LATIN WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.
English and the French of the Norman conquerors continued to live side by side for about two centuries, neither materially affecting the other. About 1300 an extensive borrowing of literary (Parisian) French words began, and during the next two hundred years the majority of the thousands of French words we now use were taken over into English.
Latin words began to be used in England while yet there was no English language; many came in with the introduction of Christianity. This borrowing has gone on steadily ever since. As has just been said, English borrowed extensively from literary French. Now, as French is only Latin in a corrupt form, it is often impossible to determine whether a particular word was taken directly from Latin or French. It is estimated that one-fourth of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin.
The Latin stem or stems have been indicated, as, acr-, acrid; audīt-, auditor. The letters (Fr.) occurring after a word indicate that the Latin stem has been modified in passing through the French into the English language.
Ac-, sharp—āc-er (acr-) sharp; ăc-us, needle, ac-uo, I sharpen: acid, acerbity, acrid, acrimony, acute, acu-men, eager (Fr. aigre, sharp, sour), vin-egar (Fr. vin, wine, + aigre), acetic.
aed-es, a building; aedi-fic-āre (see [facio]), to build (up): edi-fice, edi-fy.
aes, money—aes-tim-are to value: estim-ate, in-estim-able, esteem, aim (Fr.).
ăger (agr-), field, country; per-agr-are, to travel through: agr-arian, per-egr-inate, pil-gr-im (Ital. pellegrino = peragr-), agri-culture (see [colo]).
ăg-o (ag-ito), I drive, perform; act-us, performed: ag-ent, co-g-ent, agitate, act-ion, actor, act-ive, ag-ile, ex-act, transact, amb-ig-uous.
ali-us, other; al-ter, the other: ali-en, alienate, inalienable, ali-as, ali-bi (= else-where); alter, alternate, altercation, sub-alter-n.
ăl-tus, high: alt-ar, altitude, ex-alt, ali-ment, ali-mony, alto (Ital.).
ăm-o (amāt-), I love; amī-cus, friend: am-ity, amor-ous, amatory, amour, amic-able, ami-able, in-imic-al, en-emy and enamoured (Fr.).
anim-a, air, breath of life; anim-us, mind: anim-al, anim-ate, anim-osity, anim-advert (see [verto]), un-anim-ous, equ-anim-ity (aequus), animalcule.
ann-us, year: ann-als, ann-uity, anni-versary (verto), annual, per-enn-ial.
antiqu-us (anticus), ancient: antique, antiquary, antiquity, antic.
apt-us, fitted, suitable; in-ept-us, senseless: apt, aptitude, ad-apt, in-ept.
aqua, water: aqu-atic, aqueous, aquarium, aque-duct (duco).
arbiter, (arbitr-), umpire: arbiter, arbitrate, arbitra-ment, arbitrary.
ar-, join—ar-ma, fittings, arms; ar-tus, joint: arm, armour, army, armament, article, articulate; armada and armadillo (Span.), armi-stice (sto).
ar-s (same root as above), skill: art, artisan, artist, artifice (fac-), in-ert.
audi-o (audīt-), hear; aur-is, ear; ob-oedi-o, (hearken to), obey: audience, ob-edi-ence, audit, auditor, audit-orium, audible, aur-al, aur-icle, aurist.
Bell-um, old form duellum, war: bellicose, belli-ger-ent, re-bel, revel (Fr.).
bĕnĕ, well, bŏnus, good: bene-dic-tion, beni-son; bene-factor, bene-ficent, benefit (facio); bene-vol-ent (vŏlo); beni-gn, boon and bounty (Fr.).
bis, bi, twice; bini, two by two: bi-cycle, bi-ennial, bi-sect, bi-weekly, bis-cuit (twice baked), bin-ary, combine.
brev-is, short: brevity, brief (Fr.), breviary, ab-breviate.
Caballus, a nag: through Fr., caval-ier, cheval-ier, cavalry, chivalry.
căd-o (cĭd-), I fall; căs-us, a fall: cad-ence, c(h)a-nce, de-cad-ence, de-cay, de-cid-uous, in-cident, cas-e, casu-al, cas-cade.
caed-o (caes-), I cut; in-cīd-o, (in-cīs-) I cut in: de-cide, incisive, precise.
camp-us, plain, field: encamp, campaign, champion and champaign (Fr.).
cand-, be white, glow—cand-idus, white; in-cend-o (cens-), kindle: candor, candid, candidate, candle, in-candescent, incend-iary, incense.
can-o (cant-), cant-o (cantāt-), I sing: can-orous, cant-icle, canto, cant.
căp-io, (capt-), ac-cip-io (cept-), take, receive: capacity, capt-ive, caption, captious, re-cip-ient, de-ceive and re-ceipt (Fr.), re-cipe, ac-cept, precept, cap-able, sus-cept-ible, cape.
căpŭt (căpĭt-), head: cape (headland), capital, capitol, capit-ulate, captain, chapter (Fr. chapitre), catt-le and chattel (Fr.); pre-cipit-ate.
căro (carn-) flesh: carnal, in-carn-ate, carnat-ion; through Fr. and Ital.
car-us, dear; cāritas, dearness, love: charity, cherish (Fr. cher = cār-).
cast-us, pure; castīgo (castigāt-), punish: castigate, chaste.
caus-a, cause; -cūs- in verbs: cause, causal, causation, ac-cuse, accusation.
