FOOTNOTES:
[1] Barin is the Russian word for master. It also means gentleman, and was used by the peasants and by servants in addressing their superiors.
[2] The French Deputy, Louis Martin, estimates the losses of the Armies in killed alone as follows:—(In millions) Russia 2½, Germany 2, Austria 1½, France 1.4, Great Britain 0.8, Italy 0.6, etc. Russia’s share of the martyrdom of all the Allied forces is 40 per cent.
[3] President of the Duma.
[4] The Grand Duke here refers to the manifesto drafted by Witte, granting various liberties and decreeing the convocation of the Duma.
[5] Miliukov: History of the Second Russian Revolution.
[6] Minister of War.
[7] Chessin: La Révolution Russe.
[8] Quartermaster-General of the Commander-in-Chief of All Fronts.
[9] Chief of Staff of the Northern Front (Com.-in-Ch., General Ruzsky).
[10] Count Fredericks, Narishkine, Ruzsky, Gutchkov, Shulgin.
[11] Shulgin’s narrative.
[12] Prince Lvov, Miliukov, Kerensky, Nekrassov, Teresvtchenko, Godnev, Lvov, Gutchkov, and Rodzianko.
[13] Miliukov: History of the Second Russian Revolution.
[14] The murder took place on the night of July 16th, 1918.
[15] Much time, pains and labour were devoted to the task of collecting information about the murdered Imperial family by General Dietrichs.
[16] The term Soviet for brevity will be used in the course of the narrative instead of Soviet of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ Delegates.
[17] The word Defensists is used as a translation of the newly-coined Russian word oboronetz, which means “He who is in favour of a defensive war.”
[18] A “poud” is equal to 40 pounds.
[19] Gustave Le-Bon, The Psychology of Socialism.
[20] The restoration of Poland in her ethnographic frontiers was intended by Russia also.
[21] Mes Souvenirs de Guerre.
[22] These lists contained the names of those suspected of relations with the enemy Governments.
[23] Among the members of the Committee were, for instance, Zourabov and Perzitch, who had served under Parvus.
[24] It is curious that Bronstein (Trotsky)—a person sufficiently competent in the matter of secret communications with the Staffs of our antagonists—said in the Izvestia for July 8th, 1917: “In the paper Nashe Slovo I have exposed and pilloried Skoropis-Yoltoukhovsky, Potok and Melenevsky as agents of the Austrian General Staff.”
[25] V. [chap. IV].—Of course articles 7 and 8 did not meet with the approval of public opinion.
[26] Generally speaking, the special services, and especially the artillery, retained their likeness to human beings, as well as a certain amount of discipline, much longer than the infantry.
[27] Leonid Andreiev’s article: “To thee, Oh soldier!”
[28] The greatest part was played by Lieutenant-Colonels of the General Staff, Lebedev (afterwards Chief-of-Staff to Admiral Koltchak) and Pronin.
[29] The President was Colonel Novosiltsev, a member of the Fourth State Douma, a Cadet (Constitutional Democrat).
[30] The last Charter to the Cossacks of the Don was granted on January 24, 1906, by the Emperor Nicholas II., and contained the following words: “... We confirm all the rights and privileges granted to it (the Cossack Army), affirming by Our Imperial word both the indefeasibility of its present form of service, which has earned the Army of the Don historic glory and the inviolability of all its estates and lands, gained by the labours, merits and blood of its ancestors....”
[31] Such was the name given to the non-Cossack immigrant element in the territory.
[32] With artillery to correspond.
[33] In the territory of the Don the peasants formed 48 per cent. of the population and the Cossacks 46 per cent.
[34] In places, the Territorial Council of “outsiders.”
[35] In the principal territories—on the Don and on the Kouban—the Cossacks formed about one-half of the population.
[36] Of these phenomena I shall speak later in more detail.
[37] The Don, the Kouban, the Terek, Astrakhan, and the mountaineers of the Northern Caucasus. I shall speak of this later.
[38] The third cavalry corps, in Kornilov’s advance against Kerensky.
[39] The third cavalry corps with Kerensky against the Bolsheviks.
[40] The Ural Cossacks, until their tragic fall in the end of 1919, knew not Bolshevism.
[41] General Alexeiev ordered its disbandment, but Kerensky permitted it to remain.
[42] They were disbanded.
[43] A Socialist-Revolutionary emigrant and an active worker in his party. He was appointed to this post by Kerensky, at the desire of the Kiev Council of Soldiers’ Delegates.
[44] Oberoutchev. In the Days of the Revolution.
[45] Among others, my former 4th Rifle Division was subjected to Ukrainisation.
[46] The Ukrainian Hetman Skoropadsky was one of his ancestors.
[47] Formerly Commander of the 38th Army Corps.
[48] The proposal of abdication made to the Emperor Nicholas II.
[49] Gutchkov’s official letter to the President of the Government.
[50] Colonels: Baranovsky, Yakoubovitch, Prince Toumanov, and later Verkhovsky.
