INDEX

Note: All Romans, except emperors and literary men, are to be found under their gens name: e. g. for Cato see Porcius. All others are indexed under the name most commonly used in English: e. g. Trajan, Horace, Alaric.

A. = Aulus.
A cognitionibus, secretary for imperial inquest, [269].
A cubiculo, see [Chamberlain].
A libellis, secretary for petitions, [269].
A rationibus, secretary of the treasury, [269], [271];title changed, [272].
secretary of the treasury, [269], [271];
title changed, [272].
A studiis, secretary of the records, [269].
Ab admissione, chief usher, [294].
Ab epistulis, secretary for correspondence, [269].
L. Accius, tragic poet, [121].
Achæa, senatorial province of, [216].
Achæan Confederacy, the, opposed to Macedonia, [69];allied with Macedonia, [75];supports Philip V, [83], [85];joins Rome, [91];loyal to Rome, [93];friction with Rome, [95];forced to send hostages to Rome, [96];asserts independence, [102]–[103];dissolved, [103].
opposed to Macedonia, [69];
allied with Macedonia, [75];
supports Philip V, [83], [85];
joins Rome, [91];
loyal to Rome, [93];
friction with Rome, [95];
forced to send hostages to Rome, [96];
asserts independence, [102]–[103];
dissolved, [103].
Acilian law (lex Acilia de repetundis), [129].
Acilius Glabrio, consul, defeats Antiochus at Thermopylæ, [93].
Actium, battle of, [195].
Adherbal, joint ruler of Numidia, [132]–[133].
Advocate of the fiscus (advocatus fisci), [248].
Ædileship, the, and public games, [123],(1) the plebeian, [50], [54]; becomes magistracy, [55];becomes magistracy, [55];(2) the curule, [51]; opened to plebeians, [56];under the Principate, [294]; (3) in municipalities, [284].
and public games, [123],
(1) the plebeian, [50], [54]; becomes magistracy, [55];becomes magistracy, [55];
becomes magistracy, [55];
becomes magistracy, [55];
(2) the curule, [51]; opened to plebeians, [56];under the Principate, [294];
opened to plebeians, [56];
under the Principate, [294];
(3) in municipalities, [284].
Ædui, the, allies of Rome, [132], [168];desert Rome, [171];admitted to Roman Senate, [231].
allies of Rome, [132], [168];
desert Rome, [171];
admitted to Roman Senate, [231].
Ægates Islands, the, battle of, [74].
S. Ælius Pætus, consul, juristic writer, [122].
L. Ælius Seianus, prætorian prefect, [227];plot of, [228]–[229].
prætorian prefect, [227];
plot of, [228]–[229].
M. Æmilius Lepidus, consul, [152];proconsul, revolt of, [152].
consul, [152];
proconsul, revolt of, [152].
M. Æmilius Lepidus, master of the horse, [185];pontifex maximus, [186];in Second Triumvirate, [188]–[189];deposed, [192].
master of the horse, [185];
pontifex maximus, [186];
in Second Triumvirate, [188]–[189];
deposed, [192].
Æmilius Papinianus, jurist, prætorian prefect, [254].
L. Æmilius Paullus, consul, at Cannæ, [82].
L. Æmilius Paullus, consul, defeats Perseus, [96].
Æneolithic Age, the, [9].
Æqui, the, [15]; wars of, with Rome, [33]–[34], [36];Roman allies, [39].
wars of, with Rome, [33]–[34], [36];
Roman allies, [39].
Ærarium militare, the, establishment of, [212], [271].
Ærarium Saturni, the, state treasury, under senatorial authority, [209];evolution of, under the Principate, [265].
state treasury, under senatorial authority, [209];
evolution of, under the Principate, [265].
Aetius, Flavius, master of the soldiers, defeats Burgundians, [356];made count, [358];career of, [358]–[359];death, [360].
master of the soldiers, defeats Burgundians, [356];
made count, [358];
career of, [358]–[359];
death, [360].
Ætolian Confederacy, the, hostile to Macedonia, [69];joins Rome against Philip V, [83];concludes peace, [85];supports Rome again, [90];joins Antiochus against Rome, [92];subjugated by Rome, [94].
hostile to Macedonia, [69];
joins Rome against Philip V, [83];
concludes peace, [85];
supports Rome again, [90];
joins Antiochus against Rome, [92];
subjugated by Rome, [94].
Africa, Roman province of, organized, [102];rise of serfdom in, [289]–[290];conquered by Vandals, [355]–[356];reconquered by Justinian, [376]–[377].
organized, [102];
rise of serfdom in, [289]–[290];
conquered by Vandals, [355]–[356];
reconquered by Justinian, [376]–[377].
