The government class book / Designed for the instruction of youth in the principles of constitutional government and the rights and duties of citizens.

by Andrew W. Young

Questions

[Chapter I.]

[§1.] What is the natural state of mankind?

[§2.] What renders them mutually dependent? By what means are they enabled to supply their wants?

[§3.] Why should every man labor for himself?

[§4.] What comes from this arrangement?

[§5.] How are the rights of men secured to them?

[§6.] What is law?

[§7.] For what else than society are mankind fitted by nature? Define moral.

[§8.] What is implied in man's having a moral nature?

[§9.] What qualities or faculties in mankind fit them for government and law?

[§10.] What is a state or nation?

[§11.] What is the object of forming state associations? What is meant by civil government?

[Chapter II.]

[§2.] Define the word right. May we do whatever we please?

[§3.] Why are rights called natural? Why inalienable? How may they be lost?

[§4.] What are personal rights? Define rights of person and right of property. State the distinction between personal rights and the rights of person.

[§5.] Define political rights. What particular rights are political?

[§6.] What are civil rights?

[§7.] Religious rights? What else are they called?

[§8.] Under what general term are the different rights embraced?

[§9.] What is liberty? Political, civil, and religious liberty?

[§10.] What is the difference between right and liberty?

[§11.] What does this example further explain?

[Chapter III.]

[§1.] Define law. By what names are laws distinguished?

[§2.] Define the law of nature.

[§3.] From what does the law of nature arise?

[§4.] What is meant by the moral law?

[§5.] Define political law.

[§6.] Define municipal. How are municipal or civil laws distinguished from political?

[§7.] Ought the divine law in all cases to be obeyed?

[§8.] Why then are human laws necessary?

[§9.] Can you give any other reason?

[§10.] What measure of love is due to the Creator and our fellow men respectively?

[§11.] What are the characteristics of this law of love?

[Chapter IV.]

[§1.] What were the earliest governments? Define patriarch.

[§2.] What was the government of the Hebrews called? Define theocracy.

[§3.] What is sovereign or supreme power?

[§4.] What is a monarchy? An absolute monarchy? A limited monarchy?

[§5.] A hereditary monarchy? An elective monarchy?

[§6.] A despotism? Define despot and tyrant.

[§7.] What is an aristocracy? Define the word

[§8.] What is a democracy? Define the word.

[§9.] What is a republic? Wherein do a democracy and a republic differ?

[§10.] What is a commonwealth?

[Chapter V.]

[§1.] What is the object of civil government? How is this object best secured?

[§2.] What is a constitution? By what name is it called?

[§3.] What is it's nature?

[§4.] By what authority is a constitution made?

[§5.] By whom is a constitution formed? What is the assembly called?

[§6.] How is a constitution adopted?

[§7.] How are the rights of the people secured by a constitution?

[§8.] What is the condition of the people in an absolute monarchy?

[§9.] Describe briefly the government of Great Britain. What political rights have the people?

[§10.] Of what does the constitution of Great Britain consist?

[Chapter VI.]

[§1.] By what are the qualifications of voters prescribed?

[§2.] Who are freemen?

[§3.] Why should none but freemen vote?

[§4.] Why is a term of residence required?

[§5.] Why are not aliens immediately allowed to vote?

[§6.] In what state do colored men vote?

[§7.] How are electors sometimes disfranchised? What is an infamous crime?

[§8.] What is said of property as a qualification?

[Chapter VII.]

[§1.] For what purpose is the territory of a state divided?

[§2.] What are the territorial divisions of a state called?

[§3.] When are state elections generally held?

[§4.] By whom are elections conducted? Define poll.

[§5.] Describe the manner of voting. Define ballot.

[§6.] Who may challenge voters?

[§7.] How and why are voters registered? Are they registered in this state?

[§8.] How is it determined what persons are elected?

[§10.] What is viva voce voting?

[§11.] What is an election by plurality? By majority?

[§12.] What objections are there to either of these models?

[Chapter VIII.]

[§1], [2.] What division of power is first mentioned? Give the distinction between the political and civil powers.

[§3.] What is said of political power in absolute and mixed governments?

[§4.] How is the civil power divided? What is the business of the legislature? How is a legislature constituted?

[§5.] What is the executive department? In whom is the power vested?

[§6.] What is the business of the judicial department? Of what does it consist?

[§7.] Can you give any reasons for this division of the civil power?

[§8.] How is the legislative power divided?

[Chapter IX.]

[§1.] Of what branches is a legislature composed?

[§2.] Why is only one called house of representatives?

[§3.] For how long terms are senators chosen? How long in this state?

[§4.] Why is the senate called upper house?

[§5.] How are senators apportioned? How in this state?

[§6.] How are representatives apportioned? For what terms elected? How apportioned, and for what term elected in this state?

[§7.] What is the general object of apportionment?

[§8.] How in an equal representation provided for?

[§9.] How often are enumerations made? How often in this state? Define census?

[§10.] What are the qualifications of senators and representatives in this state?

[§11.] How are vacancies filled in the senate?

[Chapter X.]

[§1.] How often do legislatures meet? How often in this state? What is meant by session?

[§2.] Where do legislatures meet? What is the place called?

[§3.] To what are members bound by their oath of office?

[§4.] How are the houses organized? What are the presiding officers called?

[§5.] What are their general duties?

[§6.] What other officers are chosen? and what are their duties?

[§7.] Define quorum. What number is a quorum in this state?

[§8.] Are the proceedings ever secret?

[§9.] What provision is made to prevent interruption?

[Chapter XI.]

[§1.] When is the governor's message communicated? What does it contain?

[§2.] In what other way are measures introduced?

[§3.] What is done to expedite business? How are committees appointed? and what do they do?

[§5.] Name some of the committees.

[§6.] What are standing committees? Select committees?

[§7.] How do committees discharge their duties?

[§8.] Wherein does the utility of committees appear?

[§9.] What is a bill?

[§10.] By whom, and how, are bills introduced?

[§11.] How often must a bill be read? When is it amended?

[§12.] After the second reading and amendment, what follows?

[§13.] Describe the proceedings on the final passage of a bill.

[§14.] How is it acted on in the other house?

[§15.] Why is a legislature divided into two branches?

[§16.] Why are bills submitted to the governor for his approval? Define veto.

[§17.] What if a governor refuses to sign a bill? Are bills presented to the governor in this state? If so, and he disapproves them, by what majorities must they be again passed? Within how many days is he to return bills in this state?

[Chapter XII.]

[§1.] For what terms are governors chosen? For what term in this state?

[§2.] What are the qualifications for governor in this state?

[§3.] What are his general powers and duties?

[§4.] In what cases has he power to grant reprieves and pardons? Define these words. What is commute?

[§5.] Are any officers in this state appointed by the governor? Is there a council?

