How it Works / Dealing in simple language with steam, electricity, light, heat, sound, hydraulics, optics, etc., and with their applications to apparatus in common use

by Archibald Williams

INDEX.

Note.—Figures in italics signify that an illustration of
the thing referred to appears on the page.

Aberration, spherical, of lens, [243].
Acoustics, [294].
Achromatic lens, [243].
Action carriage of piano, [283].
Advancing the spark, [102].
Air-gun, [342].
Air-pump for cycle tyres, [340];
for Westinghouse brake, [199].
Alternating currents, [164];
dynamo, [164].
Amperage, [125].
Angle of advance, [57], [58];
incidence, [268];
reflection, [268].
Aorta, [360].
Arc lamp, [182].
Archimedes, [412].
Armature, [162].
Arteries, [358].
Arterial blood, [359].
Atmospheric pressure, [350].
Auditory nerve, [272].
Automatic brakes, [188];
signalling, [228];
stoker, [399].
Backfall, [298].
Balance-wheel, [419].
Ball cock, [366], [367].
Balloon, fire, [323];
gas, [347].
Barometer, aneroid, [328], [329];
and weather, [331];
Fortin's, [326];
meaning of, [325];
simple, [328];
wheel, [327].
Beau de Rochas, [89].
Bell, diving, [332];
electric, [119], [120].
Bellows of organ, [303].
Bioscope, [266].
Blades, turbine, [81], [83].
Block system, [201], [212].
Blood, arterial, [359];
circulation of, [356], [357], [360];
venous, [359].
Blower-plate, [393], [394].
Boat, sails of, [346].
Boiler, Babcock and Wilcox, [21], [22];
explosions, [34], [391];
fire-tube, [21];
fittings, [31];
Lancashire, [25], [26];
locomotive, [20], [23];
multitubular, [21];
principle of, [15];
stored energy in, [32];
vertical, [25];
water supply to, [39];
water-tube, [21].
Brakes, hydraulic, [188];
motor car, [110];
railway, [187];
vacuum, [189], [190], [191];
Westinghouse, [194], [195], [197].
Bramah, [363], [437].
Breezes, land and sea, [324].
Brushes of dynamo, [161], [172].
Bunsen burner, [409].
Burning-glass, [232].
Camera, the, [233];
pinhole, [234], [235].
Canals, semicircular, [273].
Capillary attraction, [392];
veins, [358].
Carbon dioxide, [27], [359];
monoxide, [27].
Carburetter, [98], [99].
Cardan shaft, [93].
Carmania, the, [83].
Centrifugal force, [382].
Change-speed gear, [105], [442].
Chassis of motor car, [92].
Circulation of water in a boiler, [17], [18], [19];
of water in a motor car, [95], [97].
Clarionet, [308].
Clock, first weight-driven, [412];
water, [410].
Clutch of motor car, [105].
Coal, as fuel, [15];
gas, [394];
gas making, [394];
gas plant, [396];
gas, purification of, [397].
Cochlea, [273].
Coherer, [140].
Coil, Ruhmkorff, [121].
Coke, [395].
Combinations in Chubb lock, [436];
Yale lock, [436].
Combustion, [26], [393];
perfect, [28].
Compensating gear, [107], [108].
Compound engines, [59];
arrangement of, [61];
invention of, [59].
Compound locomotives, [62].
Compound microscope, [261].
Condenser, marine, [71], [72];
of Ruhmkorff coil, [123].
Conduit, [176].
Convex lens, image cast by, [236].
Conjugate foci, [262].
Cornet, [308].
Corti, rods of, [274].
Coxwell, [348].
Cream separator, [381], [383].
Current, reversal of electric, [130], [131];
transformation of, [124].
Cushioning of steam, [55].
Cycle, gearing of, [439].
Cylinder, hydraulic press, [363];
steam, [49].
Danes, [382].
Dead point, [47].
De Brouwer stoker, [401].
Detector in Chubb lock, [435].
Diving-bell, [332];
simple, [333], [334].
Diving-dress, [335].
Direction of current in dynamo circuit, [163].
