Elements of Chemistry, / In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries

by Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

CONTENTS.

PART FIRST.
Of the Formation and Decomposition of Aëriform Fluids,
—of the Combustion of Simple Bodies, and the Formation of Acids, [Page 1]
CHAP. I.—Of the Combinations of Caloric, and the Formation of Elastic Aëriform Fluids or Gasses, [ibid.]
CHAP. II.—General Views relative to the Formation and Composition of our Atmosphere, [26]
CHAP. III.—Analysis of Atmospheric Air, and its Division into two Elastic Fluids;
one fit for Respiration, the other incapable of being respired, [32]
CHAP. IV.—Nomenclature of the several constituent Parts of Atmospheric Air, [48]
CHAP. V.—Of the Decomposition of Oxygen Gas by Sulphur,
Phosphorus, and Charcoal, and of the Formation of Acids in general, [54]
CHAP. VI.—Of the Nomenclature of Acids in general, and particularly of those drawn from Nitre and Sea Salt, [66]
CHAP. VII.—Of the Decomposition of Oxygen Gas
by means of Metals, and the Formation of Metallic Oxyds, [78]
CHAP. VIII.—Of the Radical Principle of Water, and of its Decomposition by Charcoal and Iron, [83]
CHAP. IX.—Of the Quantities of Caloric disengaged from different Species of Combustion, [97]
Combustion of Phosphorus, [100]
SECT. I.—Combustion of Charcoal, [101]
SECT. II.—Combustion of Hydrogen Gas, [102]
SECT. III.—Formation of Nitric Acid, [102]
SECT. IV.—Combustion of Wax, [105]
SECT. V.—Combustion of Olive Oil, [106]
CHAP. X.—Of the Combustion of Combustible Substances with each other, [109]
CHAP. XI.—Observations upon Oxyds and Acids with several Bases,
and upon the Composition of Animal and Vegetable Substances, [115]
CHAP. XII.—Of the Decomposition of Vegetable and Animal Substances by the Action of Fire, [123]
CHAP. XIII.—Of the Decomposition of Vegetable Oxyds by the Vinous Fermentation, [129]
CHAP. XIV.—Of the Putrefactive Fermentation, [141]
CHAP. XV.—Of the Acetous Fermentation, [146]
CHAP. XVI.—Of the Formation of Neutral Salts, and of their Bases, [149]