Agathocles, King of Syracuse, [40], [41].
Agentes-in-rebus, [340].
Ager Gallicus, [39].
Ager publicus, [39].
Ager Romanus, [43], [44].
Agrarian laws, of the Gracchi, [126]–[128];failure of, [131];of Saturninus, [138];proposed —— of Rullus, [163].
of the Gracchi, [126]–[128];
failure of, [131];
of Saturninus, [138];
proposed —— of Rullus, [163].
Agri Decumates, the, annexed, [239].
Agriculture, Italy adapted to, [4];changing conditions of, [115];development of, under the Principate, [297].
Italy adapted to, [4];
changing conditions of, [115];
development of, under the Principate, [297].
Agrippa, see [M. Vipsanius Agrippa].
Agrippina, granddaughter of Augustus, [224], [227];plots for the succession, [228];condemned to death, [229].
granddaughter of Augustus, [224], [227];
plots for the succession, [228];
condemned to death, [229].
Agrippina, niece and wife of Claudius, schemes of, [232];murdered, [233].
schemes of, [232];
murdered, [233].
Alæ, [45].
Alamanni, the, [256], [259]; defeated by [pg 424]Gallienus, [260];by Aurelian, [265];by Julian, [326];by Valens, [329]–[330];by Narses, [378].
defeated by [pg 424]Gallienus, [260];
by Aurelian, [265];
by Julian, [326];
by Valens, [329]–[330];
by Narses, [378].
Alans, the, invasions of, with the Vandals, [355].
Alaric, prince of the Visigoths, invasion of Greece, [352]–[353];invasion of Italy, [353].
invasion of Greece, [352]–[353];
invasion of Italy, [353].
Alba Longa, [29].
Alban, Count, the, [26].
Albinus (Decimus Clodius ——), saluted Imperator, [252];death, [253].
saluted Imperator, [252];
death, [253].
Alexander, king of Epirus, [40].
Alexander Severus, see [Severus Alexander].
Alexandria, capital of Egypt, [67]; Cæsar besieged in, [177];government of, [281].
Cæsar besieged in, [177];
government of, [281].
Alimentary system (alimenta), the, instituted, [244].
Allia, the, battle of, [35].
Allies, the, see [Italian allies].
Allobroges, the, conquered by Rome, [132];betray Cataline’s conspiracy, [164].
conquered by Rome, [132];
betray Cataline’s conspiracy, [164].
Ambrones, the, [135], [136].
Ambrose, bishop of Milan, conflict with Theodosius I, [330]–[331];writings of, [399].
conflict with Theodosius I, [330]–[331];
writings of, [399].
Amicitia, status of, [90].
Ammianus Marcellinus, historical writer, [398].
Anastasius, eastern emperor, [365]–[367].
Ancyra, Monument of, [225].
Andriscus, Macedonian pretender, [102].
Animism, of early Roman religion, [61].
L. Annæus Seneca, writer, [299];counsellor of Nero, [232], [233], [235].
writer, [299];
counsellor of Nero, [232], [233], [235].
T. Annius Milo, tribune, [169], [172]–[173].
Annona, the, [222].
Anthemius, western emperor, [360].
Anthenion, leader of slave rebellion, [137].
Antinoöpolis, [281].
Antioch, Seleucid capital, [69];depopulated by Persians, [379].
Seleucid capital, [69];
depopulated by Persians, [379].
Antiochus III, the Great, king of Syria, attacks Egypt, [89];war with Rome, [92]–[93].
attacks Egypt, [89];
war with Rome, [92]–[93].
Antiochus IV, Epiphanes, king of Syria, forced to evacuate Egypt, [97].
Antonine Constitution, the, [255].
Antoninus Pius (Titus Ælius Aurelius ——), adopted by Hadrian, [249];principate of, [249].
adopted by Hadrian, [249];
principate of, [249].
C. Antonius, consul, [162], [164].
L. Antonius, brother of Mark Antony, [190]–[191].
M. Antonius, prætor, command against pirates in 102 B. C., [137].
M. Antonius, prætor, extraordinary command against pirates in 74 B. C., [154].
M. Antonius (Mark Antony), master of the horse, [176], [177];consul, [185];takes charge after Cæsar’s death, [185]–[186];in Second Triumvirate, [188]–[190];in the East and Egypt, [190], [192]–[194];projects of Cleopatra and, [193]–[194];war with Octavian, [194]–[195];suicide of, [195].
master of the horse, [176], [177];
consul, [185];
takes charge after Cæsar’s death, [185]–[186];
in Second Triumvirate, [188]–[190];
in the East and Egypt, [190], [192]–[194];
projects of Cleopatra and, [193]–[194];
war with Octavian, [194]–[195];
suicide of, [195].
