled,2.45
Do. with mustard, &c., do. 3.30
Do. fresh, lean,Fried,4.00
Do. old, hard, salted,Boiled,4.15
Pork, steak,Broiled,3.15
Do. fat and lean,Roasted,5.15
Do. recently salted,Boiled,4.30
Do. do. Fried,4.15
Do. do. Broiled,3.13
Do. do. Raw,3.00
Do. do. Stewed,3.00
Mutton, fresh,Roasted,3.15
Do. do. Broiled,3.00
Do. do. Boiled,3.00
Veal, fresh,Broiled,4.00
Veal, fresh,Fried,4.30
Fowls, domestic,Broiled,4.00
Do. do. Roasted,4.00
Ducks, do. do. 4.00
Do. wild, do. 4.30
Suet, beef, fresh,Boiled,5.03
Do. mutton, do. 4.30
Butter,Melted,3.30
Cheese, old, strong,Raw,3.30
Soup-beef, vegetable,
and bread,		Boiled,4.00
Do. marrow bones, do. 4.14
Do. bean, do. 3.00
Do. barley, do. 1.30
Do. mutton, do. 3.30
Green corn and beans, do. 3.45
Chicken soup, do. 3.00
Oyster soup, do. 3.30
Hash, meat and vegetable,Warmed,2.30
Sausage, fresh,Broiled,3.20
Heart, animal,Fried,4.00
Tendon,Boiled,5.30
Cartilage, do. 4.15
Aponeurosis, do. 3.00
Beans, pod, do. 2.30
Bread, wheaten, fresh,Baked,3.30
Do. corn, do. 3.15
Cake, corn,Baked,3.00
Do. sponge, do. 2.30
Dumpling, apple,Boiled,3.00
Apples, sour and hard,Raw,2.50
Do. do. mellow, do. 2.00
Do. sweet, do. do. 1.30
Parsnips,Boiled,2.30
Carrots, orange, do. 3.15
Beets, do. 3.45
Turnips, flat, do. 3.30
Potatoes, Irish, do. 3.30
Do. do.Roasted,2.30
Do. do.Baked,2.30
Cabbage, head,Raw,2.20
Do. with vinegar, do. 2.00
Do. do. Boiled,4.30

As a general rule, animal food is more easily and speedily digested, and contains a greater quantity of nutriment in a given bulk, than either herbaceous or farinaceous food; but, apparently from the same cause, it is also more heating and stimulating. Minuteness of division, and tenderness of fibre, are shown, by Dr. Beaumont’s experiments, to be two grand essentials for the easy digestion of butcher-meat; and the different kinds of fish, flesh, fowl, and game, are found to vary in digestibility, chiefly in proportion as they approach or depart from these two standing qualities.

Farinaceous food, such as rice, sago, arrow-root, and gruel, are also rapidly assimulated, and prove less stimulating to the system than concentrated animal food. Milk seems to rank in the same class, when the stomach is in a healthy state.

Animal food, it is true, affords a more stimulating nutriment than farinaceous and other kinds of vegetable aliment, and hence it is avoided in diseases of excitement. But it seems to me that this stimulus is owing, not only to its own inherent properties, but also to its more highly concentrated state, and to the much greater quantity of chyle which is derived from it, than from an equal bulk of vegetable aliment.

Before concluding his experiments on the agents employed in digestion, Dr. Beaumont made many observations, with a view to ascertain whether any increase of temperature took place during that process. By introducing a thermometer with a long stem, at the external opening into St. Martin’s stomach, both before and during the chymification, he succeeded in obtaining very accurate information on this point. In two or three of the experiments, the heat of the stomach seemed to be increased after taking food; but in by far the greater number, the temperature remained the same. It appeared, however, that the variations of the atmosphere produced a sensible change on the heat of the stomach—a dry air increasing, and a moist air diminishing it. The ordinary temperature may be estimated at 100 Fahrenheit, and in several instances it was higher at the pyloric than at the cardiac end. On one cloudy, damp, and rainy day, the thermometer rose only to 94 degrees, and on another to 96 degrees; whereas the next day, when the weather was clear and dry, it rose to 99 degrees; and on that following, when the weather was both clear and cold, to 100. On several occasions, it rose as high as 102 degrees, and once to 103 degrees; but these were after exercise, which was always observed to cause an increase of two or three degrees. We have already seen that artificial digestion is entirely arrested by cold.