SECT. I.—Of Potash, [151]
SECT. II.—Of Soda, [155]
SECT. III.—Of Ammoniac, [156]
SECT. IV.—Of Lime, Magnesia, Barytes, and Argill, [157]
SECT. V.—Of Metallic Bodies, [159]
CHAP. XVII.—Continuation of the Observations upon Salifiable Bases, and the Formation of Neutral Salts, [161]
PART II.
Of the Combinations of Acids with Salifiable Bases, and of the Formation of Neutral Salts, [175]
INTRODUCTION, [ibid.]
TABLE of Simple Substances, [175]
SECT. I.—Observations upon simple Substances, [176]
TABLE of Compound Oxydable and Acidifiable Bases, [179]
SECT. II.—Observations upon Compound Radicals, [180]
SECT. III.—Observations upon the Combinations of Light and Caloric with different Substances, [182]
TABLE of the Combinations of Oxygen with the Simple Substances, to face [185]
SECT. IV.—Observations upon these Combinations, [185]
TABLE of the Combinations of Oxygen with Compound Radicals, [190]
SECT. V.—Observations upon these Combinations, [191]
TABLE of the Combinations of Azote with the Simple Substances, [194]
SECT VI.—Observations upon these Combinations of Azote, [195]
TABLE of the Combinations of Hydrogen with Simple Substances, [198]
SECT. VII.—Observations upon Hydrogen, and its Combinations, [199]
TABLE of the Binary Combinations of Sulphur with the Simple Substances, [202]
SECT. VIII.—Observations upon Sulphur, and its Combinations, [203]
TABLE of the Combinations of Phosphorus with Simple Substances, [204]
SECT. IX.—Observations upon Phosphorus and its Combinations, [205]
TABLE of the Binary Combinations of Charcoal, [207]
SECT. X.—Observations upon Charcoal, and its Combinations, [208]
SECT. XI.—Observations upon the Muriatic, Fluoric, and Boracic Radicals, and their Combinations, [209]
SECT. XII.—Observations upon the Combinations of Metals with each other, [219]
TABLE of the Combinations of Azote, in the State of Nitrous Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, [212]
TABLE of the Combinations of Azote, in the State of Nitric Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, [213]
SECT. XIII.—Observations upon Nitrous and Nitric Acids, and their Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [214]
TABLE of the Combinations of Sulphuric Acid with the Salifiable Bases, [218]
SECT. XIV.—Observations upon Sulphuric Acid, and its Combinations, [219]
TABLE of the Combinations of Sulphurous Acid, [222]
SECT. XV.—Observations upon Sulphurous Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [223]
TABLE of the Combinations of Phosphorous and Phosphoric Acids, [225]
SECT. XVI.—Observations upon Phosphorous and Phosphoric Acids, and their Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [226]
TABLE of the Combinations of Carbonic Acid, [228]
SECT. XVII.—Observations upon Carbonic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [229]
TABLE of the Combinations of Muriatic Acid, [231]
TABLE of the Combinations of Oxygenated Muriatic Acid, [232]
SECT. XVIII.—Observations upon Muriatic and Oxygenated Muriatic Acid,
and their Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [233]
TABLE of the Combinations of Nitro-Muriatic Acid, [236]
SECT. XIX.—Observations upon Nitro-muriatic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [237]
TABLE of the Combinations of Fluoric Acid, [239]
SECT. XX.—Observations upon Fluoric Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [240]
TABLE of the Combinations of Boracic Acid, [242]
SECT. XXI.—Observations upon Boracic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [243]
TABLE of the Combinations of Arseniac Acid, [246]
SECT. XXII.—Observations upon Arseniac Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [247]
SECT. XXIII.—Observations upon Molibdic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [249]
SECT. XXIV.—Observations upon Tungstic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,
and a Table of these in the order of their Affinity, [251]
TABLE of the Combinations of Tartarous Acid, [253]
SECT. XXV.—Observations upon Tartarous Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [254]
SECT. XXVI.—Observations upon Mallic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [256]
TABLE of the Combinations of Citric Acid, [258]
SECT. XXVII.—Observations upon Citric Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [259]
TABLE of the Combinations of Pyro-lignous Acid, [260]
SECT. XXVIII.—Observations upon Pyro-lignous Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [261]
SECT. XXIX.—Observations upon Pyro-tartarous Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [ibid.]
TABLE of the Combinations of Pyro-mucous Acid, [263]
SECT. XXX.—Observations upon Pyro-mucous Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [264]
TABLE of the Combinations of Oxalic Acid, [265]
SECT. XXXI.—Observations upon Oxalic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [266]
TABLE of the Combinations of Acetous Acid, to face [267]
SECT. XXXII.—Observations upon Acetous Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases, [267]
TABLE of the Combinations of Acetic Acid, [271]
SECT. XXXIII.—Observations upon Acetic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [272]
TABLE of the Combinations of Succinic Acid, [273]
SECT. XXXIV.—Observations upon Succinic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [274]
SECT. XXXV.—Observations upon Benzoic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [275]
SECT. XXXVI.—Observations upon Camphoric Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [276]