[§6.] What are the duties of a lieutenant-governor? Is there one in this state?

[§7.] When he acts as governor, who takes the chair of the senate?

[Chapter XIII.]

[§1.] What assistant executive officers are there in this state? Are they appointed or elected?

[§2.] What are the duties of the secretary of state?

[§3.] Of an auditor or controller?

[§4.] Of a treasurer?

[§5.] Of what officers are sureties required?

[§6.] What are the duties of an attorney-general? Is there one in this state?

[§7.] The duties of surveyor-general? Is there one in this state?

[§8.] A superintendent of schools?

[§9.] What is the business of state printer?

[§10.] What other state officers are there?

[Chapter XIV.]

[§1.] For what reasons is a state divided into counties and townships?

[§2.] How large are townships?

[§3.] From what comes the name of county? Of shire, and sheriff?

[§4.] Define corporation. What powers have town and county corporations?

[§5.] In what officers are these powers vested? In whom in this state?

[§6.] What are the duties of a county treasurer?

[§7.] Of a register or recorder? Where are deeds, &c., recorded in this state?

[§8.] What are a sheriff's duties?

[§9.] What is the business of a coroner?

[§10.] Are there state's attorneys in the counties of this state?

[§11.] Is there a county surveyor?

[§12.] Are county officers elected by the people in this state?

[Chapter XV.]

[§1.] Into what are counties divided?

[§2.] What is done at the annual town meetings?

[§3.] What officers are elected? Are all there elected in the towns of this state?

[§4.] What are those officers called who direct town affairs? What in this state?

[§5.] What are the duties of a town clerk?

[§6.] What officers in this state have the care of highways? What is a poll-tax?

[§7.] By whom are the poor provided for? Are there county poor-houses in this state?

[§8.] The duties of constables?

[§9.] Of treasurer? Are there town treasurers in this state?

[§10.] The duties of fence-viewers?

[§11.] Of town-sealer?

[Chapter XVI.]

[§1.] Why is the incorporation of cities, &c., necessary?

[§2.] How are city charters obtained? Define charter?

[§3.] What are the principal city officers called? What inferior officers are elected?

[§4.] Are the citizens governed wholly by their own laws?

[§5.] What criminal court is peculiar to cities?

[§6.] What are village officers usually called?

[§7.] Illustrate, by example, the necessity of a village incorporation?

[§8.] Are corporations always formed by special laws?

[§9.] What is said of incorporated companies?

[§10.] What is peculiar in the nature of corporations?

[§11.] In what does a state differ from other government corporations?

[§12.] Wherein do all government corporations differ from incorporated business companies?

[Chapter XVII.]

[§2.] What is the business of the judicial department?

[§3.] If there were no courts of justice, what would be the result?

[§4.] What are the lowest courts called? Why? Define jurisdiction?

[§5.] To what extent has a justice jurisdiction?

[§6.] What are civil causes? Criminal? Misdemeanors?

[§7.] How is a suit in a justice's court commenced?

[§8.] How is a summon served?

[§9.] Describe the manner of joining issue.

[§10.] How are witnesses procured? and how is the issue tried?

[§11.] What if a defendant or plaintiff does not appear?

[§12.] How is judgment confessed?

[Chapter XVIII.]

[§1.] Why are juries instituted?

[§2.] What is a jury? A verdict?

[§3.] A venire?

[§4.] How are jurors kept during their deliberations?

[§5.] What is done if they agree? If they disagree?

[§6.] What is an execution? What if it is not satisfied?

[§7.] Is all personal property liable to be sold on execution?

[§8.] What is an attachment? In what cases is it used?

[§9.] How is it served?

[§10.] What if a party is dissatisfied with a judgment?

[§11.] What power have justices in cases of crime?

[§12.] How are offenders arrested and examined?

[§13.] How is the prisoner disposed of if the justice can not try him?

[§14.] Define recognizance and bail?

[Chapter XIX.]

[§1.] How are county courts constituted? How in this state?

[§2.] What causes are tried in them? What is appellate and what original jurisdiction?

[§3.] Name the courts of this state. What jurisdiction has a circuit court?

[§4.] What juries have county and circuit courts? What is an issue of fact? An issue of law?

[§5.] How are the jurors selected?

[§6.] What is the business of a grand jury? Of what number does it consist in this state?

[§7.] Describe the proceedings of a grand jury. What is an indictment?

[§8.] Why are grand juries instituted?

[§9.] By what instrument are grand juries required?

[§10.] What is the opinion of some on this subject?

[§11.] Is there a supreme court in this state? Describe it. Is there a higher court?

[§12.] How are suits commenced in county and other higher courts?

[Chapter XX.]

[§1.] What is the object of a court of chancery?

[§2.] Mention some of its powers.

[§3.] Are there separate and distinct chancery courts in this state?

[§4.] How are suits commenced and tried in these courts?

[§5.] What is the business of a probate court?

[§6.] What is a court of impeachment? Its business? What is an impeachment? By whom made?

[§7.] How is it done?

[§8.] Describe the mode of trial. What follows conviction?

[§9.] By what other modes are judicial officers removed?

[Chapter XXI.]

[§1.] How is money raised for government purposes? What is a poll-tax?

[§2.] What property is exempt from taxation? What is real, and what personal property?

[§3.] By whom, and how, is property valued? How in this state?

[§5.] Of what three items does the tax consist?

[§6.] How is it ascertained?

[§7.] Who in this state cause the tax-list to be made out, and order the taxes to be collected?

[§8.] To whom is the money paid when collected?

[Chapter XXII.]

[§1.] What is the proper object of government? How is it to be done?

[§2.] What is the effect of education upon a people? Of ignorance?

[§3.] Why should government provide the means of education?

[§4.] To what extent is this done? By what means?

[§5.] How is the deficiency in the income of the school fund supplied?

[§6.] How, and to what extent, are school funds provided in the new states?

[§7.] In what way, and to what extent, were the school funds increased in 1837?

[§8.] How are school moneys from the state treasury apportioned? How is the deficiency in the public moneys to pay teachers made up?

[§9.] Why are schools called district schools, and common schools? What officers are elected in districts?

[§10.] What is the state superintendent in this state called?

[Chapter XXIII.]

[§1.] What other duty does the government owe to the citizens?

[§2.] What portion of the people of a state are most favored?

[§3.] By whom are canals made? Is there such a public work in this state?

[§4.] Why should not the money to make them be raised by a general tax?

[§5.] How are funds sometimes provided for this purpose?

[§6.] For the want of such funds, how is the money obtained? How is it to be repaid?

[§7.] How is the business of borrowing done? What are state stocks?

[§8.] What renders the purchase of state stocks a safe transaction?

[§9.] By whom are canal affairs managed?

[§10.] What states are most noted for their canals?