Diver's feats, [338];
helmet, [336];
lamp, [338].
Donkey-engines, [68].
Doorstop, self-closing, [344].
Double-cylinder engines, [47].
Draught, forced, [28], [29];
induced, [29].
Drum and fusee, [414].
Durability of motor-car engine, [96].
D-valve, [67].
Dynamo, alternating, [164], [174];
brushes, [172];
compound, [174];
continuous-current, [165];
multipolar, [169];
series wound, [173];
shunt wound, [173];
simple, [161], [162].
Ear, the, [271], [273];
a good, [274], [307];
sensitiveness of, [275].
Eccentric, [52], [53];
setting of, [53].
Edison, Thomas, [310].
Edison-Bell phonograph, [310].
Electricity, current, [115];
forms of, [113];
nature of, [112];
static, [114].
Electric bell, [119], [120];
signalling, [225];
slot, [226].
Electroplating, [185], [186].
Electro-magnets, [117].
Endolymph, [272].
Engines, compound, [59];
donkey, [68];
double-cylinder, [47];
internal-combustion, [87], [95];
reciprocating, [44].
Escapement of timepieces, [416];
cylinder, [420];
lever, [421], [422].
Ether, [270].
Eustachian tube, [276].
Eye, human, [246], [247];
self-accommodation of, [248].
Expansive working of steam, [56].
Faraday, Michael, [159].
Field, magnetic, [159];
magnets, [171];
ring, [174].
Filters, [374];
Maignen, [373];
Berkefeld, [374].
Filtration beds, [372].
Flute, [308].
Flying-machines, [348].
Fly-wheel, use of, [48].
Focus, meaning of, [237];
principal, [238].
Foci, conjugate, [262].
Force, lines of, [116].
Forces, component, [345].
Free wheel, [440].
Furring-up of pipes, [391].
Fusee, drum and, [414].
Galileo, [259], [325], [416].
Galilean telescope, [259].
Gas, coal, [394];
governor, [402];
meter, [405];
traps, [374];
works, [394].
Gasometer, [397];
largest, [398], [399].
Gauge, steam, [36], [38];
water, [35], [36].
Gear, compensating, [107], [108].
Gear-box of motor car, [105].
Gearing of cycle, [439].
Glaisher, [348].
Gland, [50], [363].
Glass, flint and crown, [242].
Going-barrel for watches, [415].
Gooch reversing gear, [65].
Governors, speed, [67];
of motor car, [103], [104].
Graham, [418].
Gramophone, [317];
records, [319], [321];
reproducer, [318].
Hairspring, [412].
Hay-cutter, [451].
Heart, the, [355];
disease, [361];
rate of pulsation of, [361];
size of, [357].
Heat of sun, [451].
Hele, Peter, [412].
Helmet, diver's, [336].
Helmholtz, [274], [308].
Hero of Alexandria, [74].
Herschel, [261].
Hertz, Dr., [138].
Hertzian waves, [138].
Hot-water supply, [386].
Hour-hand train in timepieces, [429].
Household water supply, [364].
Hughes type-printer, [134].
Hydraulic press, [361], [362].
Hydro, [385].
Ignition of charge in motor-car cylinder, [100], [101].
Image and object, relative positions of, [239];
distortion of, [245].
Incandescent gas mantle, [407];
electric lamp, [179].
Incus, [272].
Index mechanism of water-meter, [37].
Indicator of electric bell, [119].
Induction coil, [121];
uses of, [125].
Injector, [39];
Giffard's, [41];
principle of, [40];
self-starting, [42].
Interlocking of signals, [204], [222].
Internal-combustion engine, [87].
Iris of eye, [249];
stop, [249].
Kelvin, Lord, [158].
Keyless winding mechanism, [425], [426], [428].
Kite, [345].
Lamp, arc, [182];
how it works, [392];
incandescent, [179];
manufacture of incandescent lamps, [180].
Lap of slide-valve, [57], [59].
Larynx, [306].
Laxey wheel, [380], [381].
Leads, [208].
Lenses, [231];
correction of for colour, [240], [241];
focus of, [236];
rectilinear, [245];
spherical aberration in, [243].