Inferences from Dr. Beaumont’s Experiments and Observations, given in his own words.

1. That hunger is the effect of distension of the vessels that secrete the gastric juice.

2. That the processes of mastication, insalivation, and deglutition, in an abstract point of view, do not in any way affect the digestion of the food; or, in other words, when food is introduced directly into the stomach, in a finely divided state, without these previous steps, it is as perfectly digested as when they have been taken.

3. That saliva does not possess the properties of an alimentary solvent.

4. That the agent of chymification is the gastric juice.

5. That the pure gastric juice is fluid, clear, and transparent; without odor, a little salt, and perceptibly acid.

6. That it contains free muriatic acid, and some other active chymical properties.

7. That it is never found free in the gastric cavity; but it is always excited to discharge itself by the introduction of food or other irritants.

8. That it is secreted from vessels distinct from the mucous follicles.

9. That it is seldom obtained pure; but is generally mixed with mucous, and sometimes with saliva. When pure, it is capable of being kept for months, and perhaps for years.

10. That it coagulates albumen, and afterward dissolves the coagulæ.

11. That it checks the progress of putrefaction.

12. That it acts as a solvent of food, and alters its properties.

13. That, like other chymical agents, it commences its action on food as soon as it comes in contact with it.

14. That it is capable of combining with a certain and fixed quantity of food; and when more aliment is presented for its action than it will dissolve, disturbance of the stomach, or “indigestion," will ensue.

15. That its action is facilitated by the warmth and motions of the stomach.

16. That it becomes intimately mixed and blended with the ingestæ in the stomach, by the motions of that organ.

17. That it is invariably the same substance, modified only by admixture with other fluids.

18. That the motions of the stomach produce a constant churning of its contents, and admixture of food and gastric juice.

19. That these motions are in two directions—transversely and longitudinally.

20. That no other fluid produces the same effect on food that gastric juice does; and that it is the only solvent of aliment.

21. That the action of the stomach and its fluids is the same on all kinds of diet.

22. That solid food, of a certain texture, is easier of digestion than fluid.

23. That animal and farinaceous aliments are more easy of digestion than vegetable.

[CATALOGUE OF HERBS, MEDICINAL PLANTS, &c.]

