SECOND DAY’S BATTLE.
Sunday, the twentieth of September, proved an eventful day to the Army of the Cumberland. The sun rose bright and clear, but an impenetrable mist hung over the field between the two hostile armies. General Rosecrans was anxious and alarmed, from the fact that, at the close of the preceding day, there were only two of his brigades which had not been brought opportunely and squarely into the action. This convinced him that he was greatly outnumbered, and he must now fight, not only for the position of Chattanooga, but for the very existence of his army. The corps commanders met at headquarters, at Widow Glen’s house, and, after participating in long and grave consultation, received orders for the disposition of the troops for the following day. General Thomas, with his reinforcements, was to maintain the line he had assumed, with Brennan in reserve; General McCook, when his pickets were driven in, was to close on Thomas, and enclose the position at Widow Glen’s house. Crittenden with two divisions in reserve, near the junction of Thomas’s and McCook’s lines, was to place himself in position to succor either. But McCook stationed his troops too far on the crest, and the reserve under General Davis was removed to a wooded hill side, west of the Dry Valley road, instead of being placed in close column in a sheltered position more to the left. General Crittenden was in the valley close by, too far to the right, and the indispensable necessity of keeping near to the left where the enemy’s first assault might be expected, was not sufficiently regarded. General Negley withdrew his reserve brigade from the line and joined General Thomas, but General Crittenden failed to relieve him. Wood’s troops were, however, finally moved into the position vacated by Negley’s reserves; but the delay proved of serious consequence, for the battle had already begun, at half past eight A. M., on the extreme left, as was expected. General Thomas sent for Negley’s remaining brigades, and as he continued to be hard pressed. Van Cleve was sent to his assistance. General Reynolds’s right was now found to be exposed, by an opening in the line, to the enemy. General Wood was ordered to close up on Reynolds, and General Davis on General Wood, and General McCook to concentrate his whole command to the left. General Wood, however, withdrew from the line and passed to the west of General Brannan, who was in echelon, thus opening in the line of battle
“A gap for ruin’s wasteful entrance,”
into which the enemy poured like an avalanche. The keen eyes of the rebel Generals Longstreet and Buckner had seen it. They opened on Wood, Davis, and Brannan with a terrific fire of grape, canister and shrapnel, shivering the woods behind which the timid attempted to take shelter; and Stewart’s division fell furiously upon the left flank of Davis, and sent it to the right in utter disorder. The first rebel torrent, on the other side, struck Van Cleve, and what remained of Palmer’s command, and shivered them as if by a thunderbolt. Rosecrans, sword in hand, expostulating, shouting, and exposing himself and staff to the pelting storm of the missiles of death, strove in vain to check the rout. After this fatal break the line of battle was not again reformed that day. The army was cut in two. Rosecrans attempted to rejoin Thomas, by passing to the rear of the broken portion of his line, but could not make his way through the broken throngs pressing to the left; and the enemy advancing, compelled him to retire to Chattanooga. Davis’s two brigades, one of Van Cleve’s, and Sheridan’s entire division were driven from the field, and the remainder, consisting of the divisions of Baird, Johnson, Reynolds, Palmer, Brannan and Wood, two of Negley’s and one of Van Cleve’s, were left to sustain the conflict against the whole power of the rebel army. Davis’s and Sheridan’s divisions were forced off toward the right, in their retreat, and were fearfully cut up. Men, animals, and vehicles became a mass of struggling, cursing, shouting, frightened life. Everything and everybody appeared to dash headlong through the narrow gaps, and men, horses, mules, ambulances, luggage wagons, ammunition wagons, artillery carriages, and caissons were rolled and tumbled together in a confused, inextricable, and finally motionless mass, completely blocking up the mouth of the gaps. Nearly all this booty subsequently fell into the hands of the enemy. The exultant rebels boasted of the capture of forty-nine pieces of cannon, prisoners amounting to over eight thousand, thirty thousand stand of arms, and forty stands of regimental colors. The boast was an exaggeration, but no doubt General Bragg and his army were elated beyond measure, and their delight and exultation would doubtless have been justified by the event, had not their victorious army encountered a lion, or rather a rock of adamant, in the corps of the invincible General Thomas.
During the night, General Thomas’s troops had thrown up temporary breastworks of logs; and he had with the prescience which distinguishes genius in whatever art or science it engages, made every disposition for the impending struggle. General Negley, sent for and promised, did not come in time, for the enemy held him in check; but General Beatty’s brigade arrived and assisted in stemming the furious assault which the enemy were making on Baird’s left. But Beatty was not strong enough for the work, and was obliged to recede before an overwhelming force. Johnson’s reserve was sent to strengthen him, and with a helping hand from Vandeveer’s brigade of Brannan’s division, a portion of Stanley’s and Wood’s forces, drove the foe from Baird’s rear, where he had thrust himself, entirely away from his left. Thomas now directed the massing of artillery on Missionary Ridge, so as to sweep the ground to the left and rear of Baird’s position. Similar assaults to that above described were simultaneously made upon Johnson, Palmer and Reynolds, and renewed again and again with fresh troops, but were met with Roman coolness and deliberation.
