INDEX.

Agaricus muscarius, [139].
Agassiz, experiments of, [116].
Alectoria jubata, [137].
Aletsch glacier, the, described, [47].
Algol, or Medusa’s Head, [39].
Arctic Highlanders, [12].
Arctic night, the, characteristics of, [32–34], [93–95].
Arctic region, extent of, [13], [14].
Atmospheric phenomena, [31].
Auk, the, described, [97], [98].
Aurora Borealis, the, phenomena of, [27];
theory of, [29].

Baffin, discoveries of, [227].
Barents, adventures of, [266–269].
Barrens, the, region of, described, [16].
Bear, Polar, natural history of the, [85–93];
hunting seals, [86];
voracity of, [88];
affection for its young, [88], [89].
Beechey, Captain, quoted, [45], [46], [55].
Bell, quoted, [78].
Bellot, Lieutenant, quoted, [123].
Bennet, Stephen, voyage of, [228].
Berkeley, quoted, [140].
Birds, migrations of, [11].
Boötes, constellation of, [40].
Bremer, Frederika, quoted, [138].
Brewster’s, Sir David, experiment with polarised light, [111].
Buddington, Captain, adventures of, [308–311].
Burrough, Stephen, voyage of, [222], [223].
Button, Captain, voyage of, [227].
Bylot, Robert, voyage of, [227].

Carlsen, Captain, voyage of, [270].
Cladonia rangiferina, [137].
Clarke, Dr., quoted, [203].
Clavering, Captain, referred to, [12].
Cochlearia, or scurvy-grass, uses of, [139].
Coleridge, quoted, [69].
Constellations, northern, list of, [37].
Cooley, Mr., quoted, [230].
Corvidæ, the, natural history of, [160].
Cryptogamous plants of the north, [141], [142].
Crystallization, process of, [108].
Cygnus musicus, [161].

D’Almeida, Count, quoted, [205], [206].
Davis, Captain John, voyages of, [224], [225].
Dolphins, the, natural history of, [82], [83].
Dorothea, the, narrow escape of, [55].
Dufferin, Lord, quoted, [166], [167], [172].

Eider ducks, the, natural history of, [103];
in Iceland, [104].
Eskimo dog, the, description of, [190].
Eskimo, the, hunting the walrus, [68], [69];
hut of, [76].
Eskimo kayak described, [182].
Eskimo seal-hunt, an, described, [77], [78].
Eskimo sledge, the, described, [192–196].
Eskimos, the, boundaries of, [175];
character, manners, customs, and clothing, [179–196].

Falcon, the, natural history of, [160].
Faraday, ingenious experiment of, [111].
Felinska, Madame, quoted, [211].
Fish in the Arctic seas, [106].
Flora of the Arctic lands, [19].
Fox, Luke, voyage of, [228].
Fox, the Arctic, natural history of, [151–153].
Fox-trap, a, described, [152].
Franklin, Sir J., overland journey of, [231];
last expedition of, [231];
relics of, discovered, [233], [235], [236].
Fritillaria sarrana, the, properties of, [142], [143].
Frobisher, Sir Martin, voyage of, [223].
Frobisher Strait discovered, [223].

Gale, an Arctic, described, [70].
Gârds of Lapland, described, [207].
Germania, the, expedition of, [245–265].
Geysers, the, phenomena of, [165–167].
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, death of, [224].
Glacier-ice, peculiarities of, [112].
Glacier in Smith Strait, [124], [127];
of Sermiatsialik, [128], [129].
Glaciers, characteristics of, [47];
motion of, [113–115];
phenomena connected with, [115–118];
of the Arctic regions, [118–133];
of Spitzbergen, [120], [123].
Godhav’n, [167].
Grampus, the, natural history of, [83], [84].
Greenland, scenery on the coast of, [22].
Guillemot, the, described, [96], [97].
Gull, the, described, [103].