Common Names.Botanical Names.Per lb.
Abscess Root,Polemonium reptans,50
Aconite leaves,Aconitum napellus,
Aconite root,"
Agrimony,Agrimonia eupatoria50
Alder bark, black,Prinos verticillatus,25
Alder berries, black,"
Alder, red or tag,Alnus serrulata,25
Alder, striped,(See witch hazel,)
Alum root,Heucheria acerifolia,
Angelica leaves,Angelica atropurpurea,25
Angelica root,"50
Angelica seed,"
Anise seed,Pimpinella anisum,
Apple, Peru,(See thorn apple,)
Apple-tree bark,Pyrus malus,25
Arbutus, trailing,(See gravel plant,)
Archangel,Angelica archangelica,50
Arnica flowers,Arnica montana,
Arnica root,"
Arse-smart,(See water pepper,)
Ash bark, prickly,Xanthoxylum fraxineum,50
Ash berries, prickly,"25
Ash bark, white,Fraxinus acuminata,
Ash, mountain, bark,Aralia spinosa,50
Asparagus root,Asparagus officinalis,
Asthma weed,(See lobelia,)
Aven’s root,Geum rivale,50
Backache brake,Apsidium filix-femina,
Balm, lemon,Melissa officinalis,50
Balm, mountain,(See Oswego tea,)
Balm, red,"
Balm, sweet,Dracocephalum canariensis,35
Balm of Gilead, buds,Populus balsamifera,
Balmony,Chelone Glabra,30
Balsam, sweet,Gnaphaleum polycephalum,35
Balsam, white,"
Barberry bark,Berberis vulgaris,50
Basil, sweet,Ocymum basilicum,50
Basil, wild,(See dittany,)
Basswood bark,(See tilia,)38
Bayberry bark,Myrica cerifera,20
Bayberry leaves,"
Bearberry,(See uva-ursi,)
Beccabunga,(See brooklime,)
Bed-straw,(See cleavers,)
Beech bark,Fagus ferrigenea,30
Beech drops,Epiphegus virginiana,50
Beech leavesFagus ferrigenea,50
Bee’s nest,(See wild carrot,)
Belladonna leaves,(See deadly nightshade,)
Bellwort,Uvularia perfoliata,75
Benne leaves,Sesamum indicum,
Beth root,Trilium purpu,1 00
Betony wood,Pedicularis canadensis,
Bindweed,(See man root,)
Birch hark, black,Betula lenta,25
Bird’s nest,(See wild carrot,)
Bird peppers,(See pepper,)
Bitter-clover,(See centuary,)
Birth-root,(See beth root,)
Bitter herb,(See balmony,)
Bitter root,Apocynum an drosæmifolium,75
Bittersweet, bark of root,Celastrus scandens,75
Bittersweet berries,"
Bittersweet herb,Solanum dulcamara,50
Bitterworm,(See buckbean,)
Blackberry root,Rubus occidentalis,25
Blackberry, bark of root,"
Black root,(See Culver’s root,)
Black snake root,(See black cohosh,)
Blazing star root,Aletris farinosa,
Blood root,Sanguinaria canadensis,50
Blue-bells,(See abscess root,)
Blue-berry,(See pappoose root,)
Blue flag,Iris versicolor,50
Boneset,Eupatorium perfoliatum,25
Boneset, purple,(See queen of the meadow,)
Borage,Borago officinalis,50
Bouncing Bet(See soapwort,)
Bowman’s root,(See Culver’s root,)
Box-berry,(See wintergreen,)
Boxwood bark,Cornus florida,37
Boxwood flowers,"50
Brooklime,Veronica beccabunga,
Buchu leaves,Diosma crenata,
Buckbean,Menyanthes trifoliata,75
Buckhorn brake,Osmunda regalis,
Buckthorn berries,Rhamnus catharticus,
Bugle, bitter,Lycopus Europeus,50
Bugle, sweet,Lycopus virginicus,50
Bugloss, common,(See borage,)
Burdock leaves,Artium lappa,25
Burdock root,"35
Burdock seed,"30
Butterfly weed,(See pleurisy root,)
Butternut bark,Junglans cineria,25
