Lectures on Land Warfare; A tactical Manual for the Use of Infantry Officers / An Examination of the Principles Which Underlie the Art of Warfare, with Illustrations of the Principles by Examples Taken from Military History, from the Battle of Thermopylae, B.C. 480, to the Battle of the Sambre, November 1-11, 1918

by Anonymous

SMOKE

Smoke can be discharged from Artillery shells, Artillery or infantry mortar bombs, Infantry rifle grenades, smoke candles, Aircraft bombs, Engineers' stationary generators, or the exhaust pipe of Tanks. It is used to conceal movement for the purposes of surprise or for reducing casualties, and can be so employed as to impose night conditions on the enemy while one's own troops retain the natural visibility; but while the weight and direction of an intended blow may thus be hidden from the enemy a warning is given of the time of its delivery. It is possible, however, to mystify, as well as to surprise, the enemy by the use of smoke, and its strategical and tactical value will ensure its adoption in Modern Warfare. In the closing battles of the Great War "the use of smoke shells for covering the advance of our infantry and masking the enemy's positions was introduced and employed with increasing frequency and effect" (Sir D. Haig's Dispatches).

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OPERATION ORDERS

Combatant officers of every rank are required to issue orders of some kind or other, and orders for operations should always be committed to paper when circumstances permit. The object of an operation order is to bring about a course of action in accordance with the intentions of the commander, and with full co-operation between all units.

Operation orders of a complicated nature are unlikely to be required from the pen of infantry officers in the junior ranks, and the rules for drafting orders are stated in detail in the official text-books, for the use of officers of the ranks that will be required to issue them.

The general principles underlying orders of all kinds are that they should be "fool proof," and it has been remarked that the writer of orders should always remember that at least one silly ass will try to misunderstand them. They must, therefore, be void of all ambiguity, and while containing every essential piece of information, and omitting everything that is clearly known already to the recipients, they should be confined to facts, and conjecture should be avoided.

"An operation order must contain just what the recipient requires to know and nothing more. It should tell him nothing which he can and should arrange for himself, and, especially in the case of large forces, will only enter into details when details are absolutely necessary. Any attempt to prescribe to a subordinate at a distance anything which he, with a fuller knowledge of local conditions, should be better able to decide on the spot, is likely to cramp his initiative in dealing with unforeseen developments, and will be avoided. In {179} particular, such expressions as 'Will await further orders' should be avoided" ("Field Service Regulations," vol. ii. (1921)).

Apart from the standing rules as to the printing of names of places in block type, including a reference to the map used, dating and signing the orders, numbering the copies, and stating the time and method of issue, etc., the general tenour of all operation orders will always be: The enemy are. . . . My intention is. . . . You will. . . . In other words, all that is known about the enemy, and of our own troops, that is essential for the purposes of the order, should be revealed; then the general intention of the commander who issues the orders; then the part in the operations that is to be played by the recipient. But the method of attaining the object will be left to the utmost extent possible to the recipient, with due regard to his personal characteristics. "It is essential that subordinates should not only be able to work intelligently and resolutely in accordance with brief orders or instructions, but should also be able to take upon themselves, whenever necessary, the responsibility of departing from, or of varying, the orders they may have received" ("Field Service Regulations," vol. ii. (1921)).