[51] 9th July—Reply to the greeting of the Moghilev Soviet.
[52] See his evidence before the Commission of Inquiry.
[53] Conversation by telegraph with Colonel Bazanovsky.
[54] Savinkov: The Kornilov Affair. Savinkov’s expostulations prevailed. Kornilov even consented to remove Zavoiko from the limits of the Front, but soon recalled him.
[55] Chief of Staff of the Army.
[56] Free Thought. (Transl. note).
[57] Former Editor of the Sovremenny Mir (Contemporary World), and Social-Democrat of the Yedinstvo Group. In 1921 he edited the Bolshevist newspaper in Helsingfors.
[58] Undoubtedly better than the Committee of the Western Front.
[59] Held on August 14th, 1917.
[60] In August the balance of forces in the Soviet altered rapidly in favour of the Bolsheviks, giving them a majority.
[61] General Parsky now occupies an important post in the Soviet Army, while General Boldyrev was subsequently Commander-in-Chief of the Anti-Bolshevist “Front of the Constituent Assembly” on the Volga.
[62] 21st August.
[63] From the Chief Committee of the Union of Officers, the Military League, the Council of the Union of Cossack Troops, the Union of the Knights of St. George, the Conference of Public Men, etc.
[64] Until August 27th, i.e., until the rupture with Kornilov, Kerensky could not bring himself to sign the draft laws embodying the “programme.”
[65] The 3rd Cavalry Corps was summoned to Petrograd by the Provisional Government.
[66] From the report of the inquiry it is seen that Savinkov, in charge of the Ministry of War, and the head of Kerensky’s secretariat, Colonel Baranovsky, despatched to the Stavka, themselves admitted the possibility of simultaneous action by the Soviet of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ Delegates and the Bolsheviks, the former under the influence of the publication of the “Kornilov programme,” and the necessity for ruthlessly suppressing this. (Protocol Appendix XIII. to Kornilov’s deposition.)
[67] As we shall see later, Savinkov stated in his evidence that he “suggested no political combinations in the name of the Minister-President.”
[68] The “Kornilov programme” is meant here.
[69] The Commanders-in-Chief of the other Fronts sent the Provisional Government telegrams of a completely loyal nature on August 28th. Their tenor is seen from the following extracts: “Northern Front—General Klembovsky: Consider change in Supreme Command extremely dangerous when the threat of an external enemy to the integrity of our native land and our freedom demands the speedy adoption of measures for the strengthening of the discipline and fighting value of our Army.” “Western Front—General Baluev: The present situation of Russia demands the immediate adoption of exceptional measures, and the retention of General Kornilov at the head of the Army is an imperative necessity, no matter what the political situation.” “Roumanian Front—General Scherbachev: The dismissal of General Kornilov will infallibly have a fatal effect on the Army and the defence of the Motherland. I appeal to your patriotism in the name of the salvation of our native land.” All the Commanders-in-Chief mentioned the necessity for the introduction of the measures demanded by Kornilov.
[70] This telegram was not received at Headquarters. Kerensky gives the episode with Lvov thus: “On August 26th General Kornilov sent to me Vv. N. Lvov, member of the State Duma, with a demand that the Provisional Government should cede all its military and civil authority, leaving him to form a Government for the country in accordance with his own personal views.”
[71] On the morning of the 29th a telegram from the Quartermaster-General at the Stavka somehow reached us, in which again hopes of a peaceful settlement were held out.
[72] He went through the Kouban campaigns with the Volunteer Army and served in it to the day of his death, from spotted typhus, in 1920.
[73] Official communication.
[74] The members of the Commission were: Col. Raupach and Col. Oukraintsev, military jurists; Kolokolov, examining magistrate; and Lieber and Krochmal, members of the Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ delegates.
[75] Shablovsky, Kolokolov, Raupach and Oukraintsev.
[76] Shablovsky’s interview in the “Retch.”
[77] On that same morning we had been taken without any escort, with only one guard accompanying us, to the bath, about two-thirds of a mile from the guard-house, without attracting any attention.
[78] This gallant officer was afterwards one of the first Volunteers, was wounded again in Kornilov’s first Kouban campaign in 1918, and died in the spring of 1919 of spotted typhus.
[79] The Kornilov case.
Transcriber's Note:
Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible.
Soviet Order Number 1 is referred to as "Order No. 1." and "Order No. I." in the printed text: this has been standardised to "Order No. 1."
The reference to the footnote "Miliukov: History of the Second Russian Revolution" on page 54 was missing in the original.
The following is a list of changes made to the original. The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.
Shulguin and Miliukov delivered their historical speeches, was
Shulgin and Miliukov delivered their historical speeches, was
upon which the Czarist Government could reply. Everybody considered
upon which the Czarist Government could rely. Everybody considered
the villages. Government servants of all kinds were impoverishd
the villages. Government servants of all kinds were impoverished
the proletariat, the troops, the bourgoisie, even the nobility ...
the proletariat, the troops, the bourgeoisie, even the nobility ...
terrorist crimes, military mutinies and aggrarian offences, etc.
terrorist crimes, military mutinies and agrarian offences, etc.