Button snake root,Liatris spicata,50
Cabbage, meadow, swamp,(See skunk cabbage,)
Calamus,(See sweet flag,)
Canada thistle root,Cnicus arvensis,
Cancer root plant,(See beech drops,)
Canker weed,Prenanthes alba,50
Capsicum,(See pepper,)
Caraway seed,Carum carni
Cardinal flower, blue,Lobelia syphilitica,50
Cardus, spotted,Centaurea benedicta,50
Carrot leaves, wild,Daucus carota,
Carrot seed, wild,"
Catchweed,(See cleavers,)
Catnip, or catmint,Nepeta cataria,25
Cayenne,(See bird pepper,)
Celandine, garden,Chelidonum majus,50
Celandine, wild,Impatiens pallida,25
Centuary, Am.,Sabbatia angularis,50
Chamomile, low,Anthemis nobilis,50
Chamomile, wild,(See mayweed,)
Checkerberry,(See squaw vine,)
Cherries, wild,Prunus virginiana,
Cherry bark, wild,"25
Chickweed,Cerastium vulgatum,
Chillies,(See red pepper,)
Chocolate root,(See Aven’s root,)
Christmas rose,(See black hellebore,)
Cicely, sweet,Uraspermum claytoni,50
Cicuta leaves,Conium maculatum,25
Cinque foil,(See five finger,)
Clammy sage,Salvia selara,40
Clary,"40
Cleavers, or clivers,Galium aparine,50
Cliff-weed,(See alum root,)
Clove garlic,(See garlic,)
Clover heads, red,Trifolium pratense,
Clover, sweet,(See meliot,)
Clustered Sol. Seal,(See small Sol. seal,)
Coakum,(See poke,)
Cocash root,Puniceus,25
Cock-up hat,(See queen’s delight,)
Coffee, wild,(See fever root,)
Cohosh, black,Macrotys racemose,50
Cohosh, blue,(See pappoose root,)25
Cohosh, red,Actaea rubra,50
Cohosh, white,Actaea alba,50
Columbo root, Am.,Frasera caroliniensis,
Coltsfoot,Tussilago farfara,35
Comfrey,Symphitum officinalis,30
Consumption brake,Botrychium fumaroides,
Coolwort,Mitella corifolia,25
Coral root,(See crawley,)
Corn snake root,(See button snake root,)
Coriander seed,Coriandrum sativum,25
Cough root,(See beth root,)
Cowparsnip leaves,Heracleum lanatum,50
" root,"50
" seed,"50
Cramp bark,Viburnum oxycoccus,50
Cranesbill,Geranium maculatum,45
Crawley,Corallorhiza adontorhiza,
Crowfoot,(See cranesbill,)
Cuckoo-bread,(See wood sorrel,)
Cucumber tree bark,Magnolia acuminata,
Culver’s root,Leptandria virginica,1 00
Cure-all,(See lemon balm,)
Daisy flowers,Crysanthemum leucanthemum,25
Dandelion herb,Leontodon taraxacum,25
" root,"40
Devil’s bit,(See blazing star,)75
Dill seed, or dilly,Anethum graveolens,
Dittany,Cunila mariana,
Dock, broadleaf,Rumex obtusifolius,50
" yellow," crispus,30
" water," aquaticus,
Dogwood bark,(See boxwood,)
" round leaved,(See green osier,)
" swamp,(See rose willow,)
Dragon root,(See wild turnip,)
Dragon’s claw,(See crawley,)
Dropsy plant,(See lemon balm,)
Dwale,(See deadly nightshade,)
Elecampane,Inula helenium,25
Elder bark,Sambucus canadensis,50
" flowers,"
" dwarf,Aralia hispida,50
" sweet,(See alder,)
Elm bark,Ulmus fulva,30
" ground,"30
" flour,"50
" superfine,"75
Emetic herb,(See lobelia,)
Eve’s cup,(See side saddle,)
Euphorbia,(See Am. ipecac,)
False alder,(See black alder,)
Featherfew,(See feverfew,)50
Fennel seed,Anethum foeniculum,50
Fern, male or shield,Aspidium filix-mas,50
" meadow,(See sweet gale,)
" sweet,Comptonia asplenifolia,25