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INDEX

Active defence, the, 86-91 Adowa, battle of, (note) 22 Advanced guard, the, 102-113 distance, 103 information, 107-108 in advances, 103 in retreats, 104-105, 124 main guard, 105-106 Nachod, 77 night, 145 problems, 110-113 strategical, 103 strength of, 102-103 tactical, 103 tactics of, 103-104, 105-113 training, 105 vanguard, 105-106 Advances, night, 147-148 Advancing under fire, 39-44 Aërial observation, (note) 22, 98-99 photographs, 99 Aircraft, characteristics of, 169, 171, 175-176 advanced guard, 107 communication by, 37, 107, 115 flank guard, 115 gas, 176 outposts, 129-130, 137 position warfare, 81-82 protection by, 81, 98-99 protection from, 100 pursuit by, 67, 69 rear guard, 20, 120 reconnaissance by, 8, 26, 30, 36, 98-99, 100, 141 smoke, 177 Alexander the Great, 32 Allenby, General Viscount, G.C.B., 87, 96 America and the Great War, 17 American attack at Fossoy, 49 American Civil War, 3, 82 (See also Battles by name.) Amiens, battle of, 21, 52, 66 Antietam, battle of, 14, 15, 48 Appomattox, battle of, 15, 64 "Appreciation of the Situation," 72 Arabi Pasha, 151 Arbela, battle of, 32 Archangel Province, 66-67 Archduke Charles, 128 Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 42-43 Armandvillers-Folie, 63 Armies, the new, 19-22 Arminius, victory of, 156-157 Armistice Day, 1918, 65 Army, Contemptible Little, 18-19 of North Virginia, 25, 65-66 of the Cumberland, 15 of the Potomac, 3, 14-15, 25 Arras, battle of, 170 Art of warfare, 1-5 Artillery, characteristics of, 168-173 barrage, 71 development of, 21-22 effective range, 132 escorts, 63-64 gas shells, 176 growth of, 169-170 heavy, 172, 173 in attack, 62-64, in defence, 83, 89 in retreat, 120, 123 light, 170-171 medium, 171 mobility of, 63-64 outpost, 131, 134 pack, 170 positions, 94 ranges, 173 smoke shells, 177 super-heavy, 172, 173 Ashby, Gen. Turner, C.S.A., 117 Assaults by night, 148-154 Assembly, position of, 58-59, 147 Attack, the, 51-75 aircraft in, 67 artillery in, 62-64 battalion in, 73-75 cavalry, 64-67 close country, 155-156 company in, 72-73 co-operation, 25-26, 35-37, 39 decisive, 56-57, 60-62 disposition of troops, 55 engineers, 67 fire, 62 flank, 61 formation for, 70-75 forward body, 55-56 frontal, 60-61 general reserve, 56-57 holding, 12, 30, 48, 59, 62, 76, 95, 117 local reserve, 55-56 medical arrangements, 67 methods of, 53 opening fire, 37-38 platoon in, 70-72 reconnaissance for, 141-142 smoke, 177 strength of, 54-55 supply, 67-68 supports, 55-56 two plans of, 54 villages, 162 woods, 159-161 Attacking force, the, 59-60 Austerlitz, battle of, 9-10, 47, 76 Australians at Morlancourt, 149 Avenues, communicating, 143

Baccarat, battle of, 28
Bagdadieh, battle of, 64-65
Balaclava Charge, 96
Balloons, observation by, 22, 175-176
Banks, Gen., U.S.A., 59
Bapaume, battle of, 21
Barrage, the, 71
Base, the, 90, 118
Battalion in attack, 73-75
Battle, the, 24-50
characteristics of, 24-26
decisive blow, 31-32
development of the, 29-31
influences on the, 33-44
information, 26-28
initiative, 26-28
outposts, 138-140
phases of the, 26-29
position, the, 84-85
reports, 68
the defensive, 45-46
the defensive-offensive, 47-49
the encounter, 58
the offensive, 46-47
types of, 45-50
Bavaria, Elector of, 46
Bayonet, the, 164-165
in night operations, 154
Bazaine, Maréchal, 158
Bazeilles, defence of, 159
Benedek, Marshal, 96
Bernadotte, Marshal, 10
Blenheim, battle of, 46-47
Blücher, Marshal, 8, 41, 48, 78
Bluff, the (Ypres), 39
Boer War, (note) 21
Bois de Vaux, 158
Bombs, light mortar, 166-167
(See also Grenades.)
Border Regiment, 75
Bourlon Village, 42
Bristow Station, 128
British efforts, 1914-1918, 16-17
moral, 16-22
Broenbeek, 139
Bromhead, Lieut., 77
Bülow, General von, 78
Bunker Hill, battle of, 38
Burnside, Gen., U.S.A., 14, 46, 108, 139-140
Byng of Vimy, Gen. Lord, G.C.B., 7, 52