Hall, Captain, expedition and death of, [271], [272].
Hansa, the, voyage and loss of, [245–251].
Hans the Hunter, [186–189], [284].
Hare, the Arctic, [154].
Hartwig, Dr., quoted, [15].
Hayes, Dr., quoted, [25], [35], [43], [49], [50], [59], [87], [95], [96], [124], [125], [127], [128], [138], [152], [153], [186], [191], [192], [244];
Arctic expedition of, [244], [245].
Hearne, quoted, [183].
Hecla, the, and the Fury, danger of, [56].
Hegemann, Captain, [245].
Hekla, eruption of, [164].
Henderson, Dr., quoted, [172].
Hill, Mr., quoted, [213], [214].
Hobson, Lieutenant, discovers Franklin relics, [234–236].
Holland, Mr., quoted, [173].
Hore, Mr., voyage of, [222].
Hudson, Henry, discoveries of, [225–228].
Humboldt Glacier, description of, [131–134], [238].
Hutchinson, Captain, quoted, [205].

Icebergs, their dimensions, [41];
their magnificent appearance, [42], [43];
danger to navigation from, [44], [123];
breaking up of, [49];
range of, [50], [51];
in Baffin Bay, [124].
Ice-fields, extent and character of, [54], [56], [57].
Ice-flowers, characteristics of, [108].
Iceland, dimensions of, [162];
history of, [162];
volcanoes of, [163];
dreary landscapes of, [164];
geysers of, [166], [167];
houses and churches of, [170];
travelling in, [172];
horses of, [173].
Iceland moss, uses of, [138], [139].

Jacobshav’n, [168].
Jakut merchants, the, enterprise of, [217].
Jakuts, the, as bear-hunters, [212];
manners and customs of, [216], [217].
James, Captain Thomas, voyage of, [228].
Joe the Eskimo, with Captain Tyson, [278], et sqq.

Kamtschatka, fisheries of, [212];
the dog of, [214], [215].
Kamtschatkans, the, characteristics of, [213], [214].
Kane, Dr., quoted, [15], [32], [33], [34], [42], [68], [73], [74], [88], [91], [92], [131–134], [149], [153], [184], [185], [237], [239], [242], [243];
Arctic explorations of, [237–244].
Knots, the, habits of, [11], [12].
Koldewey, Captain, referred to, [12];
voyage of, [245].

Lagopus, the, [161].
Lamont, Mr., quoted, [60], [62].
Lapland, divisions and extent of, [197];
climate of, [197];
inhabitants of, [197];
the reindeer in, [200];
sledging in, [201];
an interior in, [204], [205].
Lapp dialect, the, [206].
Lapp hunters, the, boldness of, [202].
Lapps, the, dress, manners, and customs of, [198].
Lapps, the Mountain, character of, [199], [200].
Lapps of West Bothnia, [206], [207].
Laube, Dr., quoted, [252].
Lemming, the Arctic, [154].

Macmillan, Dr., quoted, [135], [136], [137], [141].
Markham, C., quoted, [10], [175], [225], [226], [273].
Marten, the, [155].
Martins, M. Charles, quoted, [119], [120], [121].
M’Clintock, Captain Sir Roderick, quoted, [148], [151], [181], [265];
voyage of, [234].
M’Clure, Sir Robert, quoted, [81];
discovers North-West Passage, [233].
Mecham, Captain, quoted, [146], [150].
Mer de Glace of Greenland, [127], [128].
Merganser, the natural history of, [99].
Milton, Lord, and Dr. Cheadle, quoted, [158–160].
Moonlight in the Polar World, [26].
Moraines, described, [115].
Moravian mission-stations in Greenland, [179].
Mosses in the Arctic regions, [139].
Musk-ox, the, natural history of, [149], [150].
Mustelidæ family, the, in the Arctic regions, [155].

Nares, Captain, expedition of, [314], et sqq.
Narwhal, the, natural history of, [82].
Newfoundland colonized, [224].
North-West Passage, utility of, [9].
Novaia Zemlaia, temperature of, [21].

Osborn, Admiral Sherard, quoted, [44], [81], [84], [85], [87], [146], [151], [232], [236], [237].
Ostiaks, the, manners and customs of, [211], [212].
Ostrownoje, trade at, [220].
Oxyria, the, uses of, [141].

