FOOTNOTES:
[1] Transactions American Philosophical Society (new series), vol. iv, pp. 369-370.
[2] Bonnécamps’s journal was accompanied by a MS. map drawn by himself upon which were marked all the places mentioned in his journal of this expedition (1749). This map was preserved in the archives of the Department of the Marine with his journal but disappeared between 1892 and 1894 and its location today is unknown.
[3] Warren, Pennsylvania; O. H. Marshall’s “Céloron’s Expedition,” Magazine of American History, vol. 2, no. 3, (March 1878).
[4] Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, vol. lxix, p. 165.
[5] Historic Highways of America, vol. iii, pp. 71-72.
[6] Brokenstraw Creek.
[7] Céloron’s Journal in Darlington’s Fort Pitt, p. 17.
[8] Céloron’s Journal in Darlington’s Fort Pitt, pp. 18-19.
[9] Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, vol. lxix, p. 165.
[10] Céloron’s Journal in Darlington’s Fort Pitt, p. 21.
[11] Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, vol. lxix, p. 167.
[12] For a sketch of Indian occupation of the Allegheny Valley see Historic Highways of America, vol. iii, pp. 59-62.
[13] Franklin, Pennsylvania.
[14] Céloron’s Journal in Darlington’s Fort Pitt, p. 24.
[15] Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, vol. lxix, p. 169.
[16] Céloron’s Journal in Darlington’s Fort Pitt, p. 25.
[17] Id., p. 25. Parkman places Attiqué on the site of Kittanning, Pennsylvania (See Parkman’s Montcalm and Wolfe, vol. i, p. 45). This view is supported by Lambing (Catholic Historical Researches, January 1886, pp. 105-107, note 6).
[18] Céloron’s Journal in Darlington’s Fort Pitt, p. 26.
[19] This letter, dated August 6, with two others, all bearing the signature of Céloron, has been preserved in the archives of the State of Pennsylvania. For copy of translation see Rupp’s Early History of Western Pennsylvania, p. 36.
[20] Queen Alliquippa.
[21] Céloron’s Journal in Darlington’s Fort Pitt, p. 27.
[22] Toner’s Journal of Colonel George Washington, 1754, pp. 157-158. In this article it was demanded that the English should not return across the Alleghenies for one year.
[23] Shenango, in English accounts.
[24] O. H. Marshall’s 14 Céloron’s Expedition,’ Magazine of American History, vol. 2, no. 3, (March 1878).
[25] Céloron’s Journal in Darlington’s Fort Pitt, p. 39.
[26] The location of the burial places of Céloron’s leaden plates as given in Darlington’s Fort Pitt, which would naturally be considered authoritative, are inexplicably contradictory.
[27] Céloron’s Journal in Darlington’s Fort Pitt, p. 40.
[28] Id., p. 40.
[29] Id., pp. 40, 41.
[30] St. Yotoc was probably a corruption of Scioto. Father Bonnécamps calls it Sinhioto. It was near the present site of Alexandria, Ohio, at the mouth of the Scioto River.
[31] Rivière Blanche was a name given by the French to several streams which contained unusually clear waters. From distances mentioned this was probably the Little Miami. Dunn (History of Indiana, p. 65, note 1) thinks it was the present White Oak Creek.
[32] Rivière à la Roche (Rocky River) was the present Great Miami. It was called the “Rocky River” because of its numerous rapids.
[33] Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, vol. lxix, p. 183.
[34] Céloron’s Journal in Darlington’s Fort Pitt, p. 52.
[35] Historic Highways of America, vol. vi, ch. i.
[36] The St. Clair Papers, vol. ii, p. 1.
[37] Id., p. 3, note 1.
[38] Id., vol. ii, p. 4, note.
[39] Id., p. 5, note.
[40] Id., p. 5, note. Legally John Emerson had no rights northwest of the Ohio River; but as an exponent of the American idea he had a sort of justification; see Professor Frederick J. Turner’s studies, American Historical Review, vol. 1, pp. 70-87, 251-268.