Cambrai, first battle of, 7, 30-31, 52, 66, 75, 160
second battle of, 21, 170
Camouflage, 100
Canadian cavalry, 66
engineers, 174
infantry at Vimy, 149
Canadians at Ypres, 42
Cannae, battle of, 14
Carey, Maj.-Gen. G. G. S., C.B., 174
Carey's force, 174
Cattigny Wood, 66
Cavalry, characteristics of, 167-168
cossack posts, 137
in attack, 64-67
in defence, 95-96
in pursuit, 64-65, 69
in retreat, 95-96, 120, 123-124
Mesopotamian campaign, 64-65
outposts, 137
protection by, 98-99, 110
raids by, 117-118
reconnaissance by, 8, 26, 32, 65-66, 106, 112-113
vedettes, 137
Cetewayo, 77-78
Chambord, Chateau de, 138
Chancellorsville, battle of, 12, 30, 48, 76, 95, 117
Changes in warfare, 21-23
Characteristics of the various arms, 164-177
Chard, Lieut., 77
Charleroi, battle of, 88
Chattanooga, battle of, 61-62
Chemin des Dames, 16
Civilised warfare, 157-158
Clery, Lieut.-Gen. Sir C. F.
(quoted): advanced guard tactics, 109-110
Close country, fighting in, 155-163
Coldstream Guards, 75
Colenso, battle of, 63
Colombey, battle of, 109
Combe, Capt. E. P., M.C., 78
Commander, battalion, 74-75
company, 72-73
outpost company, 134-137
piquet, 135-136
platoon, 71-72, 135-136
Commander's influence, 33-35
orders, 178-179
plans, 57-58
position, 68
"Common Sense" fallacy, 1, 3
Communication, 31, 35, 107-108
Communications, lateral, 89
lines of, 116-118
Company in attack, 72-73
outpost, 134-137
Condé-Mons-Binche line, 87
Connection by night, 146
"Contemptible Little Army," the, 18-19, 165
Convoys, 116-118
Co-operation, 35-37, 164
Coruña, 127-128
Cossack posts, 137
Counter attack, 123
decisive, 79, 84, 92-94
local, 56, 75, 79, 161, 163
Cover, 88-89, 155
Covering fire, 43-44
Cronje, Gen. (Paardeberg), 16
Cross Keys, battle of, 117
Crown Prince of Prussia (1870), 109
(1914), 28
Crozat Canal, 77
Cugny, 96
Cumberland, army of the, 15
Cyclists, characteristics of, 168

Davis, Jefferson, 3
Day outposts, 137-138
Daylight and night attacks, 148
Decisive attack, the, 31-32, 60-62
counter attack, 79, 84, 92-94
Defence in close country, 155-156
of villages, 163
of woods, 161
Defensive action, 76-97, 163
battle, 45-46
flank, 86
system, 83
Defensive-offensive battle, 47-49
Defiles, 124
Definitions, 6-8
Delaborde, Général, 95, 127
Delaying action, 118, 121-128, 158-159
Deployment, position of, 147-148
Depth of a position, 89
Detached posts, 134, 135
De Wet, 118, 138
Diamond formation, 70
Direction by night, 145
Discipline, value of, 11-12
Dresden, battle of, 47, 89

Early, General., C.S. Army, 7
East Surrey Regiment, 42
Embussing point, 69
Encounter battle, 58, 64
Engineers, Royal, characteristics, 172
gas, 176
smoke, 177
Entrenching tool, 165
Entrenchments, 82-83, 100, 135
Epehy, battle of, 21
Ettlingen, battle of, 128
Eugène of Savoy, 46
Evelington Heights, 112-113