Pack-ice, description of, [53].
Parry, Captain, quoted, [44], [46], [56], [230];
voyages of, [228], [229], [230].
Payer, Lieutenant, voyage of, [270], [271].
Penny, Captain, voyage of, [232–234].
Phænogamous plants of the north, [141].
Phocidæ, the.—See [Seal].
Plant-life of Spitzbergen, [142];
of Kamtschatka, [142], [143].
Pleiads, the, [39].
Polaris, the, voyage of, [271–313].
Polecat, the, in the Arctic regions, [156], [157].
Pole-Star, the, position of, [36].
Poole, Jonas, voyage of, [228].
Puffin, the, natural history of, [99].

Quenes, or Finns, the, [206].

Rae, Dr., finds relics of Franklin, [233].
Red snow, phenomenon of, explained, [135].
Refraction, phenomena of, [31].
Regelation, what it is, [111].
Reikiavik, description of, [168], [169].
Reindeer, the, natural history of, [144];
usefulness of, [145];
food of, [146];
and wolves, [147];
in Siberia, [218], [219].
Reindeer moss, [137].
Rendu, Bishop, quoted, [114].
Richardson, Sir J., quoted, [145].
Rock-hair, [137].
Rorqual, the, [80].
Ross, Sir James, quoted, [145].
Ross, Sir John, voyages of, [228], [231].

Sabine, Sir Edward, quoted, [10].
Sable, the, natural history of, [156].
Samojedes, the, superstitions of, [208], [209];
manners and customs of, [210], [211].
Schaïtan, an Ostiak idol, [211].
Scoresby, Dr., quoted, [44], [106], [186].
Seal, the, natural history of, [71–73];
flesh of, [73], [74];
different genera of, [75].
Sermiatsialik, glacier of, [127], [128].
Shepherd, Mr., quoted, [104].
Skaptá Jokul, eruption of, [165].
Smew, the, natural history of, [100].
Smith Sound, route by, [228].
Snow, formation of, [108].
Snow-crystals, described, [109].
Snow-line, limit of, [20].
Somerville, Mrs., quoted, [30], [107].
Southey, quoted, [136].
Sporidesmium lepraria, [140].
Spring in the Arctic regions, [34].
Starakis, the, described, [98].
Stephenson, Captain, of the Discovery, [314].
Summer in the Arctic regions, [36].
Swan, the wild, natural history of, [105];
the whistling, [161].

Tadebtsios, or Samojede demons, [209].
Tadibe, the Samojede priest, [209].
Tchuktche, the, manners and customs of, [220].
Temperature of Arctic winter, [33].
Tennyson, quoted, [105].
Thingvalla, the, in Iceland, [168].
Thorne, Dr. Robert, Arctic exploration proposed by, [222].
Tripe de roche, [137], [138].
Tundras, the stony, described, [15], [16].
Tungusi, the, characteristics of, [219], [220].
Tyndall, Professor, quoted, [47], [48], [108], [109–111], [112], [113], [115], [117], [118].
Tyson, Captain, narrative of, [278–308].

Unknown Region, extent of, [10].
Upernavik, described, [176].
Ursa Major, constellation of, [36];
description of, [37], [38].

Waigatz, island of, [208].
Walrus, the, natural history of, [63];
courage of, [64];
gradual decay of, [67].
Walrus-hunt, a, described, [68], [69].
Walrus-hunting, how carried on, [60];
proceeds of, [62].
Ware, quoted, [37], [38].
Whale, the, natural history of, [78];
characteristics of the Greenland, [79], [80];
the Razor-backed, [80].
Whalebone, what it is, described, [79].
Whale-fishery of the Eskimos, [81].
Whirlwinds of the north, [31].
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, loss of, [222].
Wolf, the Arctic, natural history of, [148].
Wolverine, the, cunning of, [157];
anecdotes of, [158–160].
Wooded zone of the Arctic regions, [143].
Wrangel, Admiral von, quoted, [20], [81], [218], [221].

Yakutsk, temperature of, [26].
Young, Captain, cruise of, in the Pandora, [334].