cav-us, hollow: cave, cavern, cavity, con-cave, cage and cajolery (Fr.).
ced-o (cess-), go, yield, leave off: cede, accede, cease, cessation, proceed.
cens-eo, I assess, judge: census, censor, censure.
cent-um hundred: cent, century, centurion, centenary, centi-grade.
cern-o (crēt-), I distinguish, decide; cert-us, fixed: dis-cern, dis-cri-minate, discreet, con-cern, decree, se-crete, secret-ary, certain, certi-ficate.
circ-um, around; circ-us, circle: circle, circular, circuit (ĭ-), circum-spect.
cīvi-s, citizen; cīvi-tas, state, city: civic, civilize, civilian, city and citadel.
clam-o, (clamāt-), I cry out: claim, exclaim, declamation.
claud-o, (claus-), I shut; in compounds, -clūdo (clūs-): clause, close, ex-clude.
clīv-us, slope; in-clīno (clīnāt-), bend: de-clivity, in-clination, declension.
colo, (cult-), I till, revere; colon-us, farmer: colony, cult, culture.
cōmmodus, convenient: commodity, incommode, accommodate.
cōpia, plenty: copious, copy, cornucopia.
cŏr (cord-), heart: cord-ial, con-cord, dis-cord, record, core, cour-age (Fr.).
cŏrōn-a, garland, crown; corolla (lit. little crown) chaplet: crown, coronal, coronet, coronation, coroner, corolla, corollated, corollary.
corpus (corpŏr-), body: corps, corpse, corporal, corporate, corpus-cle.
crēd-o (crēdit-), I trust, believe: credential, credit, ac-credit, creed, credible, incredulous, recreant (Fr.).
crĕ-o (creāt-), produce, crēsc-o (crēt-), grow, creator, cresc-ent.
crĕm-o (crĕmāt-), I burn: cremate, cremationist, crematory.
crux (crŭc-), cross: crucial, crucify, excruciating, crusade (Span.), cross, cruise.
cŭp-id-us, desiring: cupidity, covet (Fr.), covetousness.
cūra, care; cūr-o (cūrāt-) care for: cur-ious, cure, curate, curacy, curé (Fr.), accurate, procure, se-cure = sure (Fr.), (sē = without).
curr-o (curs-), I run: cur-rent, cursive, in-cur, suc-cor; course.
Damnum, loss; damn-o (damnāt-), condemn: damn, condemnation, indemnity, dam-age (Fr.).
dēbe-o (dēbit-), I owe: debit, debt (Fr.), debenture.
decem, ten: December (orig. the tenth month), decim-al, decennial.
dĕc-et, it is becoming; dĕc-us (dĕcŏr-), ornament: dec-ent, decor-um.
dens (dent-), tooth: dental, dentist, dentition, in-dent, tri-dent.
dĕ-us, God: deity, de-ist, deify, deiform.
dīc-o (dĭct-), say; dĭc-o (dĭcāt-), proclaim: dictum, diction, diction-ary, dictate, indict, verdict (vērus), ab-dicate, predicate.
dĭ-es, day: dial, diary, diurnal = journal (Fr.), ad-journ (Fr.), meri-dian.
dign-us, worthy; dign-itas, worth: dignity, dainty (Fr.), dignify, in-dign-ant, condign, deign and dis-dain (Fr.).
disc-o, I learn; dŏce-o (doct-) I teach: disciple, docile, doctor, doct-rine.
do (dăt-), dōn-o (dōnāt-), I give, present: data, date, dative, donor, donate, add (= ad + do), render (Fr.; re-, back), dotal, dowry (Fr.), dowager.
dŏl-eo, I grieve; dŏl-or, grief, pain: dole (= grief), doleful, dolor, dolorous, condole, in-dolent.
dŏm-o (dŏmĭt-) I subdue; dŏmin-us, lord, master: in-domitable, dominant.
dŏm-us, house: domestic, domicile.
dormi-o (dormīt-), I sleep: dormitory, dormant and dormer (Fr.).
duc- lead—duc-o (dŭct-); ēdŭc-o (educāt-), I rear; dux (dŭc-), leader: re-duce, ductile, conduct, conduit (Fr.), deduction, traduce, education.
duo, two: dual, duel (see [bellum]), double (Fr.; duplus), doublet, duplex.
Ĕm-o (empt-), I buy; ex-emp-lum, example: pre-empt, ex-emption, exemplify, per-emptory, sample (Fr.), redeem, ransom (Fr.; red-imo).
ĕs-se, to be; ab-s-ens (absent-), being away; fŭtūrus about to be: ess-ence (lit., being, existence), present, ent-ity, futurity, inter-est.