Levers, signal, colours of, [208].
Limit of error in cylinder, [52].
Light, electric, [179];
nature of, [230];
propagation of, [231].
Li Hung Chang, [157].
Lindsay, James Bowman, [145].
Lines of force, [116], [162].
"Linking up," [65].
Locks, [430];
Barron, [433];
Bramah, [437];
Chubb, [433], [434];
Hobbs, [437];
simplest, [431];
tumbler, [432];
Yale, [436].
Locking gear for signals, [205].
Locomotive, electric, [178];
advantages of, [179].
Lungs, [359].
Magic-lantern, [263], [264].
Magnet, [115];
permanent, [115], [116];
temporary, [115].
Magnetism, [115].
Magnetic needle, influence of current on, [129].
Mainspring, invention of, [412].
Malleus, [272].
Marconi, [140], [146].
Marine chronometers, [415];
delicacy of, [425].
Marine speed governor, [71].
Marine turbine, advantages of, [84].
Maudslay, Henry, [363].
Maxim, Sir Hiram, [348].
Micrometer free wheel, [441].
Micro-photography, [265].
Microscope, [254];
compound, [261], [263];
in telescope, [257];
simple, [254].
Mineral oil, [392].
Mirror, parabolic, [261], [262];
plane, [267].
Morse, [132], [145];
code, [128];
inker, [142];
sounder, [132].
Motor car, the, [92];
electric, [177].
Mouth, [307].
Mowing-machines, [450].
Musical sounds, [277].
Nerve, auditory, [272];
optic, [246].
Nodes on a string, [285];
column of air, [291].
Note, fundamental, [285];
quality of, [285].
Niagara Falls, power station at, [174].
Organ, the, [294], [300];
bellows, [303];
console, [305];
echo, solo, swell, great, and choir, [301];
electric and pneumatic, [305];
largest in the world, [306];
pedals, [298];
pipes, [295];
pipes, arrangement of, [295];
sound-board, [296];
wind-chest, [297].
Otto cycle, [91].
Overtones, [285].
Pallets of organ, [297].
Parallel arrangement of electric lamps, [184].
Paris, siege of, [265].
Pedals of organ, [298].
Pelton wheel, [377].
Pendulum, [412];
compensating, [418], [419].
Perilymph, [272].
Perry, Professor, [16].
Petrol,

[98].
Phonograph, [310];
governor, [311];
recorder, [312], [313];
records, making of, [319];
reproducer, [315];
tracings on record of, [317].
Pianoforte, [277];
sounding-board, [280];
striking mechanism, [281];
strings, [281].
Piccolo, [308].
Pipes, closed, [289];
flue, [301];
open, [292];
organ, [295];
reed, [301], [302];
tuning, [302].
Piston valve, [67].
Pneumatic tyres, [341].
Poldhu, signalling station at, [138].
Points, railway, [208], [210];
and signals in combination, [211].
Poles of a magnet, [115].
Popoff, Professor A., [138], [145].
Power, transmission of, [175].
Preece, Sir William, [145].
Primary winding of induction coil, [122].
Pump, air, [340];
bucket, [352], [353];
force, [354];
most marvellous, [355];
Westinghouse air, [199].
Railway brakes, [187];
signalling, [200].
Rays, converging and diverging, [256];
heat, concentrated by lens, [232];
light, [232], [235], [236], [237].
Records, master, [319], [320].
Reciprocation, [51].
Reed, human, [306];
pipes, [301], [302].
Reflecting telescope, [260].
Relays, telegraphic, [133], [141].
Retina, [247].
Retorts, [395].
Reversing gear, [62];
Allan, [65];
Gooch, [65];
radial, [66].
Rocking bar mechanism for watches, [425].
Rods of Corti, [274].
Ruhmkorff coil, [121], [122].
Safety-valve, [32], [33], [391].
Sand-glasses, [411].
Scissors, action of, [450].
Secondary winding of induction coil, [122].
Series arrangement of electric lamps, [183].
Series winding of dynamo, [173].
Shunt wound dynamo, [173].
Sight, long and short, [250].