Appius Claudius, censor, [56].
Appius Claudius, land commissioner, [127].
L. Appuleius Saturninus, tribune, proposed legislation of, [138];overthrown, [139].
tribune, proposed legislation of, [138];
overthrown, [139].
L. Apuleius, writer, [300].
Apulia, [38]–[39].
Apulians, the, allies of Rome, [38].
Aqua Appia, [56].
Aquæ Sextiæ, fortress, established, [132];Teutons annihilated at, [136].
established, [132];
Teutons annihilated at, [136].
Aquileia, Latin colony, [97].
M’. Aquillius, consul, subdues rebellious slaves, [137].
Aquitania, administrative district of Gaul, [218];Roman province, [227];Visigothic kingdom in, [354].
administrative district of Gaul, [218];
Roman province, [227];
Visigothic kingdom in, [354].
Aquitanians, the, conquered by Cæsar, [169].
Arabia, Roman attempt to conquer, [221].
Arabs, the Nabatæans, Roman allies, [221];kingdom of, made Roman province, [246].
Roman allies, [221];
kingdom of, made Roman province, [246].
Arausio, defeat of Roman armies at, [135].
Arbogast, general of Theodosius, [330];revolt of, [331].
general of Theodosius, [330];
revolt of, [331].
Arcadius (Flavius ——), co-emperor, [331];rules in East, [351], [362]–[363].
co-emperor, [331];
rules in East, [351], [362]–[363].
Archelaus, general of Mithridates, [143], [144].
Archidamus, king of Sparta, [40].
Archimedes, physicist and mathematician, at Syracuse, [82].
Architecture, Roman, [302]–[303];Christian, [402].
Roman, [302]–[303];
Christian, [402].
Arianism [391]–[393].
Arians, Justinian’s treatment of, [383].
Aricia, battle at, [18];meetings of Latin League at, [26].
battle at, [18];
meetings of Latin League at, [26].
Ariovistus, king of the Suevi, [168].
Armenia, Lucullus’s invasion of, [154], [155];occupied by Antony, [193];Roman protectorate over, [221];struggle between Rome and the Parthians over, [234];conquered by Trajan, [246];Roman authority in, re-established, [250];won from Persians by [pg 425]Diocletian, [319];Roman claim to, abandoned, [328].
Lucullus’s invasion of, [154], [155];
occupied by Antony, [193];
Roman protectorate over, [221];
struggle between Rome and the Parthians over, [234];
conquered by Trajan, [246];
Roman authority in, re-established, [250];
won from Persians by [pg 425]Diocletian, [319];
Roman claim to, abandoned, [328].
Arminius, German chieftain, [220], [227]–[228].
Army, Roman, primitive, [58];phalanx organization of, [58]–[59];manipular legion in, [59];composition of, [60];discipline of, [60];reformed by Marius, [136];by Augustus, [211]–[212];power of in naming princeps, [235];quartering of auxiliaries under Vespasian, [238];of legions under Domitian, [242];pay of, increased, [243];reformed by Sept. Severus, [254];attitude of, [258];barbarization of, [272], [275];struggle of under the Principate, [274];cultural influence of, [276]–[277];reformed by Diocletian, [319];by Constantine I, [323];of the late Empire, [335]–[339];of the Age of Justinian, [375]–[376];See also [auxiliaries] and [legion].
primitive, [58];
phalanx organization of, [58]–[59];
manipular legion in, [59];
composition of, [60];
discipline of, [60];
reformed by Marius, [136];
by Augustus, [211]–[212];
power of in naming princeps, [235];
quartering of auxiliaries under Vespasian, [238];
of legions under Domitian, [242];
pay of, increased, [243];
reformed by Sept. Severus, [254];
attitude of, [258];
barbarization of, [272], [275];
struggle of under the Principate, [274];
cultural influence of, [276]–[277];
reformed by Diocletian, [319];
by Constantine I, [323];
of the late Empire, [335]–[339];
of the Age of Justinian, [375]–[376];
See also [auxiliaries] and [legion].
Arnobius, Christian writer, [301].
Art, Roman, [302]–[303];of the late Empire, [401]–[402].
Roman, [302]–[303];
of the late Empire, [401]–[402].
Artabanos V, king of the Parthians, [256].
Arverni, the, conquered by Rome, [132].