Făber (făbr-), workman; fabric-a, workshop: fabric, fabricate, forge (Fr.).
făci-es, form, face: facial, efface, super-ficies = sur-face (Fr.), façade (Fr.).
făci-o, (fact-), I make; ef-fĭci-o (effect-); făcil-is, easy: fact, fact-ion, fashion (Fr.), factor, pro-fici-ent, affect, defection, suffice, feat (Fr.), feature, facile, feasible (Fr.), faculty, artificer.
fall-o, (fals-), I deceive: fallacy, infallible, false, fail and fault (Fr.).
fānum, temple; fēstus, festal: fane, fanatic, pro-fane, festive.
fā-, speak—fāri (fāt-, fān-), to speak; fā-bula, tale; fā-ma, a report: in-fant, infantry, pre-face, fate, fatality, fable, affable, fabulous, infamous.
fē-, produce—fēmina, a woman; fēlix, happy: feminine, female, felicity.
fend-, strike, fend—occurs in compound verbs, e.g., de-fend-o, (-fens-), ward off: defend, offend, offence, fence, in-fes-t.
fĕr-o, (lāt-), I bear; fertilis, productive: fertile, in-fer, differ, elated.
fĭd-es, faith; fĭdēlis, fid-us, trusty; foed-us (foeder-), treaty: fidelity, infidel, diffident, feder-al, defy, af-fi-ance, fi-ancé, faith, fealty.
fīlius, son, (fīlia daughter): filial, affiliate, Fitz- (Fitzedward) (Fr.).
fing-o, (fĭct-, fĭg-), I fashion, make up: figment, figure, fictile, fiction, effigy; through Fr., feign, feint, faint.
fīnis, end; fīni-o (fīnīt-), I end: fine, con-fine, final, finable, finical, affinity, infinitude; through Fr., finance, finish, finesse.
firm-us, steadfast; firm-o (firmat-), I strengthen, strength: firm, confirmation, affirmative, firmament (lit. support), farm (through Ang. Sax.).
flagr-o (flagrāt), I burn; flam-ma, flame: flagrant, inflame, flambeau (Fr.).
flect-o (flex-), I bend: in-flect, flex, flex-ible, flexor, flexion, flexure.
flōs (flōr-), flower; floresc-ĕre, to blossom: flora, florid, florist, florescent.
flu-o (flux-), flow; fluct-us a wave: flu-ent, fluid, influence, flux, fluctuate.
fŏli-um, leaf; fŏliāt-us leaved: foliage, folio, foil (Fr.), trefoil, portfolio.
fōns (font-), a spring: font, fount, fountain (Fr.), fontal.
fōrm-a, shape; form-o (formāt-), I shape: form, formal, formula, perform.
forti-s, steadfast, brave: forti-tude, fortify; through Fr., comfort, effort, force, forte, fort, fortress.
frag-, frang-o (fract-), I break: fragile, fragment, fracture, in-fringe.
frāter, brother: fraternal, fraternity, fratricide (caedo), friar (Fr.).
frīgidus, be cold; frīger-are, make cold: frigidity, refrigerate, refrigerant.
frons (front-), forehead: front, frontal, affront, effrontery and frontier.
frūg-, fru-i (fruct-), to enjoy; frūg-es, fructus, fruit; frugi, useful: fructify, frugi-ferous, frugi-vorous, fruit, fruition, frugal.
fŭgi-o (fŭgit-), I flee: fugitive, refuge, subterfuge, febrifuge (febris, fever).
fulge-o (fuls-), shine; fulmen, lightning: refulgent, fulminate.
fŭnd-o (fūs-), I pour; fū-tilis, vain: re-fund (= pay back), fusible, refuse, confuse, effusion, confound and foundry (Fr.), fount (of type), futile.
fund-us, bottom; fund-āre (fundāt-), to found: fundament = foundation (Fr.), pro-fundity; Fr., profound, (to) found, (to) founder, fund, refund.
fung-i (funct-), perform: de-funct, function (Fr.) perfunctory.
Gĕl-, gelid-us, icy cold; gĕl-āre (gelāt-), to congeal, glacies, ice: gelid, gelatine, glacier, glacial, jelly (Fr.).
gĕn- (birth)—gĕn-us (gĕnĕr-), (birth), race; gen-s (gent-), nation; gigno (genit-), give birth: general, generate, congener, gentle, gentile, congenital, ingenious, genius, gender (Fr.), ingenuous.
gĕr-o (gĕst-), bear: belli-gerent, gesture, di-gest, register and jest (Fr.).
grăd-i (gressus), to walk, go; grăd-us, a step: gradi-ent, gradation, e-gress, gradual, degrade, aggressive, degree (Fr.).
grandis, great: grand, grandee (Span.), grandeur (Fr.), grandiose.
gran-um, a grain: granule, granary, granite, ingrain, garner and grange.
grātus, acceptable; grātia, favour; grātiae, thanks; gratul-āri, to congratulate: gratitude, grateful, gratify, ingratiate, grace ("say grace" = ăgĕre grātiās), gracious, gratis, gratuitous, gratulation, agree (Fr.).
grăvis, heavy: gravity, grave (= serious; Fr.), aggravate, grief.
grĕx (grĕg-), a flock: gregarious, e-greg-ious, aggregation.
Hăbe-o (hăbit-), I have; in compounds -hibeo, prohibeo, prevent; habilis, suitable: habit, habitude, exhibit, prohibitive, able (Fr.).
haere-o (haes-), I stick: ad-here, in-her-ent, hesit-ate.
hēres (hērēd-), heir: hered-ity, heir (Fr.), co-heir, in-her-it (Fr.), heir-loom.
hŏmo (hŏmĭn-), man; humān-us, human; humus, ground; humil-is, lowly: homi-cide, inhumanity, ex-hume, humility, humble and homage (Fr.).
hŏspes (hŏspĭt-), host, also guest; hŏspĭti-um, inn; hŏstis, enemy: hospital (= hostel, hotel, Fr.; hence) hostelry, hostler; host (army), hostile.