SECT. XXXVII.—Observations upon Gallic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [277]
SECT. XXXVIII.—Observations upon Lactic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases, [278]
TABLE of the Combinations of Saccholactic Acid, [280]
SECT. XXXIX.—Observations upon Saccholactic Acid, and its Combination with Salifiable Bases, [281]
TABLE of the Combinations of Formic Acid, [282]
SECT. XL.—Observations upon Formic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases, [283]
SECT. XLI.—Observations upon the Bombic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases, [284]
TABLE of the Combinations of the Sebacic Acid, [285]
SECT. XLII.—Observations upon the Sebacic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases, [286]
SECT. XLIII.—Observations upon the Lithic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases, [287]
TABLE of the Combinations of the Prussic Acid, [288]
SECT. XLIV.—Observations upon the Prussic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases, [289]
PART III.
Description of the Instruments and Operations of Chemistry, [291]
INTRODUCTION, [291]
CHAP. I.—Of the Instruments necessary for determining
the Absolute and Specific Gravities of Solid and Liquid Bodies, [295]
CHAP. II.—Of Gazometry, or the Measurement of the Weight and Volume of Aëriform Substances, [304]
SECT. I.—Of the Pneumato-chemical Apparatus, [ibid.]
SECT. II.—Of the Gazometer, [308]
SECT. III.—Some other methods for Measuring the Volume of Gasses, [319]
SECT. IV.—Of the method of Separating the different Gasses from each other, [323]
SECT. V.—Of the necessary Corrections of the Volume of Gasses,
according to the Pressure of the Atmosphere, [328]
SECT. VI.—Of the Correction relative to the Degrees of the Thermometer, [335]
SECT. VII.—Example for Calculating the Corrections
relative to the Variations of Pressure and Temperature, [337]
SECT. VIII.—Method of determining the Weight of the different Gasses, [340]
CHAP. III.—Description of the Calorimeter, or Apparatus for measuring Caloric, [343]
CHAP. IV.—Of the Mechanical Operations for Division of Bodies, [357]
SECT. I.—Of Trituration, Levigation, and Pulverization, [ibid.]
SECT. II.—Of Sifting and Washing Powdered Substances, [361]
SECT. III.—Of Filtration, [363]
SECT. IV.—Of Decantation, [365]
CHAP. V.—Of Chemical means for Separating the Particles of Bodies
from each other without Decomposition, and for Uniting them again, [367]
SECT. I.—Of the Solution of Salts, [368]
SECT. II.—Of Lixiviation, [373]
SECT. III.—Of Evaporation, [375]
SECT. IV.—Of Cristallization, [379]
SECT. V.—Of Simple Distillation, [384]
SECT. VI.—Of Sublimation, [388]
CHAP. VI.—Of Pneumato-chemical Distillations, Metallic Dissolutions,
and some other operations which require very complicated instruments, [390]
SECT. I.—Of Compound and Pneumato-chemical Distillations, [ibid.]
SECT. II.—Of Metallic Dissolutions, [398]
SECT. III.—Apparatus necessary in Experiments upon Vinous and Putrefactive Fermentations, [401]
SECT. IV.—Apparatus for the Decomposition of Water, [404]
CHAP. VII.—Of the Composition and Use of Lutes, [407]
CHAP. VIII.—Of Operations upon Combustion and Deflagration, [414]
SECT. I.—Of Combustion in general, [ibid.]
SECT. II.—Of the Combustion of Phosphorus, [418]
SECT. III.—Of the Combustion of Charcoal, [422]
SECT. IV.—Of the Combustion of Oils, [426]
SECT. V.—Of the Combustion of Alkohol, [433]
SECT. VI.—Of the Combustion of Ether, [435]
SECT. VII.—Of the Combustion of Hydrogen Gas, and the Formation of Water, [437]
SECT. VIII.—Of the Oxydation of Metals, [441]
CHAP. IX.—Of Deflagration, [452]
CHAP. X.—Of the Instruments necessary for Operating upon Bodies in very high Temperatures, [460]
SECT. I.—Of Fusion, [ibid.]
SECT. II.—Of Furnaces, [462]
SECT. III.—Of increasing the Action of Fire, by using Oxygen Gas instead of Atmospheric Air, [474]
APPENDIX.
No. I.—Table for Converting Lines, or Twelfth Parts of an Inch,
and Fractions of Lines, into Decimal Fractions of the Inch, [481]
No. II.—Table for Converting the Observed Heighth of Water in the Jars of the Pneumato-Chemical
Apparatus, expressed in Inches and Decimals, into Corresponding Heighths of Mercury, [482]
No. III.—Table for Converting the Ounce Measures used
by Dr Priestley into French and English Cubical Inches, [483]
No. IV.—Table for Reducing the Degrees of
Reaumeur's Thermometer into its corresponding Degrees of Fahrenheit's Scale, [484]
No. V.—Additional.—Rules for Converting French Weights
and Measures into correspondent English Denominations, [485]
No. VI.—Table of the Weights of the different Gasses, at 28 French inches,
or 29.84 English inches barometrical pressure, and at 10° (54.5°) of temperature,
expressed in English measure and English Troy weight, [490]
No. VII.—Tables of the Specific Gravities of different bodies, [491]
No. VIII.—Additional.—Rules for Calculating the Absolute Gravity in English Troy Weight of a
Cubic Foot and Inch, English Measure, of any Substance whose Specific Gravity is known, [505]
No. IX.—Tables for Converting Ounces, Drams, and Grains, Troy, into
Decimals of the Troy Pound of 12 Ounces, and for Converting Decimals of the Pound Troy
into Ounces, &c. [508]
No. X.—Table of the English Cubical Inches and Decimals corresponding to a determinate Troy
Weight of Distilled Water at the Temperature of 55°, calculated from Everard's experiment, [511]

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