[§11.] By whom are rail-roads usually constructed? Why is an act of incorporation necessary?

[§12.] What does the act provide?

[§13.] How is the capital, or stock, raised? What officers are chosen, and by whom?

[§14.] What is the nature of these certificates of stock?

[§15.] How do stockholders expect to be refunded? What are dividends? When are stocks at par? When above or below par?

[Chapter XXIV.]

[§1.] Where were the first banks? and whence is the name derived?

[§2.] By what authority are our banks established? How is the capital stock raised?

[§3.] How do business men deposit and draw out their money?

[§4.] What is a certificate of deposit? How is it made transferable? and convertible into money?

[§5.] Describe the manner of transmitting money through banks.

[§6.] How are banks repaid? What is saved to business men by this mode of remittance?

[§7.] Describe the operation of lending money by a bank.

[§8.] Describe a bank bill. What if a bank is unable to redeem its bills? How are bill-holders secured against loss?

[§9.] What is the nature of the free banking system?

[§10.] How does this law provide for the security of bill-holders?

[§11.] What is the business of insurance companies? What do they insure? Define policy-premium.

[§12.] Of what consist the profits of stock insurance companies? Show this by an example.

[§13.] How are companies enabled to fix proper rates of insurance? Is all property insured at the same rate? Why not?

[§14.] Describe the character of mutual insurance companies. How is money raised for paying losses?

[Chapter XXV.]

[§1.] What preparation is made for the public defense? What does the word militia include?

[§2.] For what other purpose may portions of the militia be wanted? Define insurrection and rebellion.

[§3.] Who are liable to do military service? Who are exempt by the laws of the states generally?

[§4.] Who by the laws of the United States?

[§5.] What military authority have the governors and the president? Why have they this power?

[§6.] How are persons dealt with for non-attendance and delinquency at parades?

[§7.] What are the duties of the adjutant-general?

[§8.] What is the business of a commissary-general? Is there one in this state? Define arsenal.

[§9.] What is done in the case of persons averse to bearing arms? Are any exempt in this state without commuting?

[§10.] What regulations exist in New York and Ohio?

[§11.] For what reasons is the drilling of the whole militia deemed unnecessary?

[§12.] What is your opinion of war? What is a better way of settling disputes between nations?

[Chapter XXVI.]

[§2.] What is there in our government that renders a knowledge of it important to the people?

[§3.] To what country were the American colonies subject? What is a colony?

[§4.] Whence did the people derive their rights and privileges? What was the form of the colonial governments?

[§5.] From whom did the officers derive their power? Were any elected? On whose approval did the laws finally depend?

[§6.] What was the effect of this upon the colonists? What was the object of the laws of parliament relating to the colonies?

§6, 7. What did some of these laws require?

[§8.] By what particular means did that government secure the colonial trade? Define duty.

[§9.] Explain the nature and effect of these duties.

[§10.] What right did parliament claim? What act was accordingly passed? What did the colonists do? What was the final result?

[Chapter XXVII.]

[§1.] When did the first continental congress meet? How were its members chosen? What great act did it do in 1776?

[§2.] What did it in November, 1777? When did the confederation go into effect?

[§3.] How did the union formed by it prove? What was the probable cause of its imperfections?

[§4.] What was its leading defect? Mention some instances of its weakness?

[§5.] What probably aided in inducng compliance with the ordinances of congress?

[§6.] What new difficulties arose after peace? What difficulty attended the laying of duties by the states?

[§7.] For what other purpose did congress need the power to lay duties? How had Great Britain secured the carrying trade?

[§8.] What other trouble arose from this imperfect union?

[§9.] How was this difficulty sought to be remedied?

[§10.] What was the result of the meeting at Annapolis?

[§11.] In what did the recommending of a convention result? How was the constitution ratified in the states?

[§12.] To give it effect, how many states must ratify? When were ratifications received from Rhode Island and North Carolina?

[Chapter XXVIII.]

[§2.] What is a confederacy? Was the confederation a union of people? or a union of states? From what does this appear?

[§3.] What is the union under the constitution? Where is this declared?

[§4.] What is said of the former independence of the states? What power has the general government acquired by the constitution?

[§5.] How did the equality of the states in the old congress appear? To how many delegates were they entitled? How did they vote?

[§6.] How are the states now represented? How do representatives vote?

[§7.] State the difference between the bodies that framed and ratified the two instruments respectively.

[§8.] Was the government under the confederation properly national? How does it appear that it was not? What change did the constitution effect?

[§9.] What early act of the constitutional convention shows the present government to be national?

[§10.] What departments of power were wanting under the confederation?

[§11.] Is the present government wholly national? Why not?

[Chapter XXIX.]

[§1.] Of what does congress consist? For what terms were members of the old congress appointed? Why has the term of a representative been extended to two years?

[§2.] What qualifications are required for voting for representatives? What reasons were there for this rule?

[§3.] What are the qualifications of a representative? Give the reasons for these qualifications.

[§4.] Give the rule of apportioning representatives and direct taxes.

[§5.] What made it difficult to agree upon a rule of apportionment? In what states did slavery then exist? Name the present slaveholding states.

[§7.] Upon what terms was the question of apportionment settled?

[§8.] Illustrate the rule by an example.

[§9.] How are the slave states benefited by this arrangement as to taxes?

[§10.] What do they gain as to representation?

[§11.] How is the number of representatives limited? How often is the ratio of representation fixed?

[§12.] Why has the ratio been from time to time increased? How is a representation secured to the smallest states?

[§13.] State the ratio and the number of representatives after each census.

[§14.] How is a state districted for choosing representatives? When are they chosen?

[§15.] How are territories represented?

[Chapter XXX.]

[§1.] How is the senate constituted? Upon what points did the convention differ? How was the matter settled?

[§2.] In what provision does the federative principle appear?

[§3.] In what is there a difference between the old congress and the senate?

[§4.] What reasons are offered in favor of a short term of office? What in favor of a long term?

[§6.] What is said in favor of the present term?

[§7.] Why were not the terms of all the senators made to expire at once?

[§8.] How are vacancies in the office of senator filled?

[§9.] Can an appointment be made before a vacancy actually happens? State a case.

[§10.] What reasons are there for the required qualifications of senators as to age, citizenship, and residence in the state?

[§11.] How do bills become laws after they have been vetoed by the president?

[Chapter XXXI.]

[§2.] What difference is here noticed between the general and state governments in respect to their powers?

[§3.] What is the first in the list of powers given to congress?

[§4.] For what purpose was this power necessary? What is direct and what indirect taxation?

[§5.] Define duties, customs, imposts, and excises.

[§6.] Define specific and ad valorem duties.

[§7.] Why are duties required to be uniform throughout the United States?

[§8.] By what means was the old national debt paid? How large was it at different periods?

[§9.] Why is the power to borrow money necessary?