Idem, same; item, likewise; ĭ-terum, a second time; iterāre, to repeat: identity, identify, item, itemize, iterate, reiteration.
impero (imperāt-), I command; imperium, rule: imperative, empire (Fr.).
insŭla, island: insular, pen-insula, insulate = isolate (Fr.), isle (Fr.).
in-teg-er, whole (= in-tac-t; from tag-, see [tango]): integer, entire (Fr.).
intellego (intellect-), I understand: intelligent, intellect, intellectualism.
īra, anger, irāsc-i, to be angry: irate, iracund, irascible, ire (Fr.)
ĭ-, go—This root is found in ĕo (ĭt-), I go; ī-tio, ĭ-tus, a going; iter (ĭtĭner-), a going, march; ĭn-ĭ-tium, a beginning: amb-ĭ-ent, amb-ĭ-tion, se(d)-ĭ-tion (sē = apart), adit, exit, circuit, itinerant, initial.
Jac-, throw—jăcĭo (ject- in compounds), I throw; jăct-ūra, jăculātio, casting; jac-ēre, to lie (down): jactitation, abject, project, adjective, rejection, conjecture, ejaculation; adjacent, circumjacent; through Fr., jet (= jut), jetty, jetsam, gist and joist (from jacēre).
jŏcus, jest; jŭcundus, pleasant: jocose, jocular, joke, jocundity, juggler and jeopardy (jeu parti = even chance) (Fr.).
jūdex (jūdic-), a judge; jūs (jūr-), right; jūrāre, to swear; justus, just; judicial, prejudice, justice; Fr., judge, jury, jurist, injury, adjust.
jŭg-um, yoke; jung-o (junct-), I join; juxta, near to: jugular, conjugal, conjugate, juncture, adjunct, conjunction, juxtaposition; through, Fr. join, joiner, joint.
jŭvĕnis, young: juvenile, juvenescent, junior, rejuvenate.
jūv-o (jūt-), I aid: adjutant, co-adjutor, aid and aide (Fr.).
Lāb-, glide down—lapsus, a gliding, fall: lapse, collapse, elapse, relapse.
laed-o (laes-), strike, hurt; col-līdo (-līs-), dash together: collide, elide.
lătu-s (lătĕr-), side: lateral, collateral, multilateral, equilateral (aequus).
laud-o (laudāt-), I praise; laus, praise: laud, laudable, laudatory, laudation.
lăv-o (lăvāt) I wash; lăvanda (things) to be washed; lŭ-ĕre, wash: lavatory, al-luv-ial, pollution, dilute, lave, lavender, laund-ry, de-luge.
lag-, langue-o, to be languid-us, faint, dull; lax-us, open, loose: languor, languid, lax, laxity, relaxation; through Fr. lease, leash, release.
lēx (lēg-), law; lēg-o (lēgāt-), I send, depute; collēga, colleague: legal, leal, loyal (Fr.), legitimate, legate, legatee, legacy, allegation, college.
lĕg-o (lĕct-), I choose, read; lĕg-i legion: legible, legend, lecture, lection = lesson (Fr.), elegant, legionary, coil and cull (colligo).
lĕvis, light, lĕv-o (lĕvāt-), I raise, lighten: levity, levant, elevator, alleviate.
lĭber (lĭbr-), book; lĭbēll-us, pamphlet: library, libel, libellous.
līber, free; līber-o (līberāt-), set free: liberal, liberty, libertine, liberate.
lībra (dimin. libella), a balance; libr-o (lībrāt-), I balance: equi-librium, level (Fr.), libration, deliberate.
lĭg-o (lĭgāt-), I tie: ligature, ligament; through Fr., league, liable, lien.
līnquo, (rĕ-lĭct-), I leave: de-linquent, derelict, relinquish, relic.
līn-um, flax; līnea, a thread: line, lineal, lineament, delineate, linen.
lĭqu-ere, be moist; lĭquid-us, flowing: liquid, liquidation.
littera, a letter: literal, literature, illiterate, obliterate, letter (Fr.).
lŏc-us, a place; lŏc-o (lŏcāt-), I place: local, allocate = allow (Fr.).
long-us, long: longitude, elongated, prolong = purloin (Fr.), lunge (Fr.).
lŏqui (lŏcut-), to speak; lŏqu-ax, talkative: loquacious, eloquent, colloquial.
luc-: this root is seen in lūx (lūc-), lumen (lūmin-), light; lūna, moon: lucidity, luminary, luminous, lunatic, illustration.
Mag-: this root appears in magn-us, great, maior, greater, maxim-us, greatest, and magister, master: magnitude, magnify, magn-animous, majority, maximum, maxim, magnate, mayor and master (Fr.).
male, badly; malus, bad: mali-gn (see [gĕn-]), malignant, male-volent, malice and malady (Fr.); malediction, malefactor, etc.
măne-o (mans-), I remain: per-manent, im-manent, remnant, mansion (staying (-place)), manse, manor and menial (Fr.).
măn-us, hand; mand-o (mandāt-), entrust: manual, manacle, mandate, emancipate, commend, manu-mission (mitto); through Fr., amend, command, maintain (teneo), manœuvre (Fr. œuvre = opera, work).
măre, sea: marine, mariner, maritime.
māter, mother; materia, stuff, matter: maternal, material, matron.
mĕd-eri, to heal; medic-us, physician: medical, re-medy.