The rude breastworks of logs and rails, constructed the night before, saved the lives of thousands of Thomas’s troops. The men placed themselves behind these, their artillery in the rear firing over their heads. Their long line of defences appeared like an immense pyrotechnic serpent, instinct with hideous and withering life, which it belched continually, in volumes of smoke and flame, from its ghastly length. Again and again the rebel lines emerged from the cover of the woods, into the open corn-fields, charged with impetuous fury and terrific yells toward this formidable obstacle, but each of the fiery blasts from the Union batteries and battalions met them, and their ranks were swept away as if washed by a rushing flood. But as fast as the line fell off, another appeared, rushing sternly on over the dead and bleeding bodies of their fallen comrades.
Thomas fought with his forces of Saturday, weakened by Saturday’s heavy losses. It was an unequal contest. He now learned that the Union right had been turned, and thus the enemy was in his rear, in force. He notified General Reynolds of the fact. General Wood had barely time to dispose his troops, on the left of Brennan, before they were both exposed to a succession of such assaults as are above described. General Gordon Granger, at the head of Steedman’s division of his corps, appeared now on Thomas’s right, and was ordered to push forward and take position on Brennan’s right. Steedman moved his troops into position with almost as much precision as if on drill, and, fighting his way to the crest of the hill on Brennan’s right, moved forward his artillery, driving the enemy down the southern slope, and inflicting on him a most terrible loss in killed and wounded. The opportune arrival of fresh troops revived the flagging spirits of the Federals, and every assault from that time till nightfall was repulsed in the most gallant style by the whole line. Their ammunition, however, ran very low, for the ammunition trains had been by some mistake removed to the rear; and, had it not been for the small supply furnished by General Steedman’s command, Thomas’s men would have had no resource but the bayonet.
General Thomas now received General Rosecrans’ despatch from Chattanooga, directing him to take command of all the forces, and assume a threatening attitude at Rossville. Accordingly, at half past five P. M. the retirement of the Union troops commenced, under the direction of General Thomas. Turchin, of General Reynolds’ division, executed a manœuvre, with the view of covering the retreat, by which two hundred prisoners were captured. A brigade commanded by Colonel Robinson of Reynolds’ division, assisted by Turchin and General Willich, were posted on the road leading through the ridge, to hold the ground while the troops passed by to Rossville. The rebel leaders Stoull, Gibson, Helm, Wood, and Polk had all day been hurling their commands against General Thomas’s lines, and now prepared to make a final effort. The signal was given and forward they pressed, with their wonted wild yell. Johnson’s and Baird’s division, which were preparing to retire, saluted them with several volleys as they advanced, but nothing could stay the tide and the exhausted veterans began to waver in the face of the charging, shouting, thundering host which confronted them; the next moment, wave after wave of the rebel sea came surging upon the breastworks, dashing madly against and over the barrier, and greedily swallowing up many of its defenders, with their ammunition and material. Never was resistance more stubborn and determined, and never was attack prosecuted with more devilish pertinacity.
“But all too late the advantage came
To turn the odds of deadly game;”
for night had come on; the enemy’s forces were moving undisturbed toward Rossville; and the Army of the Cumberland, after having had the narrowest possible escape from annihilation, was saved by the masterly generalship and intrepidity of General Thomas.
Major-General George H. Thomas was born in Virginia, July 31, 1816. He graduated at West Point in 1840, and served with distinction in the war with Mexico. He was subsequently stationed in Texas and in the Indian territories. When the rebellion broke out, he was a Major in the regular cavalry. A sincere patriot, he remained true to the flag which he had so long and so honorably served, and he soon rose to the rank of Colonel. In August, 1861, he was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers in the Department of the Cumberland. After much active service, and after thoroughly beating the rebels at Mill Spring, he, with his division, joined General Buell, at Nashville. In April, 1862, he was constituted Major-General of Volunteers. When General Rosecrans assumed command of the Army of the Cumberland, he was assigned to the command of the centre.
MAJOR-GENERAL GEORGE H. THOMAS.
In personal appearance General Thomas is dignified and manly; in habit temperate, and distinguished alike for wisdom in council and courage in battle, “George H. Thomas,” said General Rosecrans, “is a man of extraordinary character. Years ago, at the Military Academy, I conceived that there were points of strong resemblance between his character and that of Washington; and I was in the habit of calling him General Washington.” General Thomas is singularly modest and unobtrusive in his demeanor. He was a brigadier-general for some months before he put on the uniform of that office. He did not assume the double star till after the battle of Stone river, though made a major-general more than six months before.