Fever bush, bark,Laurus benzoin,50
" leaves,"50
Feverfew,Chrysanthemum partheium,50
Fever root,Triosteum perfoliatum,50
" twig,(See bittersweet,)
Fireweed,Senecio hieracifolius,50
Fishmouth,(See snakehead,)
Fit root,Monarda uniflora,1 00
Five finger,Potentilla canadensis,50
Flag lily,(See blue flag,)
Fleabane,Erigeron canadense,25
" Philadelphia(See scabious,)
Flower-de-luce,(See blue flag,)50
Flux root,(See Samson snake root,)
Foxglove,Digitalis purpurrea,35
Frostwort,Cistus canadensis,40
FumitoryFumaria officinalis,
Garantogen,(See ginseng,)
Garget,(See poke,)
Garlic,Allium sativum,
Gay feather,(See button snake root,)
Gentian,Gentiana lutea,25
" blue or southern,(See Samson snake root,)
Gill-go-over-the-ground, (See ground ivy,)
GingerAmomum xingiber,
" wild,(See Canada snake root,)
Ginseng, or ginsing,Panax quinquefolia,
Gold thread,Coptis trifolia,1 00
Golden rod, sweet,Solidago odora,50
Golden seal,Hydrastus canadensis,50
Goosefoot wormseed,(See wormseed,)
Goose-grass,(See cleavers,)
Ground lily,(See beth root,)
Gravel plant,Epigæa repens,
" root,(See queen of the meadow,)
Gum plant,(See comfrey,)
Hardback leaves,Spiræ tormentosa,35
Heal-all,Prunella vulgaris,
Healing herb,(See comfrey,)
Henbane, black,Hyosciamos niger,75
Boxwood bark,Cornus florida,37
Hellebore, black,Helleborus niger,
" fœtid,(See skunk cabbage,)
" white,Veratrum viride,75
Hemlock bark, ground,Pinus canadensis,20
" bark, flour,"25
" leaves,"25
" poison,(See cicuta leaves,)
High cranberry bark,(See cramp bark,)
Horehound,Marrubium vulgare,40
Hollyhock flowers,Althæa rosea,50
Honey-bloom,(See bitter root,)
Hoodwort,(See scullcap,)
Hops,Homulus lupolus,
Horse-balm,(See stone root,)
Horse-ginseng,(See fever root,)
Horsemint,Monarda punctata,
Horseradish leaves,Cochlearia armoracia,25
" root,"50
Hyoscyamus,(See henbane,)
Hyssop,Hyssopus officinalis,
Indian arrow wood,(See Wa-a-hoo,)
" elm,(See slippery elm,)
" hemp, black,Apocynum canabinum,75
" " white,Asclepias incarnata,75
" tobacco,(See lobelia,)
" turnip,(See wild turnip,)
Indigo, wild,Baptisia tinctoria,50
Ipecac, milk,(See bitter root,)
" wild,(See fever root,)
Ink root,(See marsh rosemary,)
Ipecacuanha, Am.,Euphorbia ipecacuanha,
Itch weed,(See white hellebore,)
Ivy, ground,Glechomo hedracea,50
Jacob’s ladder,Similax peduncularis,
Jamestown, or jimson weed,(See thorn apple,)
Job’s tears,Coix lachryma,
Joe-pye,(See boneset,)
Johnswort,Hypericum perforatum,25
King’s clover,(See melilot,)
Knob root,(See stoneroot,)
Knotgrass,Polygonum aviculare,
Labrador tea,Ledum latifolium,40
Ladies’ slipper,Cypripedium flavum,75
" sorrel,Oxalis carniculata,
Lamb kill,(See laurel,)
Larkspur herb,Delphinium consolidum,50
" seed,"
Laurel leaves,Kalmia latifolia,38
Lavender flowers,Lavendula spica,50
Lavose,(See lovage,)
Leatherwood bark,Dirca palustris,
Leopard-bane,(See arnica,)
Lettuce, garden,Lactuca sativa,50
" wild," elongata,50
Life-everlasting,(See sweet balsam,)35
Life of man,(See spikenard,)
Life root,Senecio aureus,
Lily, white pond,Nymphæ adorata,50