medi-us, middle: medium, mediocre, mediator, mean and means (Fr.).
mĕmor, mindful; mĕmŏro (mĕmŏrāt-), I recount: memory, memorandum.
mens (mĕnt-), mind; re-min-isci, I remember: mental, reminiscent, comment.
mĕre-o (mĕrit-), I deserve: merit, meritorious.
merx (merc-), wares; mercor (mercāt-), I purchase; merces (mercēd-), hire: merchant, mercantile, market = mart, mercenary.
mēt-iri (mens-), to measure: mensuration, dimension, measure (Fr.).
miles (mīlĭt-), soldier: military, militant, militia.
mille, thousand: mile, millesimal, million and millimetre (Fr.), etc.
mōns (mŏn-), mountain: mount and mountain (Fr.), promontory.
mĭnu-o (mĭnut-), lessen; minor, less; minister, servant: minu-end, minute, diminutive, minority, minimum, ministry, ministration, minstrel (Fr.).
mīr-āri (mīrāt-), to wonder at: miracle, Fr., mirage, mirror, marvel.
misce-o (mixt-), I mix: mixture, promiscuous, miscellaneous.
mitto (mĭss-), I send: com-mit, missile, mission, dismissal, manu-mit.
mŏd-us and modul-us, a measure; verb stems mŏderāt-, mŏdul-āt-: modesty, modal, modify, moderate, modulation; (Fr.), model, mode = mood.
mōles, mass: mole (i.e., dam), molecule, demolish, demolition.
mŏne-o, (mŏnĭt-), I warn; monstr-um, warning, prodigy: monu-ment, monition, remonstrate, admonish and monster (Fr.).
morbus, disease; mors (mort-), death: morbid, mortal, mortify.
morde-o (mors-), I bite: mordant, mordacious, morsel (Fr.), remorse.
mōs, custom, pl. mōres, manners: moral, moralize, morose, demure (Fr.).
mŏve-o (mōt-), I move; mobilis, movable: movement, motion, remote, motive, mobile (Fr.), mobility, mob (= Lat. mobĭlĕ), move (Fr.).
mūni-o (munīt-), I fortify; mūr-us, a wall: muniment, munition, mural, intra-, extra-mural, ammunition.
mūnis, obliging; mūnus (mūner-), service, gift; municeps, citizen: munificent (facio), immunity, remuneration, municipal.
mūt-o (mūtāt-); mūtu-us, borrowed: mutable, per-mutation, commute.
Nāsc-i (nāt-), to be born: nasc-ent, natal, nativity, nation, nature, cognate.
nāvis, ship; nauta, sailor: naval, navy, nautical.
nect-o (nex-), I bind: con-nect, nexus, an-nex, annexation.
nĕg-o (nĕgāt-), I deny: negation; deny, re-negade (Span.).
neuter (neutr-), neither: neuter, neutrality, neutralize.
nō-, older; gnō-, know; nobilis, noble; nōtus, well known; nō-men (nōmĭn-), name; ignōr-āre, not to know; nobility, i-gnoble (i = in, not), en-noble, notice and notify, notion, notorious, noun (Fr.), nominal, ignomin-ious, nominate, nomina-tive, denominator, ignorant.
nŏce-o, I harm; nox-ius, hurtful: in-noc-ent, innocuous, noxious, nuisance.
norma, a rule; root nō- as in nōtus: normal, abnormal, enormous.
nota, a mark; nŏt-o, (nŏtāt-), I mark: note and notable (Fr.), notary.
nŏvus, new; nuntius, news: novel and novice (Fr.), in-nov-ation, denunciate, an-nunciation = announcement (Fr.), pronounce (Fr.).
nox (noct-), night: noct-urnal, equi-nox, equinoctial.
nūbĕre (nupt-), to marry: con-nubial, nuptial.
nutri-o (nutrīt-), I nourish; nutrix (nutrīc-), a nurse: nutri-ent, nutri-ment, nutritious; through Fr., nurse, nursling, nourish, nurture.
Ŏculus, eye: ocular, oculist, ocellus.
omnis, all: omnibus, omni-scient, omnipotent.
ŏnus (ŏnĕr-), burden: onerous, ex-onerate.
ops, means; ōptimus, best: opulent, optimist, optimates.
ŏpus (ŏpĕr-), work; ŏpĕra, service: operate, operative, co-operation, opera.
opt-o (optāt-), I desire: option, adopt, adoptive, optative.
ordo (ordĭn-), order, row; ordĭn-o (ordĭnāt-), I set in order; orno (ornāt-), I deck: ordinal, extra-ordinary, ordination, co-ordinate, in-subordination, orna-ment, ad-orn, ornate; through Fr., order, ordain.
oriens, rising (sōl oriens, the east); orīgo (orīgĭn-), source: orient, orientalist, orientation, origin (Fr.), originality.
ōs (ōr-), mouth; ōr-o (ōrāt-), I speak, pray; ōmen (omin-), token: oral, or-acle, o-rotund, ori-fice (facio), os-cul-ation, adore, oration = orison.
ōvum, egg; ōvātio, an ovation: oval, ovary, ovi-form, ovi-parous (pario).