Fabius Maximus, 14, 102
Fallacies exposed, 1-5
Fanny's Farm, 160
Field artillery, characteristics of, 170-171
of battle, 6-7
of fire, 88
Fighting in close country, 155-163
Fire attack, 59-60
and movement, 44
covering, 43-44
opening, 31, 37-38, 146, 154
overhead, 44
tactics, 37-39
Flame projectors, 176
Flanders, battle of, 21
Flank attacks, 61, 114-118
guard tactics, 115
guards, 114-118, 145
scouts, 71
Flanks in defence, 86
security of, 88
Fletcher, Col. Sir R., Bart., 82
Foch, Maréchal, 47, 48-50, 53
(quoted):—
advanced guard tactics, 106, 113
art of war, 1
British victories in 1918, 20-21
defence in modern warfare, 80
definitions, 6
fully equipped mind, 2-3
human factor in war, 10-11
moral, 9
Nachod, 18
outflanking a rear guard, 121
principles of war, 1-2
protection by attack, 98
soul of the defence, 76
subordinate commanders, 34
surprise, 30-31, 98
well conducted battle, 24
Fog of battle, 34
Fontenoy-Belleau attack, 49
Formations for the attack, 70-75
Forrest, General, C. S. Army, 18, 59
Fort Garry Horse, 66
Forward body, the, 55-56
Fossoy, American attack at, 49
France, spirit of, 16
Franco-Prussian War, 84, 158-159
(See also Battles by name.)
Frederick the Great, 11, 46, 144
Fredericksburg, battle of, 14, 22, 38, 46, 92, 108, 139
French of Ypres, Field-Marshal Earl, K.P., 15-16, 87-88, 90, 126, 165
(quoted):—
"Contemptible Little Army," 19
defence in modern warfare, 80
necessity for study, 2
Frontage of outpost company, 135
Frontal attack, 60-61

Gaines's Mill, battle of, 14, 65
Gallieni, Général, 28, 37
Gas, 42, 81, 100, 176-177
Gatacre, Maj.-Gen. Sir W. F., K.C.B., 152
Gaugamela, (note) 32
General reserve, in attack, 33-34
in defence, 91-92, 94-95
George, Rt. Hon. D. Lloyd-, O.M.
(quoted): British efforts, 1914-1918, 16-17
Gette River, 91
Gettysburg, battle of, 15, 45, 61, 65-66, 95-96, 117, 128
Gheluvelt, 42, 88
Gifert Wood, 158
Givenchy, 43
Grant, Maj.-Gen. P. G., C.B., 174
Grant, General U. S., U.S.A., 3, 7, 15, 46, 60-62, 90, 117, 149-150
Gravelotte, battle of, 158
"Green Curve," the, 9, 34
Grenades, hand and rifle, 166
Grenfell, Gen. Sir F. W., K.C.B., 156
Grouchy, Maréchal, 7-8, 90-91
Ground, eye for, 125-126
scouts, 71
Guards' division, 43, 75, 160
Gueudecourt, 37