Lily, yellow pond,Nuphar advena,50
Linden flowers,(See tilia,)
Liquorice root, wild,(See sarsaparilla,)
Liverwort, or liver leaf,Hepatica triloba,1 00
Lobelia herb,Lobelia inflata,40
" seed,"
Locust plant,(See senna,)
Lovage leaves,Ligusticum, levisticum,50
" root,"50
" seed,"
Lungwort,Variolaria faginea,75
Mad weed,(See scullcap,)
Maiden-hair,Adianthum pedatum,35
Male fern,Aspidium filix-mas,50
Mallow, low,Malva rotundifolia,25
" marsh, leaves,Althæa officinalis,40
" " root,"40
Man root,Convolvulus panduratus,
Mandrake root,Podophyllum peltatum,
Maple, ground,(See alum root,)
" red or soft,Acer rubrum,
" striped,Acer striatum,
Marigold flowers,Calendula officinalis,50
Marjoram, sweet,Origanum marjorana,75
" wild,(See mountain mint,)
Marsh rosemary,Statice limonium,50
" trefoil(See buckbean,)
Masterwort,(See cowparsnip,)
May apple,(See mandrake,)
May weed,Anthemis cotula,25
Meadow cabbage root,(See skunk cabbage,)
" fern leaves and burs,(See sweet gale,)
" sweet,Spiræa salicifolia,
Mealy starwort,(See devil’s bit,)
Melilot,Melilotus alba,50
Mezereon, Am.,(See leather-wood,)
Milfoil,(See yarrow,)
Milkweed root,Asclepias syraca,50
Misletoe,Viscum vercitillatum,
Mitrewort,(See coolwort,)
Mohawk weed,(See bellwort,)
Moldavian balm,(See sweet balm,)
Monarda,(See horsemint,)
Monkshood,(See aconite,)
Moosewood bark,(See striped maple,)
Motherwort,Leonorus cardiaca,25
Mountain box,(See uva ursi,)
" dittany,(See dittany,)
" flax,(See Seneca snake root,)
" mint,Origanum vulgare,35
Mouse ear,Gnaphaleum uliginosum,
Mouth root,(See gold thread,)
Mugwort,Artemisia vulgaris,40
Mullein herb,Verbascum thapsus,25
Mustard herb, black,Sinapsis nigrum,20
" white," alba,25
Myrtle leaves,(See bayberry,)
Nanny-bush, bark,Viburnum lentago,50
Necklace weed,(See white cohosh,)
Nerve root,Cypripedium flavum,75
" water,(See white Indian hemp,)
Nettle flowers,Urtica dioica,50
" root,"50
Nightshade, black,(See garden nightshade),
" bittersweet or woody,(See bittersweet,)
" deadly,Atropa belladonna,75
" garden,Solanum dulcamara,
Ninsin,(See ginseng,)
Oak bark, black,Quercus tinctoria,25
" red,"25
" white,"20
Oak of Jerusalem,Chenopodium botrys,50
Old man,(See southernwood,)
One berry,(See squaw vine,)
Origanum,(See horsemint,)
Osier bark, green,Cornus circinata,40
Osier, red,(See rose willow,)
Oswego tea,Monarda didyma,50
Ox-eye daisy,(See daisy,)
Pappoose root,Caulophyllum thalictroides,30
Parilla, yellow,(See yellow parilla,)
Parsley leaves,Apium petroselinum,50
" root,"50
" seed,"
Patridge-berry,(See squaw vine,)
Patience dock,Ramex paitentia,
" garden,"
Peach bark,Amygdalus persica,
" leaves,"
" pits,"
Pennyroyal,Hedeoma pulegoides,25
Peony flowers,Pæonia officinalis,50
" root,"50
Peppermint,Mentha piperita,25
Pepper, red or American,Copsicum annuum,
" bird," baccatum,
" cayenne,Capsicum baccatum,
Petty-morrel,(See spikenard,)
Pigeon-berry,(See poke,)
Pilewort,Amaranthus hypocondriachus,25
Pine bark, white,Pinus strobus,25
Pipe plant,(See fit root,)
Pipsisseway,(See prince’s pine,)
Plantain leaves,Pantago major,33