Paenīt-ēre, to be sorry: through Fr., penitent, repentance, penance.
pāgus, country district: pagan, page (boy) and peasant (Fr.).
par, equal: parity; through Fr., pair, peer, compeer, dis-parage, um-pire.
păro (părāt-), make ready: com-par-able, ap-paratus, pre-paration; through Fr., repair, reparation, comparison, parry, parade, para-sol (Port.).
pār-ēre, be visible: ap-parent; through Fr., appear, peer (= to peep).
pars (part-), part; partīt-us, divided: partitive, partition, participate (căpio); through Fr., part, parcel, partner, parse.
pătēre, to be open; pandĕre (pans-, pass-), to extend: patent, paten, patella = pail (Fr.), expand; through Fr. pass, passage, pace, pan.
pater (patr-), father; patria, fatherland; patricius, patrician: paternal, patron, patrimony, patrician, ex-patriate.
păt-i (pass-), to suffer: patient, com-pat-ible, passion, compassion, passive.
paucus, few, little; pauper, poor: paucity, pauperism; through Fr., poverty, poor, im-poverish.
pectus (pectŏr-), breast: pectoral, expectorate, para-pet (Ital. petto, breast).
pecunia, money; peculium, personal property: pecuniary, im-pecunious, peculiar, peculation.
pell-o (puls-), beat, drive; pulso (pulsāt-), push, strike: com-pel, re-pellent, ex-pulsion, pulse, pulsation.
pend-ēre (pens-), to hang (1); pĕnd-ĕre (pens-), to weigh, pay (2); pŏndus (pŏnder-), weight: (1) pendent, pendant (Fr.), im-pending, pendulous, pendulum, de-pend; (2) ex-pend, spend, dis-pense, compensate, recompense (Fr.), compendium, suspension, pensive, poise (Fr.); ponder (Fr.).
pēs (pĕd-), foot; ex-pedi-o (expĕdīt-), I set free: pedal, ped-estrian, pedestal (Span.), expedite, impediment.
ping-o (pĭct-), I paint: pig-ment, picture, pictorial, depict, paint (F.).
pĭus, dutiful: pious, piety = pity (Fr.).
plăc-ēre, to be pleasing; plāc-āre (plācāt-), to quiet: placid, com-placent, complaisance (Fr.), please and pleasure (Fr.), placable, placate.
planta, a plant, sole: sup-plant, plantation, plantain (Fr.).
planus, level: plane; through Fr., plain, plan, explain; piano (soft; Ital.).
plaud-o (plaus-), I clap (ex-plōdo): plaudit, ap-plause, plausible, explode.
ple-o (plēt-), I fill; plēnus, full: de-plete, complement; expletive.
plĭc-āre (plĭcĭt-), to fold; plect-ĕre (plex-), I weave: du-plicate, implicit, complex; through Fr., ply, reply, display, triplet; replica (Ital.).
plumbum, lead: plumbago; through Fr., plumb, plummet, plunge.
plūs (plūr-), more: plus, plural, plu-perfect, surplus (Fr.).
poena, punishment; pūni-o (pūnīt-), I punish: through Fr., penal, penalty, pain, punitive, impunity, punish.
pōno (pŏsit-), I place: post-pone, deponent, posit, opposite, expositor, depositary; through Fr., posture, position, post, compost, compound.
pŏpulus, people; pūblicus, of the people: popular; public, publish.
porta, gate; portus, harbour; portāre, to carry: through Fr., port, porte, portal, porter, import, etc., portly, deportment, port-cullis, op-portune.
posse, to be able; potens (able): potent, potential, possible.
praeda, booty; prehendo (prehens-), I seize: predatory, depredation, prehensile, apprehend, apprentice, prey and prison (Fr.).
prĕc-āri (prĕcāt-), to pray: precarious, deprecate, pray and prayer (Fr.).
prem-o (prĕss-), I press: through Fr., re-prim-and, compress, print.
prĕtium, price: through Fr., precious, depreciate, appraise, price = prize.
pri-, before—prior, former; prīmus, first; prin-ceps (prīncĭp-), chief: prior, prime, primal, primitive, principal, pristine; through (Fr.), primate, primer, premier, primrose, prince, principle.
prŏbus, good; prŏb-o (prŏbāt-), I test: probity, probable, approve.
prŏpĕ, near; proximus, nearest: propinquity, approximate, approach (Fr.).
pung-o (punct-), I prick, pierce: pungent, puncture, expunge, compunction; through Fr., punctual, punctuate, point, poignant.
purus, clean, pure; purg-o (purgāt-), cleanse; put-o (putāt-), trim, reckon: purify, puritan, purge, am-putate (am- = about), compute, deputy (Fr.).
Quaer-o (quaesīt-), I seek [-quīro (-quīsīt-) in compounds]: query, acquire, inquisition, exquisite, quest and inquest (Fr.), question.
qualis, of what kind; quantus, how great: quality, quantity.
quăti-o, I shake; -cŭtio (-cuss-) in compounds: dis-cuss, quash (Fr.).
quŏtus, what number?: quota, quotidian (dies), quote and quotient (Fr.).