[41] The MS. Harmar Papers; St. Clair Papers, vol. ii, p. 7, note 1.
[42] The rights to certain lands on the upper Muskingum Valley, where David Zeisberger had located the Moravian towns in 1773, were vested in the Moravian Church. Gnadenhutten, Ohio, was, technically, the first white settlement in Ohio after the French locations along the Lakes. King’s Ohio, p. 119.
[43] Hinsdale’s Old Northwest (1888), pp. 290-292.
[44] Historic Highways of America, vol. viii.
[45] The Navigator (fifth edition), Pittsburg, 1806.
[46] “Planters are large bodies of trees firmly fixed by their roots in the bottom of the river, in a perpendicular manner, and appearing no more than about a foot above the surface of the water in its middling state. So firmly are they rooted, that the largest boat running against them, will not move them, but they frequently injure the boat.
“Sawyers, are likewise bodies of trees fixed less perpendicularly in the river, and rather of a less size, yielding to the pressure of the current, disappearing and appearing by turns above water, similar to the motion of a saw-mill saw, from which they have taken their name.
“Wooden-Islands, are places where by some cause or other, large quantities of drift wood, has through time, been arrested and matted together in different parts of the river.”
[47] Harris’s Tour (1805), p. 38.
[48] Harris’s Pittsburgh Business Directory for the year 1837, pp. 178, 287.
[49] Id., p. 277.
[50] The American Pioneer, vol. ii, p. 271.
[51] Historic Highways of America, vol. i, p. 57.
[52] See note 55.
[53] Cassedy’s History of Louisville, pp. 64-67.
[54] American Pioneer, vol. ii, p. 63.
[55] Wisconsin Historical Collections, vol. iv, p. 183; xii, p. 400; vii, p. 371.
[56] An itinerary of the route from New Orleans northward is given in The Navigator (1817), p. 306. For a description of the journey see American Pioneer, March, 1842.
[57] American Pioneer, vol. ii, pp. 163-164.
[58] Harris: Tour, pp. 30-31; cf. p. 139 where the author states the historical succession of river craft as: canoe, pirogue, keel-boat, barge, and ark.
[59] Interview with William DeForest published in the Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, May, 1883.
[60] Dr. S. P. Hildreth’s Pioneer History, p. 205.
[61] Collins’s History of Kentucky, vol. ii, pp. 113-114.
[62] Burner’s Notes, p. 400.
[63] Cassedy’s History of Louisville, p. 64.
[64] Butler’s Journal for October 9, 1785, The Olden Time, vol. ii, p. 442. Cf. Wisconsin Historical Collections, vol. xi, p. 13, note.
[65] Harris’s Pittsburgh Business Directory (1837), pp. 276-277.
[66] Harris: Tour, p. 43.
[67] Id., pp. 52-53.
[68] Id., pp. 140-141.
[69] The Navigator (1811), p. 69.
[70] The Navigator, (1811), pp. 31-33.
[71] The authority for these and many of the following facts is derived from a Memorial of the Citizens of Cincinnati to the Congress of the United States Relative to the Navigation of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, Cincinnati, 1844.
[72] Cassedy’s History of Louisville, pp. 62-63.
[73] Cassedy’s History of Louisville, pp. 78-79.
[74] Collins’s History of Kentucky, vol. ii. p. 147.
[75] Id., p. 251.
[76] House Reports 39th Congress, Second Session, Ex. Doc. 56, part 2, p. 323.
[77] Memorial of the Citizens of Cincinnati to the Congress of the United States, 1844, p. 39.
[78] Id., p. 38.
[79] Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, 1902, Appendix H. H., p. 1978.
[80] Id., p. 1980.
[81] House Records, 41st Congress, Third Session, Ex. Doc. no. 72, p. 4.
[82] Id., p. 5.
[83] House Reports 39th Congress, Second Session, Ex. Doc. 56. Part II, p. 262.
[84] Report of the Chief of Engineers U. S. Army, 1902, Appendix D. D., p. 1846.