At Pskov, on the evening of March 1st, the Czar saw General Rusky,
At Pskov, on the evening of March 1st, the Czar saw General Ruzsky,
On the South-Western Front Ukranian units were being formed.
On the South-Western Front Ukrainian units were being formed.
Socialistic Dumas, closely reminiscent of semi-Boshevik Soviets.
Socialistic Dumas, closely reminiscent of semi-Bolshevik Soviets.
Administration, on the same basis as that in the munipalities.
Administration, on the same basis as that in the municipalities.
of agriculture, and of the economic stablity of the State.
of agriculture, and of the economic stability of the State.
As life was destroying allusions, and the implacable law
As life was destroying illusions, and the implacable law
new Revolutionary régime is much more expensive that the old one.
new Revolutionary régime is much more expensive than the old one.
the Baltic Fleet was actally in a state of complete insubordination.
the Baltic Fleet was actually in a state of complete insubordination.
and Avaresco's Army on my flank. I thus gained a
and Averesco's Army on my flank. I thus gained a
South-Western Front, in the direction from Kamemetz-Podolsk to Lvov,
South-Western Front, in the direction from Kamenetz-Podolsk to Lvov,
and afforded an excuse for the abitrariness and violence
and afforded an excuse for the arbitrariness and violence
Senior Commanding Staff considered as inadmissable the democratisation
Senior Commanding Staff considered as inadmissible the democratisation
Gutchov, his Assistants, and officers of the General Staff.
Gutchkov, his Assistants, and officers of the General Staff.
demanded that the Regimetal Committees should be empowered
demanded that the Regimental Committees should be empowered
of their registration in the International Control List.
of their registration in the International Control List."
in the Secret Police and director of the pre-Revolutionary Pravdo
in the Secret Police and director of the pre-Revolutionary Pravda
(the organ of the Bolshevik Social Domocrats) broke them down.
(the organ of the Bolshevik Social Democrats) broke them down.
issuing medical certicates even to the "thoroughly fit."
issuing medical certificates even to the "thoroughly fit."
he had sent in a request that morning for two poods of bread.
he had sent in a request that morning for two pouds of bread.
force every citizen to do his duty honestly by the Motherland?"
force every citizen to do his duty honestly by the Motherland?
factories, in the villages, among the Liberal intelligentcia,
factories, in the villages, among the Liberal intelligencia,
The Don, the Kouban, the Terex, Astrakhan, and the mountaineers
The Don, the Kouban, the Terek, Astrakhan, and the mountaineers
As soon as I give an order to some reserve regiment or other
As soon as I gave an order to some reserve regiment or other
that "discipline of duty" should be introduced from the top."
that "discipline of duty" should be introduced from the top.
broke our front and moved swiftly towards Kaminetz-Podolsk,
broke our front and moved swiftly towards Kamenetz-Podolsk,
On July 9th the Austro-Germans had aready reached Mikulinze,
On July 9th the Austro-Germans had already reached Mikulinze,
in the eyes of many people he bacame a national hero
in the eyes of many people he became a national hero
his Chief-of-Staff General Lukomsky, Generals Alexeiev and Russky,
his Chief-of-Staff General Lukomsky, Generals Alexeiev and Ruzsky,
manifested itself in a series of dismissal of Senior Commanders,
manifested itself in a series of dismissals of Senior Commanders,
A silence ensued, which I intrepreted as a permission to continue.
A silence ensued, which I interpreted as a permission to continue.
had already taken place on the 8th of July, at Kamenets-Podolsk.
had already taken place on the 8th of July, at Kamenetz-Podolsk.
was subordinated, not to the Stavka, but to the Minister of War,
was subordinated, not to the Stavka, but to the Minister of War.
the Petrograd garrison, the depôt ballations of which it was proposed
the Petrograd garrison, the depôt battalions of which it was proposed
Honest and dishonest, sincere and insincere, politicans, soldiers
Honest and dishonest, sincere and insincere, politicians, soldiers
Even when the Plekhanov, the old leader of the Social-Democrats,
Even when Plekhanov, the old leader of the Social-Democrats,
Kornilov, Loukomsky, Romanovsky, and others were taken off
Kornilov, Lukomsky, Romanovsky, and others were taken off
isolation of the frontal region wtih respect to Kiev and Zhitomir.
isolation of the frontal region with respect to Kiev and Zhitomir.
in the shortest possible time, and by Revolutionary Court-Martial."
in the shortest possible time, and by Revolutionary Court-Martial.
through its representatives in the Consituent Assembly of 1918:
through its representatives in the Constituent Assembly of 1918:
[12] Prince Lvov, Miliukov, Kerensky, Nekrasso, Teresvtchenko,
[12] Prince Lvov, Miliukov, Kerensky, Nekrassov, Teresvtchenko,
[57] Former Editor of the Souvremenny Mir (Contemporary World),
[57] Former Editor of the Sovremenny Mir (Contemporary World),