" round leaved,"
" spotted,Goodyera pubescens,
Pleurisy root,Asclepias tuberosa,
Poke berries,Phytolacca decandria,
" leaves,"
" root,"25
" Indian,(See white hellebore,)
Polypody,Polipodium vulgare,
Pool root,(See white sanicle,)
Poplar bark,Populus tremuloides,25
" white,(See whitewood,)
Poppy capsules,Papaver somniferum,30
" flowers,"
" leaves,"33
Primrose tree,(See scabish,)
Prince’s pine,Chimaphilla umbellata,38
Puccoon, red,(See bloodroot,)
" yellow,(See golden seal,)
Puke weed,(See lobelia,)
Pyramid flower,(See columbo,)
Queen of the meadow, herb,Eupatorium purpureum,25
" " " root,"40
Queen’s delight,Stillingia sylvatica,
Ragweed,(See Roman wormwood,)
Raspberry leaves,Robus strigosus,25
Rattlesnake root,(See spotted plantain,)
Rattleweed,(See black cohosh,)
Red elm,(See slippery elm,)
Red-rod,(See rose willow,)
Red-root,(See bloodroot,)
Rheumatism weed,(See prince’s pine,)
Rheumatic weed,(See cocash,)
Rock brake,Pteris atropurpurea,50
" parsley,(See parsley,)
" rose,(See frostwort,)
Roman wormwood,Ambrosia artemisifolia,
Rose, damask,Rosa damascena,
" red," gallica,
" pink,(See centuary,)
" willow,Cornus sericia,38
Rosemary leaves,Rosmarinus officinalis,19
Rue,Ruta graveolens,50
Saffron,Carthamus tinctorius,
Sage,Salvia officinalis,
Samson snake root,Gentiana catesbei,
Sanicle root, black,Sanicula marylandica,
" white,Eupatorium ageratoides,40
Sarsaparilla, American,Aralia nudicaulis,
" bristly stem,(See dwarf elder,)
Sassafras bark,(See sassafras,)
" flowers,"38
" pith,Laurus "
Savin,Juniperus communis,38
Scabious,Erigeron philadelphicum,25
Scabious, sweet,Erigeron heterophyllum,25
Scabish,Œnothera biennis,25
Scammony, wild,(See man root,)
Scoke root,(See poke,)25
Scrofula plant,Scrophularia marilandica,50
Scullcap,Sentellaria laterifolia,75
Scurvy grass,Cochleria officinalis,25
Sea-thrift,(See marsh rosemary,)
Self-heal,(See heal-all,)
Senna, Am. or wild,Cassia marilandica,30
Sheep-berry,(See nanny bush,)
Side-saddle plant,Sarracenia purpurea,
Silkweed,(See milkweed,)
Simpler’s joy,(See vervain,)
Skunk-cabbage root,Ictodes fœtida,35
Smart weed,(See water pepper,)25
Swellage,(See lovage,)
Snagrel,(See Virg. snake root,)
Snakehead,(See balmony,)30
Snake root, black,(See black cohosh,)
" button,(See button snake root,)
" Canada,Asarum canadense,
" heart,(See Canada snake root,)
" rattte,(See spotted plantain,)
" Seneca,Polygala senega,
" Virginia,Aristolochia serpentaria,
" white,(See white sanicle,)
Snake weed,(See Virginia snake root,)
Snapping hazel-nut,(See witch hazel,)
Soapwort,Saponaria officinalis,50
Solomon’s seal,Convallaria multiflora,50
Solomon’s seal, small,Convallaria racemosa,
Sorrel, sheep or fidel,Rumex acetosellus,
" wood or mountain,Oxalis abrotanum,
Southernwood,Artemesia abrotanum,50
Spearmint,Mentha veridis,25
Speedwell, Virginia,Veronica officinalis,
Spice bush,Laurus benzoin,40
" berries,"
Spignet,(See spikenard,)
Spikenard,Aralia racemosa,
" small,(See sarsaparilla,)
Spindle bush or tree,(See Wa-a-hoo,)
Spleenwort,Asplenium ebenum,