Rādix (rādīc-), root: radicle, eradicate, radish and radical (Fr.).
răpi-o (răpt-), carry off; răp-ax (răpāc-), grasping: rapac-ious, rapt, rapture; through Fr., rapine, ravine, rapid, ravishing, ravenous.
rĕg-o (rect-), regn-o, I rule, direct; rex, king; rēgula, a rule; rĕg-io, district: reg-ent, regnant, regi-men, cor-rig-ible, rector, rectitude, di-rect, rectangle, regal, regalia, regular, region; through Fr., regime, regiment, reign, rectify, dress (Lat. di-rect-), rule (Lat. rēgula).
rēs, thing: through Fr., real, realty, realize, republic; rebus.
rīd-ere (rīs-), to laugh: de-ride, derision, ridi-cule and ris-ible (Fr.).
rīpa, river bank: riparian, river (Fr. rivière), ar-rive (Fr.).
rīvus, a brook: rivulet; through Fr., rival, de-rive, derivation. (For river and arrive see [ripa]).
rog-o (rŏgāt-), I ask: ar-rogant, ab-rogate, interrogation, de-rogatory, (Fr.).
rŏta, a wheel; rŏt-ula, dimin.; rŏt-undus, round: rot-ary, rotate, rotunda, Fr., roll, rowel, roulette (all from rotula), roué, round.
rumpĕre, to break; ruptus, broken: rupture (Fr.), ab-rupt, e-rupt-ive, dis-ruption, bank-rupt (bank = bench, table of money changer); through Fr., rout (lit. a division), route and rut (= a path).
Săcer (săcr-), sacred; sacr-āre, sanc-īre, consecrate: sacrifice, sacrilege, sacerdotal, sacrament, de-secration, sanctity, sanctuary, saint (Fr.).
sal, salt: salary (i.e., salt-money), saliferous; through Fr., saline, salad, sauce (= salsus, salted).
săli-o (sălt-), I leap (-silio, -sult-, in compounds): sali-ent, re-sili-ent, ex-ultant, saltation, in-sult, de-sultory; through Fr., sally, assail, assault.
salv-us, safe; sălus (sălūt-), health, greeting: salubrious, salute; through Fr., salvation, salvage, save, salutary, saviour (Lat. salvator).
sānus, sound; sān-āre (sānāt-), to heal: sane, sanitary, sanatorium.
săpor, taste; săpi-o, săp-ĕre, have taste, be wise: sapi-ent, sapor-ific, in-sip-idity, savour and sage (Fr.).
satis, enough; satur, full: satisfy (Fr.), satiate, asset (Fr.).
scando (scans-), I climb; scāla, stairs: a-scend, scale; scan, e-scalade.
sci-o, I know; scĭentia, knowledge; conscius, privy to: science (Fr.), nescient, scientific, conscious, prescience (Fr.), sciolist.
scrīb-o (script-), I write: scribe (Fr.), scripture, manu-script, conscription.
sĕc-o (sĕct-), I cut: secant, sectile, section (Fr.), segment, bisect.
sĕde-o (sĕss-), I sit; as-sĭdeo, sit by: sedentary, sediment, sedate, sedative, as-siduous, as-sessor, pos-session, subside, re-sidue (Fr.), supersede.
sĕnĕx, old man: senile, senior, senate, seignorial (Fr.).
senti-o (sēns-), I feel: sentient, sentiment; through Fr., sentence, sense.
sĕquor (sĕcut-), I follow; secundus, following; secta, a party, school; socius, companion: con-sequent, sequence, sequel; through F., obsequies, obsequious, execute, suit, suite, second, social.
sĕr-o (sert-), I join, compose: series, assert, desert, exert, insert, concert.
servo (servāt-), I save: con-serve, conservator, preservation, conservatory.
servus, a slave; serv-īre, to serve: servile, servant, sergeant, serf, service.
signum, mark, sign; sign-o (signāt-), I mark, seal: signal, signet, signature, signatory, significant, assign-ment, re-signation (a signing back).
similis, like; simul, together; simul-o (simulāt-), I pretend: similar and similitude (Fr.), as-similate, simul-taneous, simulate, assembly (Fr.).
sōl, sun: solar, sol-stice (= sol-stit-ium; stare) (Fr.), para-sol (par-, ward off).
sŏlidus (and soldus), firm; also a gold coin (military pay): solidify and solder (Fr.), solidarity (Fr.), consolidate, con-sols, soldier (Fr.).
sōlus, alone: through Fr., sole, solitude, solitary, solitaire, de-solate, solo.
solv-o (sŏlūt-), I loose, pay: solvent, ab-solve, soluble (Fr.), dis-solute.
somnus, sopor, sleep: in-somnia, somnolence, somn-ambulist, sopori-fic.
sŏn-āre, to sound: consonant, sound, sonor-ous, sonnet, per-son, unison (unus).
sparg-o (spars-), I scatter, sprinkle: sparse, di-sperse, a-spersion.
spĕci-o (spect-), I look; su-spici-o (suspect-), look up, mistrust; species, appearance: speci-men, specious and specify (Fr.), spectacle and spectre (Fr.), aspect, spectator, despise and spite (= de-spite) (Fr.).
spēr-o (sperāt-), I hope: desperate, despair and prosper (Fr.).
spīr-o (spirāt-), I breathe; spīrĭtus, breath: a-spirant, inspire, conspiracy.
stāre (stăt-), sĭst-ĕre, stand; stătu-o, I set: di-stant, extant, substance (Fr.), station, stable, insist, obstacle and e-stablish (Fr.); state and statue (Fr.), statute, rest (= remainder), armi-stice and sol-stice (Fr.).
stern-ĕre (strāt-), to spread, extend, cover; consternation, prostrate, stratum, stratify, street (through Ang. Sax.).
string-o (strĭct-), I draw together: stringent, strain and strait (Fr.), strict, stricture, district, stress (Fr.).
strŭ-ĕre (struct-), to build: con-struct, structure, construe, destroy (Fr.).
sūm-o (sumps-), I take, use; sumptus, expense: as-sume, sumptuous.
super, above; super-āre, to overcome; supremus, summus, topmost: superb (Fr.), superior, supernal, insuperable, supremacy, sum and summit.
surg-o (surrect-), I rise (see [rĕgo]): through Fr., in-surgent, surge = source, resource, resurrect.