Signalling, automatic, [228];
electric, [225];
pneumatic, [225];
power, [225].
Signal levers, [206].
Signals, interlocking of, [204];
position of, [202];
railway, [200];
single line, [215].
Silencer on motor cars, [109].
Siphon, [351].
Slide-valve, [49], [50], [51];
setting of, [53].
Sliders, [297].
Sound, nature of, [270];
board of organ, [296];
board of piano, [280].
Spagnoletti disc instrument, [212].
Sparking-plug, [102].
Spectacles, use of, [249].
Spectrum, colours of, [230].
Speed governors, [67], [68], [69];
Hartwell, [70];
marine, [71].
Speed of motor cars, [110].
Spot, blind, in eye, [251];
yellow, in eye, [251].
Spring balance for watches, [419];
compensating, [423], [424].
Stapes, [272].
Steam, what it is, [13];
energy of, [14];
engines, [44];
engines, reciprocating, [45];
expansive working of, [59], [81];
gauge, [36];
gauge, principle of, [37];
turbine, [74];
turbine, De Laval, [76], [77];
turbine, Hero's, [74];
turbine, Parsons, [79], [80];
volume of, as compared with water, [15].
Stephenson, George, [63], [375].
Stop, in lens, [244];
iris, [249];
use of, [244].
Sun-dial of Ahaz, [410].
Syntonic transmission of wireless messages, [143].
Talking-machines, [310].
Tapper in wireless telegraphy receiver, [141].
Tappet arm, [205].
Telegraph, electric, [127];
insulator, [133];
needle, [128];
recording, [133];
sounder, [132].
Telegraphy, high-speed, [135];
wireless, [137].
Telephone, [147];
Bell, [148];
circuit, double-line, [155];
circuit, general arrangement, [152], [153];
exchange, [154], [155].
Telephony, submarine, [157].
Telescope, [257];
Galilean, [259];
prismatic, [260];
reflecting, [260];
terrestrial, [259].
Threshing-machine, [447], [448].
Thurston, Professor, [31].
Tides, [452];
high, [453];
neap and spring, [455].
Timbre, [285].
Tompion, Thomas, [412].
Torricelli, [325].
Trachea, [306].
Train staff signalling, [216];
single, [216];
and ticket, [217];
electric, [218].
Transformation of current, [124], [176].
Transmission of power, [174], [175].
Transmitter, Edison telephone, [150];
granular carbon, [150], [151].
Triple-valve, [196].
Trolley arm, [176].
Turbines, steam, [74].
Turbinia, the, [79].
Tympanum, [137], [271], [272].
Universal joint, [93].
Vacuum brake, [189], [190], [191].
Vacuum chamber of aneroid barometer, [330].
Valve, piston, [67];
safety, [32];
of internal-combustion engine, [89].
Valves of the heart, [357].
Veins, [358];
capillary, [358];
pulmonary, [361].
Ventral segments, [291].
Ventricles, [357].
Vibration of columns of air, [288], [289];
of rods, [287];
of strings, [278];
of strings, conditions regulating, [278].
Viper, the, [86].
Virag, Pollak—high-speed telegraphy, [136].
Vitreous humour, [246].
Voltage, [121], [161].
Vowel sounds, [308].
Wasborough, Matthew, [51].
Watches, first, [412].
Water cock, [365];
engines, [375];
gauge, [35], [36];
jacket, [19], [95];
meter, [368];
supply, [371];
turbines, [174], [376];
wheels, [375].
Watt, James, [51], [69], [375].
Welsbach incandescent mantle, [407].
Westinghouse air-brake, [194], [195], [197];
George, [194].
Wheatstone needle instrument, [128], [131];
automatic transmitter, [135].
Wind, why it blows, [323];
action of on kites, [345];
on sails, [346].
Windmills, [375].
Window, oval, in ear, [272];
round, in ear, [272].
Wireless telegraphy, [137];
advance of, [145];
receiver, [140], [141];
syntonic, [143];
transmitter, [138], [139].
Yale lock, [436], [437].
Yellow spot, in eye, [251].
Zech, Jacob, [414].
Zeiss field-glasses, [260].

THE END.