Haerincourt and Epehy, battle of, 21
Haig of Bemersyde, Field-Marshal Earl, K.T., 53
(quoted):—
artillery, 169-170
canal bridges, 77
Carey's force, 174
cavalry in defence, 96
cavalry in the war, 66-67
fuse No. 106, 170
gas, 176-177
hang on! 43
health and moral, 13
infantry the backbone, 22
New Armies, 19-22
"Other Man's Job," 164
principles of war, 2
rearward services, 13
reserves in 1918, 95
rifle and bayonet, 70
smoke, 177
surprise, 7
tanks, 175
Haking, Lieut.-Gen. Sir R. C. B., G.B.E. (quoted):—
advanced guards, 104
rear guards, 123
Hal and Tubize, 78
Hamley, Gen. Sir E. B., K.C.B. (quoted):—
communications, 31
co-operation, 35-36
courage, 14
definitions, 6
"Higher Ranks" fallacy, 4
mobility, 11
study required, 2
Hancock, Gen., U.S.A., 93
Hand grenades, 166
Hannibal, 47
Harold II., king, 11-12
Harrison's Landing, 65
Hastings, battle of, 11-12
Health and moral, 13
Heavy artillery, 172, 173
Heights of Abraham, 38
Henderson, Col. G. F. R., C.B. (quoted):—
Abraham Lincoln, 14
atmosphere of battle, 29-30
British and American troops, 17-18
cavalry, 64
"Common Sense" fallacy, 3
co-operation, 35-37
discipline, 11
eye for ground, 125-126
flank attacks, 114
Grant's bases, 90
soldiers' battles, 9
sound system of command, 33
Spottsylvania, 93-94
study necessary, 4-5
value of text-books, 23
Hennechy, 66
"Higher Ranks" fallacy, 4
Hill, Gen. D. H., C.S. Army, 25-26
Hindenburg, Marshal von, 52
Hindenburg Line, battle of the, 21, 30
Hohenlinden, battle of, 128
Hood, Gen. J. B., C.S. Army, 45
Hooker, Gen., U.S.A., 3, 48, 76, 117
Horatius Cocles, 77
Horse artillery, characteristics of, 168, 170
Hotchkiss rifles, 168
Howitzers, 170, 171, 172, 173
Human nature in war, 13-16
Hunter, Gen., U.S.A., 7

Infantry, characteristics of, 164-167
Information in battle, 26-28, 35, 107-108
Initiative, the, 26-28, 178-179
Intelligence officers, 141-142
Isandhlwana, 77-78, 156
Italo-Turkish campaign, (note) 22

Jackson, Gen. T. J., C.S. Army, ("Stonewall" Jackson), 4, 10,
12, 69, 76, 117
Joffre, Maréchal, 28, 108
Jourdan, Maréchal, 128

Kimberley, relief of, 6
Kite balloons, 175-176
Königgratz, battle of, 96
Koorn Spruit, 118, 124

Ladysmith, relief of, 6
La Fère, 52
Lancashire territorials, 43
Le Cateau, first battle of, 96, 126
second battle of, 21, 66
Lee, General R. E., C.S. Army, 10, 45, 46, 48, 61, 65, 76,
93-94, 97, 108, 113, 117, 125-126, 128, 139-140, 149-150
Leonidas, 77
Le Quesnoy, 78
Les Boeufs, 126-127
Leuthen, battle of, 46
Lewis guns, characteristics of, 166
Liberty of manoeuvre, 26-28, 39, 43-44, 71, 126-127, 132, 139
Light Mortars, 166-167, 173
Ligny, battle of, 8, 47, 90-91
Lincoln, Abraham, 3, 10, 14
Lines of communications, 116-118
of observation, 130, 133
of resistance, 84, 134
Local reserves, attack, 55-56
defence, 92, 95
outposts, 130, 134
rear guards, 125
Logan, Gen. J. A., U.S.A., 15
London Regiment, 75
Longstreet, Gen. J., C.S. Army, 45
Losses reduced by movement, 39-40
Ludendorff, 52
Lys, attack on the, 43, 56