[Chapter XXXII.]

[§1.] From what arose the necessity of the power to regulate foreign commerce? What was the British policy?

[§2.] In what consisted the inequality of trade between the two countries?

[§3.] Show, by example, how Great Britain secured a home market for her agricultural products.

[§4.] What other benefits did she derive from her policy?

[§5.] Why were we obliged to submit to the payment of these duties? Why not manufacture for ourselves?

[§6.] Why did not our government retaliate by imposing like duties upon British goods and vessels?

[§7.] What are duties designed to encourage home manufactures called?

[§8.] Show, by example, the operation and effect of a protective duty.

[§9.] By what other power may this object be partially effected? Show how.

[§10.] Why, then, was not one of these powers sufficient?

[§11.] Show, by example, why the free importation of foreign goods and direct taxation are not deemed the better policy.

[§13.] How early, and how, was domestic industry encouraged? What rendered high duties for a time unnecessary?

[§14.] What afterwards made it necessary for congress to exercise more extensively its powers to regulate trade? When did the system of protection properly commence? Where has since been the principal market for agricultural products?

[§15.] Where, and by whom, are the duties or customs collected?

[Chapter XXXIII.]

[§1.] What is navigation?

[§2.] What is tunnage? Tunnage duties? For what purpose were these duties laid? Why were they called discriminating duties?

[§3.] What has been their effect? What has caused their discontinuance?

[§4.] How are vessels registered?

[§5.] What is a manifest? A clearance?

[§6.] At whose request are passports furnished to vessels? What is a passport? By whom given?

[§7.] How is the safety of passengers and crew provided for?

[§8.] Define quarantine. What has congress enacted in relation to quarantines?

[§9.] Why was power given to congress to regulate internal commerce, or commerce among the states?

[§10.] Why the power to regulate commerce with the Indian tribes?

[Chapter XXXIV.]

[§1.] What were the disqualifications of aliens by the common law? Why are these disqualifications deemed proper?

[§2.] When ought they to be removed? Why should the rule of naturalization be uniform?

[§3.] Describe the manner in which an alien is naturalized.

[§4.] How do alien minors become citizens?

[§5.] What is a bankrupt? A bankrupt law? What is the object of such laws?

[§6.] Why is the power to pass them given to congress? Why should they be uniform?

[§7.] Why is the power to coin money and regulate its value given to congress? What change in the system of reckoning has been effected?

[§8.] At what places is money coined? What is bullion?

[§9.] Why is the power to fix the standard of weights and measures vested in congress?

[§10.] Why has congress the power to provide for punishing the counterfeiting of the securities and coin of the United States?

[Chapter XXXV.]

[§1.] Why is the power to establish post-offices given to congress?

[§2.] How are useful arts and sciences promoted?

[§3.] How does an author of a work proceed in procuring a copy-right? By whom, and where, is the title recorded?

[§4.] What else must the author do? For how many years is the right obtained? For what term, and how, may the right be continued?

[§5.] Where are patents for inventions obtained? How does the inventor proceed?

[§6.] How much must he pay before his petition is considered? For what term are patents granted? For what term may they be renewed?

[Chapter XXXVI.]

[§1.] Define piracy and felony. Why is the power to define and punish these crimes given to congress?

[§2.] Why also the power to define and punish offenses against the law of nations?

[§3.] Why the power to declare war? Who exercises this power in monarchies?

[§4.] What are letters of marque and reprisal? Why should not an individual redress his private wrongs?

[§5.] Why should not the states authorize reprisals?

[§6.] Why has congress the power to make rules concerning captures? How is captured property distributed?

[§7.] Why is the general power to provide for the national defense intrusted to congress?

[§8.] Why was given to congress entire control over the district containing the seat of government?

[§9.] What district is here referred to? Over what other places has congress exclusive authority?

[§10.] What is the last power granted in the list here enumerated? Why is this general grant of power to make laws deemed necessary?

[§11.] What opinion is held by some in regard to this power? On what reasons is this opinion founded?

[Chapter XXXVII.]

[§1.] What is the first prohibition on congress?

[§2.] To what has this reference? For what reasons was this prohibition assented to?

[§3.] Have men a natural right to buy and sell each other? When was the foreign slave trade prohibited? How is it now punishable?

[§4.] Define habeas corpus. What is the privilege of this writ?

[§5.] What is a bill of attainder? When is it a bill of pains and penalties?

[§6.] What is an ex post facto law? Give examples of ex post facto laws.

[§7.] What is a capitation tax? To what provision of the constitution does this prohibition refer? What does it mean?

[§8.] Why are duties on exports forbidden? How might the interests of the different states be injuriously affected by taxing exports?

[§9.] What further reasons are given for this prohibition? How is freedom and equality in trade secured to the states?

[§10.] By what provision is the proper disposal of the public moneys secured?

[§11.] Why is the granting of titles of nobility forbidden? How are public officers guarded against corruption from foreign influence?

[Chapter XXXVIII.]

[§1.] What is a treaty? An alliance? A confederation? Why are states forbidden to enter into them?

[§2.] Why should not states issue letters of marque and reprisal?

[§3.] Why should they not coin money?

[§4.] Why were they forbidden to emit bills of credit? Does the prohibition extend to bank bills?

[§5.] What is meant by tender, usually termed lawful or legal tender? Why should coin only be made tender in payment of debts?

[§6.] Why is the passing of bills of attainder and ex post facto laws by states forbidden? Why are laws impairing the force of contracts prohibited?

[§7.] Do insolvent or bankrupt laws impair the obligation of contracts? States have passed such laws; were they constitutional? How has the question been decided?

[§8.] Why is the granting of titles forbidden to the states?

[§9.] What objections to the general power of the states to tax exports or imports? What exception is made to the prohibition?

[§10.] What is the object of this exception?

[§11.] What other restrictions are there upon the power of the states?

[Chapter XXXIX.]

[§1.] In whom is the executive power of the nation vested?

[§2.] For what reasons was this power given to one person only?

[§3.] Why were four years agreed on as the official term?

[§4.] By whom is the president elected? Has the mode of election ever been altered?

[§5.] By what authority is the manner of choosing the electors prescribed? By whom are they chosen at present?

[§6.] In what manner are they chosen? Describe particularly the election by general ticket. When are electors chosen?

[§7.] Where and when do the electors vote for president? How, when, and to whom, are certificates of their votes sent?

[§8.] When, where, and by whom are the votes counted? How is the election determined? If no person has a majority of all the votes, by whom is the election made? How do the members vote?

[§9.] Describe the election of president by the house in 1825.

[§10.] How is the vice-president elected if there is no choice by the electors?

[§11.] What are the qualifications of the president and vice-president?

[§12.] How is a vacancy in the office of president supplied? What further provision is made for supplying vacancies?

[§13.] Why may not the salary of a president be increased or diminished?