Split-rock,(See alum root,)
Spotted cardus,(See cardus,)50
" plantain,Goodyera pubescens,
Spurge,(See Am. ipecac,)
Square stalk,(See Oswego tea,)
Squaw root,(See blue cohosh,)
" vine,Mitchella repens,50
" weed,Senecio obovatus,50
Staff-vine,(See bittersweet,)
Starwort, drooping,(See unicorn,)
Steeple-bush,(See hardback,)
Stillingia,(See queen’s delight,)
Stinking weed,(See wormseed,)
Stone-root,Collinsonia canadensis,25
Stramonium,(See thorn apple,)
Strawberry leaves,Fragaria vesca,50
" vines,"
Succory, wild,(See centaury,)
Sumach bark,Rhus glabra,25
" berries,"25
" leaves,"25
Summer savory,Satureja hortensis,40
Sunflower, garden,Helianthus annus,
" wild or rough," divaricatus,
Suterberry,(See prickly ash,)
Swamp sassafras,(See green osier,)50
Sweat root,(See abscess root,)
Sweet bush,(See sweet fern,)
" clover,(See melilot,)
" elm,(See slippery elm,)
" fennel,(See fennel,)
" flag,Acorus calamus,25
" gale burs,Myrica gale,50
" " leaves,"50
" rush,(See sweet flag,)
Tamarack bark,Pinus microcarpa,25
Tanzy, double,Tanacetum crispum,25
Tea-berry plant,(See wintergreen,)
Thimbleweed,Rudbeckia lacinata,40
Thistle, blessed,(See cardus, spotted,)50
Thoroughwort,(See boneset,)
Thorn apple leaves,Datura stramonium,30
" root,"40
" seed,"30
Throat root,(See Aven’s root,)
Thyme,Thymus serpyllus,50
" English," vulgaris,50
Tilia flowers,Tylia glabra,
Toad lily,(See white pond lily,)
Toothache tree,(See prickly ash,)
Tormentilla,(See cranesbill,)
Traveler’s joy,(See virgin’s bower,)
Trumpet weed,(See wild lettuce,)
Tulip tree,(See whitewood,)
Turnip, wild,(See wild turnip,)
Umbil root,(See nerve root,)
Uncum,(See life root,)
Unicorn root,Helonias dioica,
Upland sumach,(See sumach,)
Uva-ursi,Arbutus uva-ursi,25
Valerian, Am.,(See ladies’ slipper,)
" Greek,(See abscess root,)
Vervian,Verbena hastata,25
Vine maple,(See yellow parilla,)
Violet, blue,Viola cuculata,50
" canker,Viola rostrata,50
Virgin’s bower,Clematis virginiana,40
Wa-a-hoo bark,Euonymus atropurpureus,
Wake robin,(See wild turnip,)
Walnut bark, white,(See butternut bark,)25
" leaves,Carya alba,
" shucks,"
Water bugle,(See sweet bugle,)
" cup,(See side-saddle plant,)
" horehound,Lycopus Europœus,
" dock,(See dock,)
" pepper,Polygonum punctatum,25
" shamrock,(See buckbean,)
Wax myrtle,(See bayberry,)
White leaf,(See hardhack,)
Whistle-wood,(See striped maple,)
White root,(See pleurisy root,)
" wood bark,Liriodendron tulipifera,30
Wickup,Epilobium spicatum,50
Wild tobacco,(See lobelia,)
" turnip,Arum tryphyllum,
Willow, pussey,(See pussey willow,)
" bark, white,Salix alba,
Winter bloom,(See witch hazel,)
" clover,(See squaw vine,)
" berry,(See black alder,)
Wintergreen,Gaultheria procumbens,40
Witch hazel bark,Hamamellis virginica,40
" leaves,"80
Wolfsbane leaves,(See aconite,)
Wormseed,Chenopodium anthelminticum,40
Wormwood,Artemisia absynthium,40
Yarrow,Achillea millefolium,25
Yaw root,(See queen’s delight,)
Yellow broom,(See indigo,)
" parilla,Menisperimum canadense,
" wood,(See prickly ash.)
And various kinds indigenous to our country.