McClellan, Gen. J. B., U.S.A., 14-15, 25-26, 48, 65, 90, 112
Machine guns, characteristics of, 167
in attack, 43-44, 56
in close country, 159-160
in defence, 55-56, 83
in outposts, 131, 134
in retreats, 126-127
range of, 132
McNeill, Maj.-Gen. Sir J., K.C.B., 156
Madritov, Colonel, 117-118
Magersfontein, battle of, 152
Mahdist Arabs, 156
Main guard (advanced guard), 105
(rear guard), 120-121
Maistre, General (quoted):—
British valour, 20
Malplaquet, battle of, 46
Malvern Hill, battle of, 15, 25-26, 65, 112-113, 117
Manassas, battles of, 12
Manoeuvre, liberty of, 25-28
Manoury, Général, 37
Map reading, 124, 135, 136
Marches, night, 144-147
Marching power of troops, 11-12
Marengo, battle of, 47, 76
Marlborough, Duke of, 46-47, 91
Marmont, Maréchal, 27, 78
Marne, first battle of the, 27-29, 36-37, 52, 53, 108
second battle of the, 49-50
Marshall, Gen. Sir W. R., K.C.B., 64-65
Marye's Hill, 38
Masséna, Maréchal, 82
Maude, Gen. Sir S., K.C.B., 64
McDowell, battle of, 12
Meade, Gen., U.S.A., 15, 45, 46, 61, 92, 128
Meagher's Irish brigade, 38
Mechanical transport, 21-22, 69, 164
Medical arrangements (attack), 67
Mesopotamia, 32, 64-65
Message cards, 68
Messines, battle of, 149, 160
Methods of attack, 53
Methuen, Field-Marshal Lord, G.C.B., 152
Mobility, value of, 11-12, 168
Monchy-le-Preux, 75
Monocacy, battle of, 7
Mons, retreat from, 19, 38, 87-88, 90, 96, 126-128, 165
Moore, Gen. Sir J., K.C.B., 127-128
Moral, 8-22
Moreau, Brig.-Gen., 41
Général J. V., 128
Morlancourt, 149
Mortars, 85, 159, 166-167, 173
Mounted troops, characteristics of, 167-168
Movement and fire, 39-44
in close country, 155
Murat, Maréchal, 10
Musketry, 37-39, 126-128

Nachod, battle of, 77, 110
Napier, Sir W. F. P. (quoted):—
rear guards, 127-128
Torres Vedras, 82-83
Napoleon, Emperor, 5, 8, 9-10, 46, 47, 89, 91, 109, 125, 127
(quoted):—
Caesar and Turenne, 9
C'est les Prussiens, 8
moral force, 8-9
read and re-read, 3
to cover Turin, 87
Nashville, battle of, 15
National moral, 10-11
New Armies, the, 19-22
Newfoundland Regiment, the Royal, 75, 139
Niederwald, 158-159
Night advances, 147-148
assaults, 148-154
entrenching, 165
marches, 144-147
operations, 144-154
outposts, 137-138
Nile valley, 151
Noisseville, 159
Norman conquest, 11-12

Observation, line of, 84, 130
posts, 99
Obstacles, 80
Offensive battle, the, 46-47
spirit, 79
Operation orders, 178-179
Orders, 178-179
Orthez, battle of, 47
Osman Pasha, 60
Outpost zone, the, 84, 134
Outposts, 129-140
aircraft, 137
artillery, 131
battle outposts, 138-140
cavalry, 130, 137
commander, 132-134
company, 134-137
day, 137-138
distance, 131
frontage, 135
information, 133-134
line of observation, 84, 130
line of resistance, 84, 134
machine guns, 131, 132
night, 137-138
observation by, 84, 130
orders, 133-134
outpost company, 134-137
outpost zone, 134
patrols, 130, 137-138
piquets, 131
position warfare, 134, 138
reconnaissance by, 130
reserves, 131
resistance by, 84, 131
sentry groups, 136-137
strength, 130
withdrawal of, 146

Paardeberg, battle of, 16, 64
Pack artillery, characteristics of, 170, 173
Passive defence, 79
Patrols, fighting, 161
from outposts, 130, 137-138
raiding, 99
Peiwar Kotal, battle of, 151
Penetration by attack, 51-52
Pétain, Maréchal, 53
Pfaffen Wood, 158
Phalanx, the, 32
Photographs, aërial, 99
Piave line, the, 7
Pill-box forts, 85-86
Pioneer infantry, 153
Piquets, 131
Platoon in attack, 70-72
in defence, 131
Pleasant Hill, 59
Plevna, battle of, 60
Plumer, Field-Marshal Lord, G.C.B., 149
Polygon Wood, 42-43
Position, choice of a, 83-84
defensive, 86-91
warfare, 79-82, 99-100, 134, 138, 141-142, 165, 166
Potomac, Army of the, 14-15, 25-26, 45, 46
Principles of warfare, 1-5
Protection and reconnaissance, 98-101
by night, 145
Pulteney, Gen. Sir W. P., K.C.B., 88
Pursuit, 64, 69