[§14.] When does the presidential term commence and expire?

[Chapter XL.]

[§1.] What high military office has the president? Why is the command of the public forces intrusted to him?

[§2.] For what reasons the power to grant reprieves and pardons?

[§3.] What other powers has the president? For what purposes are treaties made? Who exercises this power in monarchies? Why is not the house associated with the president and senate?

[§4.] For what reasons is the senate preferred? Who appoint embassadors?

[§5.] By whom and how are treaties negotiated? By whom ratified?

[§6.] What is here mentioned as the practice of civilized nations? What are the duties of the secretary of state in our intercourse with foreign nations?

[§7.] What titles have representatives at foreign courts? Who are embassadors in ordinary and extraordinary? Envoys? Envoys plenipotentiary?

[§8.] What are our representatives abroad called? What are chargès des affaires?

[§9.] What is the business of consuls?

[§10.] Why is the appointment of judges of the supreme court given to the president and senate?

[§11.] For what reason should the president have the right to select the heads of the departments?

[§12.] What power has the president alone in filling vacancies? Why is such a power necessary?

[§13.] What other powers and duties of the president are mentioned in the constitution?

[§14.] What officers are removable by impeachment? and for what offenses?

[Chapter XLI.]

[§1.] Among what departments is the executive business of the nation distributed? By what names are the head officers called? How appointed?

[§2.] What departments did the first congress establish? What officers constituted the first cabinet? When were the heads of the navy, post-office, and interior departments respectively added?

[§3.] What are the duties of the secretary of state relating to foreign affairs? Define diplomacy and diplomatist.

[§4.] What are the duties of the secretary in relation to home affairs?

[§5.] What are the duties of the secretary of the treasury?

[§6.] What are his principal assistants?

[§7.] What are the duties of the secretary of the interior? What is a pension? To what classes of persons are pensions allowed? To whom are bounties of lands allowed?

[§8.] To what do the duties of the secretary of war relate?

[§9.] What is the business of the secretary of the navy? and of the navy commissioners?

[§10.] What are the principal duties of the postmaster general? Who are his principal assistants?

[§11.] What is the business of postmasters in relation to keeping accounts of letters, advertising letters, and making returns to the general post-office? What are dead letters?

[§12.] How are postmasters paid for their services? State the rates of commission. To what amount of compensation are postmasters limited? What postmasters are appointed by the president and senate?

[§13.] Who are entitled to the franking privilege? and to what extent? How is franking done? What government officers frank matter on official business?

[§14.] What are the duties of the attorney-general?

[Chapter XLII.]

[§1.] Was there a national judiciary under the confederation? In what courts is the judicial power of the U.S. vested?

[§2.] By whom, and for what term, are the judges appointed? Why is the term made so long?

[§3.] How is the independence of the judges further secured? Why should congress not have power to reduce their salaries?

[§4.] Cases of what nature are tried in the national courts?

[§5.] Why is the trial of crimes to be held in the state where committed?

[§6.] Which are the lowest national courts? How is a district court constituted? What cases does it try?

[§7.] How many circuits are there? How is a circuit court constituted? What cases does it try?

[§8.] How is the supreme court constituted? Where, and when, does it hold sessions? What is its principal business?

[§9.] What important object is so cared by the supreme court? How are state laws and the decisions of state courts affected by the decisions of the supreme court of the United States?

[Chapter XLIII.]

[§1.] Why was the definition of treason put into the constitution? What is levying war?

[§2.] State more particularly what does and what does not constitute levying war and treason?

[§3.] What proof is required to convict of treason?

[§4.] How was treason punished by the common law? How has congress made it punishable?

[§5.] What is attainder? Its meaning here? By the common law, how did the sentence of death for treason affect the traitor? What has congress declared concerning conviction for treason?

[Chapter XLIV.]

[§1.] What is the object of the provision concerning state records?

[§2.] In giving effect to this provision, what has congress enacted? In case of a judicial proceeding, what is required? What in case of an act of a state legislature?

[§3.] What is meant by the clause concerning the privileges of citizens in the several states? Without such provision, what might a state do?

[§4.] How is a fugitive from justice arrested and returned for trial?

[§5.] Who are meant by "persons held to service or labor, escaping into another state?" What provision of the common law induced the adoption of this clause?

[§6.] How are fugitives from slavery apprehended and returned? Is the law requiring the capture and return of fugitive slaves, in your opinion, morally binding?

[§7.] What induced the provision for admitting new states? What states have been formed from the north-western territory?

[§8.] What unsettled tract was south of the Ohio? Whose consent to the division of a state does the constitution require?

[§9.] In the right to acquire territory, what other right is implied? Had the old congress this power? What has congress done under the power here granted?

[§10.] How is a republican form of government secured to the states? How are they to be protected against invasion and domestic violence? What is meant by domestic violence?

[Chapter XLV.]

[§1.] How are constitutional amendments proposed? How ratified?

[§2.] What good is supposed to have resulted from so difficult a mode of amendment?

[§3.] For what reasons was the new government made to assume the debts of the old?

[§4.] Why is the constitution of the United States, and the laws and treaties made under it, made binding above all state authority?

[§5.] Why are public officers bound by oath to support the constitution, and to discharge their duties faithfully?

[§6.] What is a religious test? What was it in England? Why was it forbidden by the constitution?

[§7.] What does the last article declare? Why was not the ratification of all the states required? Why was the ratification of so many as nine required?

[§8.] When did this state ratify? When did North Carolina and Rhode Island come into the union?

[§9.] When were electors of president chosen? When was the president elected, and when inaugurated? When did proceedings under the constitution commence?

[Chapter XLVI.]

[§1.] How many articles of amendment are there? What is the nature of most of them? Why then were they added? When were the first ten proposed and ratified?

[§2.] What is forbidden by the first amendment?

[§3.] What right is guarantied by the second amendment? Why is this right necessary?

[§4.] What does the third amendment declare? What probably suggested it?

[§5.] What right is guarantied by the fourth article? What evil is it intended to prevent?

[§6.] What rights does the fifth article guaranty? Can you give any reason why a person fairly tried and acquitted should not be tried again? What does the sixth article require?

[§7.] What is secured by the seventh amendment? What is meant by suits at common law? What are courts of admiralty? How is the latter part of this article explained?

[§8.] What does the eighth article forbid? What evils was it designed to prevent?

[§9.] What is the ninth article? What evil was it designed to prevent?

[§10.] What does the tenth amendment declare? Explain it.

[§11.] When was the eleventh article proposed and ratified? What is it? What was it intended to prevent?

[§12.] What does the twelfth amendment effect? When was it proposed and ratified?

[Chapter XLVII.]

[§1.] How are the municipal or civil laws distinguished from the fundamental or political law?

[§2.] What are statute laws?