Tag- (touch)—tang-o (tact-), I touch, in-tĕger, whole: tangent, con-tingent, tangible, con-tag-ion, intact, disintegration, contiguous, tact (Fr.).
tĕg-o (tect-), I cover: tegmen, tegument, protective.
tempt-o (temptāt-), I try, test: at-tempt (Fr.), temptation, tentative (Fr.).
tempus (tempor-), time; temper-o (temperāt-), I regulate; tempes-tas, season: temporal, temporize (Fr.), tense (n; Fr.), temper (Fr.), tempest (Fr.).
tend-o (tent-, tens-), stretch; tenuis, thin: tendency, extent, intend, tense (adj.), tension, attend, pretence, ostentation, tenuity, extenuate.
tĕne-o (tent-), I hold: per-tinent, tenable (Fr.), tenet, tenant (Fr.), sus-tenance, tenor, abs-tain (Fr.), detention, continue and retinue (Fr.).
ter-o (trīt-), rub, wear away; tribul-āre, to afflict: trite, attrition, detriment, contrite, tribulation.
terra, land: terrestrial; through F., terrace, in-ter, tureen, territory.
testis, a witness; testor (testāt-), I bear witness: testify (Fr.), testimony, attest, detest, testament, testator.
tex-o (text-), I weave: text (Fr.), texture, textile, pretext and tissue (Fr.).
tōrque-o (tŏrt-), I twist: torment and torture (Fr.), tortuous, contort, extortionate, torch and tortoise (Fr.).
trăh-o (tract-), I draw; tract-o (tractāt-), I handle: sub-trahend, tract, tractable, abs-tract; through Fr., trait, por-tray, re-treat, train, trail.
trēs, tria, three: trinity (Fr.), ternary, ter-centenary, triangle, tri-dent.
trĭbu-ĕre, to give, pay; trĭbūtum, payment: at-tribute, re-tributive, tribute.
tueri (tuit-), to see, watch: tuition, in-tuitive, tutor, tutelage, tutelary.
tŭm-ēre, to swell; tuber, swelling: tumid, tubercle, protuberant.
Ultra, beyond: ultimus, farthest: outrage (Fr.), ulterior, ultimate.
und-o (undāt-), overflow: ab-undant, abound (Fr.), inundate.
ungu-o (unct-), I anoint: unguent = ointment (Fr.), unction, unctuous.
ūnus, one: unit, union (Fr.), unite, unique (Fr.), uni-son (sonus, sound).
ūt-ī, to use; usus, use; utilis, useful: utensil (Fr.), usury (Fr.), utility.
Vād-o (vās-), I go: invade, evasion, pervasive, vade mēcum (lit. go with me).
văle-o, am strong; valid, valour, value, convalesce, prevail.
vānus, empty: through Fr., vain, vanish, vaunt.
vĕh-o (vĕct-), I carry: vehicle, vehement, in-veigh and invective (Fr.).
vĕll-o (vuls-), I pluck, tear: con-vulse, convulsive, divulsion, revulsion.
vēlum, cover, veil; vēl-o (vēlāt-), I cover: (Fr.), re-veal, revelation, unveil.
vĕni-o (vĕnt-), I come: con-vene, convenient, intervention; through Fr., con-vent, covenant, venture, re-venue.
verbum, word: verbal, verb (Fr.), verbose, verbiage (Fr.), proverb.
vert-o (vers-), I turn: version, adverse, versatile.
vērus, true; vērax, truthful: veracious; very, verify, aver, verdict.
vĭa, way: de-vious, deviate, trivial (Fr.), impervious; through Fr., convey.
vĭcis, alternation: vicarious, vicar (Fr.), vicissitude, vice-regal.
vĭde-o (vīs-), I see; vīs-o (visit-), go to see: e-vident, provident, prudent, visage and vision (Fr.), invidious = envious (Fr.), visual (Fr.), visitation.
vĭge-o, am vigorous; vigour, vigil (Fr.), vegetate.
vĭnc-o (vĭct-), I conquer: convince, invincible and vanquish (Fr.), victor.
vir, man; virtus, worth, valour: virile and virtue (Fr.), virago, trium-vir.
vita, life; vīvus, living: vital, vivid, vivacity, vivify (Fr.).
vŏco (vŏcāt-), I call; vox (vōc-), voice: ad-vocate, vocation, revoke (Fr.).
vŏl-o, am willing: bene-volent, voluntary, volunteer (Fr.), volition.
volv-o (vŏlūt-), I roll; vōlumen, a roll: de-volve, voluble (Fr.), evolution.
vŏr-o, I swallow up: de-vour (Fr.), voracious, carni-vorous.
vŏve-o (vōt-), I vow: vote (Fr.), votive, votary, devotion, devout (Fr.).
vulgus, the people: vulgar, divulge, vulgate.