Quatre Bras, battle of, 48
Quebec, 38
Queen's Regiment, 42

Raids, 82, 141, 142 Rallying place, 97 Ramadie, battle of, 64 Ramdam, 118 Ramillies, battle of, 46, 91 Range cards, 135 Ranges of artillery, 173 of small arms, 166 of mortars, 173 Rappahannock Station, 161 Rastatt, 128 Rear guard, 119-128 aircraft, 120 artillery, 120 cavalry, 120 composition, 120 distance, 121 distribution, 120-121 examples, 126-128 infantry, 120 main guard, 120-121 machine guns, 120 mechanical transport, 120 medical arrangements, 120 night, 145 positions, 121-124 rear party, 120-121 Royal Engineers, 120 strength, 119-120 tactics, 79, 119, 121-128 training, 124-125 Reconnaissance and protection, 98-101, 175 by raids, 142 during battle, 36 for attack, 141-142 for defence, 142-143 intelligence officers, 141-142 tactical, 141-143 Reorganisation after attack, 97 and pursuit, 69 Report centres, 163 Reports, battle, 68 on positions, 141-143 Reserve, general, in attack, 56-57 in defence, 94-95 outposts, 131 local, 55-56, 92, 95, 125, 130, 134 Resistance, line of, 84, 134 Retiring under fire, 40-41 Retreat from Mons, 38, 87-88, 90, 96, 126-128, 165 lines of, 89-90 tactics in, 104-105 Reumont, 66 Rezonville, 96 Rifle, the British, 38, 164-165 Rifle grenade, the, 166 Roberts, Field-Marshal Earl, K.G., 15-16, 151 (quoted):— "Germany Strikes," 17 Roliça, combat at, 95, 127 Roman walls, 82 Rorke's Drift, 77-78, 156 Royal Engineers, characteristics of, 172, 174 defence, 172 Horse Artillery, 170 in attack, 67, 153 outposts, 137 retreats, 120 West Kent Regiment, 42 Runners, 35 Russia, collapse of, 52 North (Campaign), 66-67 Russian War of 1854-1855, 82 Russo-Japanese War, 82, 117-118 Russo-Turkish War, 18, 82

Sadowa, battle of, 96
St. Privat, battle of, 60
Salamanca, battle of, 27, 78
Salient, the (1864), 97, 149
(Ypres), 39
Sambre, battle of the, 21
Sannah's Post, 118, 124
Sarrail, Général, 37
Sauroren, battle of, 10
Savage warfare, 156-157
Scarpe, battle of the, 21
Scouts (platoon), 71
Secrecy, 25, 29-31, 51, 102, 144, 145-146, 153-154
Sectors of defence, 94
Sedan, battle of, 159
Selle, battle of the, 21
Semi-permanent defences, 85-86
Seneca quoted: (Surprise), 102
Sentry groups, 131, 136-137
Serre Hill, 148-149
Seven Days' Battle, the, 14, 90
Sharpsburg, battle of, 14, 15, 48
Shenandoah Valley campaign, 4, 7, 12, 117
Signals, 35, 107
"Silence is golden," 113
Skobeleff, General Michael Dimitrievitch, 18
Smith-Dorrien, Gen. Sir H. L., G.C.B., 87, 126
Smoke, 56, 150-151, 171, 177
Snipers, 81
Soissons, Fortress of, 41, 78
Soldiers' battles, 9
Somme, first battle of the, 7, 13, 37, 42-43, 148, 171, 176-177
second battle of the, 33-34, 43, 51-52, 56, 66, 77, 78, 126-127, 174
Soult, Maréchal, 10, 127
South African War, 6-7.
(See also Battles by name.)
Spicheren, battle of, 108-109, 158
Spottsylvania, battle of, 93-94, 117, 149-150
Square formation in attack, 70
Stafford Heights, 139
Stamford Bridge, battle of, 12
Stormberg, 152
Strategical advanced guard, 103
Strategy defined, 6, 8
and tactics, 6-23
Stuart, Gen. J. E. B., C.S. Army ("Jeb" Stuart), 65, 112-113,
117, 128.
Study, necessity for, 1-3, 4-5
Sublician Bridge, 77
Sulphur Springs, 108
Super-heavy artillery, 172, 173
Supply, 13, 67
Supports in attack, 55-56, 169
in close country, 159
defence, 92
outposts, 134-137
Surprise, value of, 25, 29-31, 51, 175
fire, 31, 38
historical examples, 12, 30, 63, 77-78, 118, 124, 138