[§3.] What is the common law? Is it law in this country?

[§4.] What are the rights of person? Personal security? Personal liberty? How are they guarantied?

[§5.] How may a man protect himself when in danger of personal injury? What remedy for violence committed?

[§6.] How far may a man go in defending himself or his property? What is such killing called?

[§7.] How are we protected in our good names? What is slander?

[§8.] What is libel? Which is considered the greater injury? For which is a person liable in both a civil and criminal suit?

[§9.] What is the rule of the common law in the case of a criminal action for libel? What is the reason for this principle?

[§10.] What distinction do some make between cases of public and private prosecution for libel?

[§11.] Does the common law still prevail in this country? How has it been modified?

[§12.] How is personal liberty secured? What is the nature of the writ of habeas corpus?

[§13.] What is liberty of conscience? How is it secured?

[§14.] Is this right secured to the same extent in England?

[§15.] What is meant by the right of property? By what is it protected?

[Chapter XLVIII.]

[§1.] What is meant by the age of consent? At what periods of life is it fixed? At what in this state?

[§2.] What three requisites to a lawful marriage are next mentioned?

[§3.] May a person remarry who has a wife or husband living? What is the crime called? What cases are excepted?

[§4.] Are the marriages in these excepted cases binding? What is the common law on the subject?

[§5.] How, and by whom are marriages solemnized? What regulations exist in some states? Is a license or a notice required in this state?

[§6.] By common law, what right to the personal property does the husband acquire by marriage?

[§7.] Does he acquire an absolute right also to her real estate? How is his right limited?

[§8.] How has this common law rule been changed? Can you tell what the law is in this state?

[§9.] By common law, what liability does a husband incur by marriage? What is coverture? Is this now the law in all the states? Is it in this state?

[§10.] How far is a husband bound for the maintenance of his wife?

[§11.] May they be witnesses for each other?

[Chapter XLIX.]

[§1.] What are the obligations of parents? What is the age of majority? In law, who are infants, or minors?

[§2.] How far, or in what cases, is a father liable for the contracts of a child?

[§3.] Can a minor bind himself by contract? In what cases is he bound?

[§4.] How in cases of rent? How in cases of contracts which he avoids when he comes of age?

[§5.] Are minors answerable for crimes? How in cases of fraud?

[§6.] What right have they to bind themselves as apprentices and servants? By whose consent?

[§7.] Who may bind pauper children? What provision is made for their education?

[§8.] What are the rights of the master and apprentice respectively?

[§9.] When may apprenticeships be dissolved?

[§10.] How may a hired servant forfeit his wages? For what may he be dismissed? For what cause released from his service?

[§11.] What are the mutual liabilities of master and servant?

[Chapter L.]

[§1.] By whom, and in what ways, may real estate be taken, held, and conveyed? Have aliens this right?

[§2.] What is it to devise property? What is a or testamen? Define testator, and intestate.

[§3.] Who may bequeath property? What special rights to bequeath property are given in some states? What is a nuncupative will?

[§4.] How has the right of married women to bequeath property been extended?

[§5.] How is a will executed?

[§6.] In what different ways may a will be revoked?

[§7.] What is the effect of the subsequent birth of a child? What else have some states provided?

[§8.] What is a codicil? Its effect?

[§9.] How is a will proved? What are letters testamentary, and letters of administration?

[§10.] What is meant by the descent of property? Is the rule of descent uniform in the states? To whom, generally, does it descend first?

[§11.] If any children of the intestate are dead, how does it descend? Give an example.

[§12.] If all the children are dead, how do the grand-children share? Is this state an exception to the rule?

[§13.] Do real and personal estate generally come under the same rule?

[Chapter LI.]

[§1.] What is the benefit of a deed of real estate? What is expressed in a deed? How is it executed?

[§2.] What is necessary to secure possession to the purchaser? Where are conveyances recorded in this state?

[§3.] How long, in come states, are first purchasers secure before recording? What is the law in this state? What claim does a purchaser thus dispossessed still retain? Can you tell why conveyances are required to be recorded at all?

[§4.] How are deeds proved? Before whom are thoy acknowledged? How are they recorded?

[§5.] What is meant by fee-simple? What does the grantor in a warranty deed bind himself to do? In what does such deed differ from a quit-claim deed?

[§6.] What is a mortgage? How is the balance of the purchase money usually secured? How is the money raised?

[§7.] Why does a wife join with her husband in a conveyance? What is the interest thus retained by a widow called? In what else must a wife join? Does a wife acknowledge apart from her husband in this state?

[Chapter LII.]

[§1.] Define corporeal and incorporeal hereditaments. What are aquatic rights?

[§2.] What is a right of way? How is this right obtained? What is an easement?

[§3.] In what case does a right of way pass with the land? Give an example.

[§4.] In what cases does this right arise from necessity?

[§5.] When the use of a thing is granted, what is generally granted with it?

[§6.] How is a temporary right of way acquired? Does the obstruction of a private way give the same right?

[§7.] What is a right by prescription? How many years' peaceable use gives a person such right? What change in this term has been made in some states? What is it in this state?

[§8.] What right have the public to the soil of a highway? Who own the soil? What right and power concerning it do they retain?

[§9.] What are the rights of the owners of lands adjoining a stream? How is the use of the water restricted?

[§10.] How may the right to the use of the water be affected by prescription?

[§11.] What is the general and established doctrine on this subject? Must the use be enjoyed by one person during the whole period to give a prescriptive right?

[Chapter LIII.]

[§1.] What is an estate of inheritance? A fee? A fee-simple?

[§2.] What is the writing which conveys an interest in lands for a limited period called? What means to lease? Define lessor and lessee. What lenses must be sealed?

[§3.] How are these limited interests in land divided? What is an estate for life? How, otherwise than by lease, are life estates acquired?

[§4.] What is an estate for years?

[§5.] May a lessee for years underlet without the lessor's leave? For how long a time?

[§6.] Who is entitled to the growing crop if the lease expires before harvest? In what case the tenant?

[§7.] Does the destruction of rented premises release the tenant from payment of rent? In what case would he not be liable?

[§8.] Can a tenant charge his landlord for repairs? What may he do when the premises have become unsafe or useless?

[§9.] Where and when must payment of rent be made or tendered?

[§10.] What is an estate at will? Are such estates common? In what case are they held to be tenancies from year to year? What if a tenant for years hold over after his lease?

[§11.] What turns leases from uncertain terms into leases from year to year? Who is strictly a tenant at will? Can he be dispossessed without previous notice to quit?

[§12.] What is an estate at sufferance? What are the rights of a landlord and a tenant by sufferance, respectively?

[Chapter LIV.]

[§1.] Define contract. What is an executory contract? An express contract? An implied contract?

[§2.] What is a specialty? A simple or parol contract? Define parol. What effect has parol evidence upon written contracts?

