Occurrences
Platinum usually occurs in nature as native metal alloyed with one or more of its allied metals in the form of very fine grains more or less flattened; sometimes in the form of irregular nuggets; and occasionally, though rarely, in small cubic crystals. It is sometimes coated with a black layer of iron oxide, which may be magnetic, in which case it is not easily recognizable. When unrefined it is referred to as “crude” platinum.
With the exception of a certain amount of the platinum metals, obtained from the refining of copper and gold bullion, particularly from the copper-nickel deposits of Sudbury, Ontario, about 99 per cent. of the whole supply is derived from alluvial deposits. Several occurrences of platinum in situ are known, but so far few are of commercial importance: however, in view of the indications of exhaustion shown by some of the placer deposits, notably in Russia, the exploration of primary ores is now receiving more attention and practical results have already been achieved in Russia and in Spain.
The mother rocks from which the deposits are derived, in the large majority of known cases, consist of basic and ultra-basic igneous rocks, including peridotites, pyroxenites and dunites. The two first are composed of iron magnesian silicates, pyroxene, augite and hornblende with olivine, chromite, ilmenite and magnetite: the dunites consist principally of olivine with some chromite. These rocks are often found to have undergone more or less alteration to serpentine. In addition, platinum has been found in quartz veins, notably at the Boss Mine, Nevada, and in a few known cases it has been derived from formations in schistose, or altered sedimentary rocks.
When present in serpentine, platinum is usually disseminated through the rock in fine particles. It seldom occurs in a lode-formation. In sedimentary rocks it usually occurs in sandstones. In cases where alluvial deposits have been derived from the basic igneous rocks, the associated minerals are usually chromite, magnetite, ilmenite, iridium and osmiridium. In sedimentary deposits the metal is commonly associated with quartz, copper, nickel, silver and palladium.
Platinum has been found in certain varieties of the copper ores tetrahedrite and bournonite. It has occasionally been located in shales and in coal, although not in recoverable quantities. In the latter case, in an Australian coal, it is associated with vanadium[[1]] p. 992.
Several cases are known of platinum being present in meteorites, two well-authenticated instances having been reported from Mexico. Platinum has been shown to exist in meteoric iron from New South Wales.
Crude platinum, as recovered, contains from 70 to 90 per cent. of the metal, and, as mentioned above, is really an alloy of platinum with one or more of the allied metals, the chief impurities consisting principally of iron and copper.
The table on the next page gives the analyses of typical samples of crude platinum from the Urals, California, British Columbia, and other places.
Platinum also occurs in combination with arsenic in the mineral Sperrylite (PtAs2), in the form of minute octahedral crystals. The colour of this mineral is tin white, its lustre is metallic and brilliant, its hardness varies from 6 to 7, and its specific gravity is 10·6. The mineral is brittle and breaks with a conchoidal fracture. It is very rare, and is interesting as being the only mineral of platinum known besides the native metal. It occurs associated with sulphide minerals of magmatic origin in gabbros and diabases, notably in the nickeliferous pyrites of Sudbury, Canada, and in the copper ores of the Rambler Mine, Laramie, Wyoming.
It is probable that the palladium, which is also found in these deposits, is similarly present in the form of an arsenide, but such a mineral has not yet been definitely proved to exist.
The following is an analysis of a sample of sperrylite: platinum, 54·47 per cent.; rhodium, 0·76 per cent.; palladium, trace; arsenic, 42·23 per cent.; antimony, 0·54 per cent.[[2]] p. 69.