Tactical advanced guard, 103
reconnaissance, 140-143
Tactics and strategy, 6-23
definition of, 6, 8
subservient to strategy, 6-8
Tadpole Copse, 75
Talavera, battle of, 92
Tallard, Maréchal, 46
Tanks, characteristics of, 171, 174-175
in close country, 22, 160, 162, 177
Taube Farm, 139
Taylor, Gen. R., C.S. Army (quoted):—
cardinal principles, 1
discipline, 11
Tel-el-Kebir, battle of, 151-152
Territorial troops, 19, 43
Teutoberger Wald, 156-157
Text-books, value of, 23
Theatre of operations, 6-7
Thermopylae, battle of, 77
Thielmann's Corps (Wavre), 8
Thomas, Gen. G. H., U.S.A., 15
Time, value of, 12
Tofrik, battle of, 156
Torres Vedras, lines of, 82-83
Toski, battle of, 156
Toulouse, battle of, 47
Trench warfare, 81-82
Trenches, fire, 165
Troisvilles, 66
Trônes Wood, 42
Tubize and Hal, 78
Tweefontein, 138
Types of battle action, 45-50

Valley campaign, the, 4, 7, 12, 117
Vanguard, the, 105-106
Varus, defeat of, 156-157
Vedettes, 137
Verdun, defence of, 16
Verneville, battle of, 63
View, in close country, 155
Village fighting, 157-159, 162-163
Balan, 159
Bazeilles, 159
Bourlon, 42
Givenchy, 43
Noisseville, 159
Villers-Guislain, 160
Villers-Brétonneux, 149
Villages, attack on, 162
defence of, 163
Vimy Ridge, 149
Visibility from air, 100
Vittoria, battle of, 47, 83
von Below, General, 127
von Bredow's "Todtenritt," 96
von Kluck, General, 28

Wallace, Gen. Lew, U.S.A., 7
Warfare, art of, 1-5
savage, 156-157
Warren, Gen., U.S.A., 128
Watchword at night, 153
Waterloo, battle of, 8, 47-48, 76, 78-79, 90-91
Wauchope, Brig-Gen. A. G., 152
Wavre, battle of, 8, 91
Weather, 13
Wellington, Field-Marshal Duke of, K.G., 5, 10, 46, 47, 78-79,
82-83, 127
Wilderness, battle of the, 93-94, 117, 149-150, 158
William the Conqueror, 12
Wire, 80
Wolfe, Gen. James, 38
Wolseley, Field-Marshal Viscount, K.P., 151-152
Wood fighting, 155-161
Bois de Vaux, 158
Elsasshausen Copse, 158
Gauche, 160
Gifert, 158
Niederwald, 158-159
Pfaffen, 158
Polygon, 42-43
Tadpole Copse, 75
Trônes, 42
Woods, attack on, 159-161
defence of, 161
Worcestershire Regiment, 42
Worth, battle of, 109, 158-159
Wytschaete Ridge, 20, 149

Yalu, battle of the, 118
Ypres, first battle of, 19, 20, 41-42, 88
second battle of, 19, 20, 42, 176
third battle of, 39, 139

Zero hour, 74
Zulu War, 77-78