[§3.] Who are deemed incapable of contracting? How are contracts made by such persons voided? How enforced? What is the general rule?

[§4.] What is the rule in regard to drunkards?

[§5.] What is mentioned as the second requisition to a valid contract? How must assent be given?

[§6.] What is next mentioned as necessary to a valid contract? What is a consideration?

[§7.] What is the effect of mutual promises? How must they be made? How when the parties are distant?

[§8.] Why are gratuitous promises void? In what case are subscriptions binding?

[§9.] Why can not payment be lawfully claimed for gratuitous services? In what cases is a person bound to pay for unasked labor?

[§10.] What else is mentioned as necessary to a valuable consideration? What kind of impossibility will not void a contract?

[§11.] What is said of illegal and immoral considerations?

[§12.] To what kind of contracts does the rule that a consideration is necessary apply? Why not to those under seal?

[§13.] What is declared by the English statute of frauds? What do some states further require?

[Chapter LV.]

[§1.] What is a sale? What general principles apply to contracts of sale?

[§2.] What if a man contracts to sell what has no existence? Give an example.

[§3.] Can he sell what may have a future existence? Give examples.

[§4.] What is said about price, as essential to a sale?

[§5.] What about the mutual consent of parties?

[§6.] What is to be done if the goods are not immediately delivered? Below what price is this unnecessary? What is the sum fixed in this state?

[§7.] What is said about delivery to complete a contract?

[§8.] When does the buyer acquire the right of property? When the right of possession?

[§9.] In case the goods are sold on credit, when has the buyer a right to them? In what case has he not?

[§10.] What is said about the warranty of title?

[§11.] In regard to quality, what?

[§12.] To what cases does not this rule apply? Is a seller bound to disclose hidden defects?

[§13.] What is the general rule?

[Chapter LVI.]

[§1.] For what purposes are fraudulent sales made?

[§2.] What is here stated to be a common law rule? Upon what question do the courts differ?

[§3.] What distinction has been made between conditional and unconditional bills of sale and assignments?

[§4.] In different states, what different rules prevail?

[§5.] How does the strict rule sometimes operate to the injury of honest debtors?

[§6.] How has this question been settled in some states? What are these instruments of conveyance called? Must they be recorded in this state?

[§7.] In what case, when there is a judgment against the seller, would a sale of personal property be fraudulent?

[§8.] How are assignments made for the benefit of creditors? May such assignor prefer any of his creditors?

[§9.] If he agrees to pay all a certain share, and then privately prefers some, what is the effect?

[§10.] In what cases are gifts valid against creditors?

[Chapter LVII.]

[§1.] Define bailment.

[§2.] For what is a bailee without reward responsible? What is a depositary?

[§3.] A mandatary? For what is he responsible?

[§4.] For what is a borrower liable? How is he restricted in the use of the article?

[§5.] In the case of property pledged as security for debt, what are the liabilities?

[§6.] What in case of a hired article?

[§7.] What if work or care is to be bestowed upon a thing delivered?

[§8.] The liability of innkeepers?

[§9.] Of persons carrying goods for hire in a particular case?

[§10.] What is a common carrier? To what extent is he liable?

[§11.] What are his rights and obligations as to receiving and carrying goods?

[§12.] What are the liabilities of proprietors of stage coaches as to passengers? What as to the carrying of goods and the baggage of passengers?

[Chapter LVIII.]

[§1.] Define agent, principal, factor. What is a factor sometimes called?

[§2.] How is a factor secured for money advanced on property?

[§3.] What is this right to hold property called? How is he restricted?

[§4.] How far is a principal bound by the acts of a general agent? What is a general agent?

[§5.] How far is an agent bound to his principal? In what case may he depart from his instructions?

[§6.] By what rule is he to be governed?

[§7.] What degree of diligence and skill must he exercise? What is ordinary diligence? Reasonable skill?

[§8.] In what cases is an agent responsible to the person with whom he deals? In what case is a principal liable for goods bought by an agent in his own name?

[§9.] What is a broker? His ordinary business? In what does he differ from a factor?

[§10.] What is a lien? For whose benefit is the right intended? How their right restricted?

[Chapter LIX.]

[§1.] Define partnership?

[§2.] In what cases does the act of one partner bind all, and in what does it not?

[§3.] What cases of association are here mentioned that are not partnerships?

[§4.] How are they to sue and be sued?

[§5.] What cannot a partner do without the consent of all? What may dissolve a partnership at any time? §

[§6.] Why should notice of dissolution be published when any partner withdraws? How else may he become liable?

[§7.] How are limited partnerships formed?

[§8.] For what amount are the special partners liable? Whose names are used For what are the general partners liable? If the partnership is to be dissolved by the act of the parties, what is to be done?

[Chapter LX.]

[§1.] What is a promissory note? Give a form.

[§2.] What is the effect of inserting "or bearer," or, "or order"? If payable to order, how is it made negotiable? Why is a note called negotiable? If not negotiable, how is it to be sued?

[§3.] What is a blank indorsement? A full indorsement? What is sometimes done in case of a blank indorsement?

[§4.] Show, by example, the benefit of making a note payable to order instead of to bearer.

[§5.] Why are the words "value received" inserted? Is a note without these words collectable?

[§6.] In what different ways may notes signed by two or more persons be written, to be joint, or joint or several?

[§7.] By Whom may a negotiable note be sued? In what case can a holder of a note recover upon it, though he received it of a person who had stolen it?

[§8.] To what rule is this an exception? Why is this exception?

[§9.] On the other hand, what is required to protect the owner? What should the owner do?

[§10.] What is the risk in buying a note after it has become due? How is it when no day of payment is expressed? What regulation exists in New Jersey and Pennsylvania?

[§11.] What is the law respecting notes payable in some commodity?

[§12.] When do notes payable on demand, or in which no time of payment is mentioned, become due and suable? Notes payable at sight, or after sight? If the words "with interest" are omitted, when does interest commence? If payable on demand, when?

[§13.] What are days of grace? How do they affect a note?

[§14.] To bind an indorser, when must payment be demanded?

[§15.] If payment is refused, how and when is the indorser to be notified?

[§16.] In case the maker's residence is unknown, how is payment to be demanded?

[§17.] State the effect of the different modes of guarantying notes.

[Chapter LXI.]

[§1.] What is a bill of exchange? Give a form.

[§2.] What are foreign bills of exchange? Inland?

[§3.] Give an example of its operation and effect?

[§4.] How is a bill accepted? How is the acceptor liable? How is payment demanded?

[§5.] When must bills payable at sight, or a certain day after sight, or after date, be presented for acceptance? When presented for payment?

[§6.] What is the nature of a bank check?

[§7.] What is the business of a notary public? Define protest.

[§8.] What is said of protesting inland bills of exchange?

[§9.] What is interest?

[§10.] Give the rates of interest in the different states. What is it in this state?

[§11.] What is usury? What is the forfeiture for taking usury in this state?

[Chapter LXII.]

[§1.] Are the penalties for crimes the same in all the states? Is the measure of punishment always the same for the same offense, in any state? Who fixes the measure of punishment?

[§2.] What crimes are punishable by death in this state?

[§3.] Why are crimes punishable by death called capital crimes? Define capital.

[§4.] Define treason.

[§5.] What is murder? Are there different degrees of murder in this state?

[§6.] Define manslaughter. How many degrees of manslaughter in this state?

[§7.] What is arson? Define arson in the first degree. How is this degree punishable in this state?

[§8.] What is homicide? When is it felonious? What is justifiable and excusable homicide?

[§9.] What is maiming? Kidnapping? What other crimes are here mentioned as felonies?

[§10.] What is burglary? Why is the crime deemed greater when committed in the night time?

[§11.] Define forgery and counterfeiting?

[§12.] Define robbery, and an attempt to rob.

[§13.] What is embezzlement? How is it punishable?

[§14.] What is larceny? What is grand, and what is petit larceny?

[§15.] What is perjury? What is subornation of perjury?

[§16.] Define bribery.

[§17.] What is dueling? Is dueling murder in this state?

[§18.] Is aiding a prisoner to escape a crime?

[§19.] What is bigamy? What is the difference between bigamy and polygamy?

[§20.] What is incest?

[§21.] In what case is opening a grave a crime? How is it punishable in this state?

[§22.] Who are accessories to crime?

[§23.] Define assault and battery.

[§24.] What is a riot? How may riots be suppressed?

[§25.] What grade of offense is it for an officer to rescue a prisoner or voluntarily to suffer him to escape?

[§26.] What is false imprisonment?

[§27.] What grade of offense are the four offenses last named? What other misdemeanors are mentioned in this section? Can you name any other?

[Chapter LXIII.]

[§1.] Of what consists the law of nations? What was its early character?

[§2.] By what means has it been improved?

[§3.] What particular further improvement is desirable?

[§4.] What is said of the independence of nations? How, then, is redress for injuries obtained?

[§5.] What right has a nation in respect to its government? To this rule, what exception do some make?

[§6.] In what cases may one nation assist another in changing its government?

[§7.] In what respect are nations mutually dependent?

[§8.] By what law ought all nations to be governed? What does this law require?

[§9.] By what names is this law when applied to nations or states called? Why is it so called?

[§10.] For what reasons do some writers divide it into the natural and positive laws of nations?

[§11.] Define the positive law of nations. How is it divided? Define the customary law of nations.

[§12.] What is a conventional law of nations? Define convention.

[§13.] What is the advantage of conventional law?

[§14.] By what consideration is the observance of treaties induced?

[§15.] What is a perfect obligation? An imperfect obligation? Why are the obligations of nations called imperfect?

[Chapter LXIV.]

[§1.] What rights have nations on the seas? By what laws are persons at sea governed?

[§2.] Over what waters flowing through its territory has a nation jurisdiction? To what distance on the sea?

[§3.] What right have other nations to a passage over its lands and waters? Why is this an imperfect right?

[§4.] What are the mutual rights and duties of a state and foreign immigrants?

[§5.] What is its duty in respect to foreign criminals?

[§6.] What is said of the responsibility of embassadors? For bad conduct, how are they punishable? Why are they not amenable to the laws of the foreign state?

[§7.] What rights have they in countries through which they pass? What is a passport?

[§8.] How are embassadors dealt with for disrespectful conduct at a foreign court?

[§9.] What do ministers do when they are ill-treated?

[§10.] If a government, for good cause, refuses to receive a minister, what is its duty?

[§11.] What power has a minister in making treaties?

[§12.] To what laws are consuls subject? What is their business?

[Chapter LXV.]

[§1.] Define offensive and defensive war. What are the contending parties called? Who are neutrals?

[§2.] What are the proper characteristics of a war?

[§3.] What are objects of a lawful war?

[§4.] When is a personal injury to the citizens of one state by those of another deemed just cause of war?

[§5.] What ought a government to do before resorting to war to redress injuries?

[§6.] How is satisfaction sometimes sought without making war? How are reprisals made? Define confiscate.

[§7.] To justify reprisals, what is necessary?

[§8.] How far is a nation bound by a treaty of alliance to assist another in war?

[§9.] In what cases is it not bound to render the aid?

[§10.] What if the alliance is defensive? Is the government that first applies force always the aggressor?

[Chapter LXVI.]

[§1.] How is war usually announced? By what authority?

[§2.] Is a declaration communicated to the enemy? What is deemed sufficient?

[§3.] When war is declared, who are involved in it?

[§4.] How does war in a state affect the persons and property of the enemy's subjects found within such state?

[§5.] How is trade between the two countries affected by the war?

[§6.] What is necessary to make offensive hostilities lawful? In what case would such permission be beneficial?

[§7.] How far does a just war give the right to take the life of the enemy?

[§8.] How are prisoners of war to be treated? What is said about the exchange and ransom of prisoners?

[§9.] What kinds of property may not, and what may, be destroyed?

[§10.] What is said of stratagems?

[§11.] Of spies?

[§12.] In what kind of war is the destruction of private property lawful? On what ground?

[§13.] What are privateers? What are their owners authorized to do? How is privateering encouraged?

[§14.] How is the abuse of this right prevented?

[§15.] State the proceedings of the captors and the court, in cases of capture?

[§16.] Who has the primary right to all prizes? How do the citizens get any interest in them?

[Chapter LXVII.]

[§1.] To what is a neutral nation bound? What kind of aid to an enemy is unlawful?

[§2.] How is the trade of a neutral affected by war? With what may she still supply a belligerent?

[§3.] What is said of the right of a neutral to carry the goods in such cases?

[§4.] What are prohibited articles called? What goods are contraband?

[§5.] What is done with contraband goods? In what cases is the vessel also confiscated?

[§6.] What is a blockade? Its object? How does it affect neutrals?

[§7.] What is necessary to a lawful blockade? In case a place is blockaded by sea only, how may trade be carried on with it?

[§8.] What is the right of search? What vessels are subject to search?

[§9.] In what case is the property of an enemy in a neutral vessel liable to seizure? What is done with the property of neutrals found in an enemy's vessel?

[§10.] What may not a neutral permit in her ports? What may not her citizens do?

[§11.] For what purposes are hostilities sometimes suspended? When is the suspension called a suspension of arms? In what cases a truce? What is the difference between a partial and a general truce?

[§12.] How are the contracting parties and their citizens affected by a truce?

[§13.] How is peace generally secured?

[§14.] When do treaties of peace take effect between the parties?

[§15.] How is the service of mediation performed?