Asia, Roman province of, organized, [103]–[104];revenue of, auctioned off at Rome, [128];massacre of Romans in, [143];Sulla’s repression of, [145];Lucullus’s remedial measures in, [154];serfdom in, [289].
organized, [103]–[104];
revenue of, auctioned off at Rome, [128];
massacre of Romans in, [143];
Sulla’s repression of, [145];
Lucullus’s remedial measures in, [154];
serfdom in, [289].
Aspar, master of the soldiers, [364].
Assemblies, the Roman, character of, [57];become antiquated, [109];dominated by urban proletariat, [110].
character of, [57];
become antiquated, [109];
dominated by urban proletariat, [110].
Assembly of the Centuries, the, organization of, [49];powers of, [49], [54];compared with Assembly of the Tribes, [57];approves alliance with the Mamertini, [72];confers proconsular imperium on Scipio, [84];induced to declare war on Philip V, [90];reform of, [109];loses right to elect magistrates, [227];confirms powers of princeps, [264].
organization of, [49];
powers of, [49], [54];
compared with Assembly of the Tribes, [57];
approves alliance with the Mamertini, [72];
confers proconsular imperium on Scipio, [84];
induced to declare war on Philip V, [90];
reform of, [109];
loses right to elect magistrates, [227];
confirms powers of princeps, [264].
Assembly of the Curiæ, the, in regal period, [28];in early Republic, [48];superseded by Assembly of the Centuries, [49].
in regal period, [28];
in early Republic, [48];
superseded by Assembly of the Centuries, [49].
Assembly of the Tribes, the, origin of, [53], [54];powers increased, [55];effect of Hortensian law on, [57];use of, by Ti. Gracchus, [126]–[127];C. Gracchus, [128];confers command of army upon Marius, [134];enrollment of Italians in, [142];creates extraordinary commands, [159]–[160];loses right to elect magistrates, [227].
origin of, [53], [54];
powers increased, [55];
effect of Hortensian law on, [57];
use of, by Ti. Gracchus, [126]–[127];
C. Gracchus, [128];
confers command of army upon Marius, [134];
enrollment of Italians in, [142];
creates extraordinary commands, [159]–[160];
loses right to elect magistrates, [227].
Assyria, made Roman province, [246];abandoned, [247].
made Roman province, [246];
abandoned, [247].
Astrology, fondness of Romans for, [307].
Astures, the, [217].
Ataulf, leader of the Visigoths, [353]–[354].
Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, [392], [400].
Athens, friend of Rome, [90];aids Rome against Philip V, [91];ally of Rome, [103];joins Mithridates, [143];siege of, by Sulla, [144].
friend of Rome, [90];
aids Rome against Philip V, [91];
ally of Rome, [103];
joins Mithridates, [143];
siege of, by Sulla, [144].
M. Atilius Regulus, consul, invades Africa, [73].
Atomic theory of Democritus, the, explained by Lucretius, [199].
Atrium, the, in Roman houses, [118].
Attalus I, king of Pergamon, joins Rome against Macedonia, [83];appeals to Rome against Philip V, [89].
joins Rome against Macedonia, [83];
appeals to Rome against Philip V, [89].
Attalus III, king of Pergamon, wills kingdom to Rome, [103], [127].
Attila, king of the Huns, [359];relations of, with eastern emperor, [363]–[364].
king of the Huns, [359];
relations of, with eastern emperor, [363]–[364].
Augurs, college of, [48];number increased, [57];functions of, [62];new members chosen by Tribes, [138].
college of, [48];
number increased, [57];
functions of, [62];
new members chosen by Tribes, [138].
Augustales, [215], [226].
Augustine, bishop of Hippo, writings of, [399]–[400].
Augustus (C. Julius Caesar Octavianus, q. v.), position of in 27 B. C., [206];receives tribunicia potestas and other powers, [207];restores Senate, [209]–[210];puts equestrian order on definite basis, [210];attempts moral and religious revival, [213]–[215];cult of Rome and, [214];foreign policy of, [217], [222];conquests in the north, [217]–[220];in the east, [220]–[222];administration of Rome under, [222];policy of, regarding the succession, [223]–[224];death and estimate of, [225];deified, [226].
position of in 27 B. C., [206];
receives tribunicia potestas and other powers, [207];
restores Senate, [209]–[210];
puts equestrian order on definite basis, [210];
attempts moral and religious revival, [213]–[215];
cult of Rome and, [214];
foreign policy of, [217], [222];
conquests in the north, [217]–[220];
in the east, [220]–[222];
administration of Rome under, [222];
policy of, regarding the succession, [223]–[224];
death and estimate of, [225];
deified, [226].
Augustus, title of, [206];shared by two principes, [249].
title of, [206];
shared by two principes, [249].
Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus), principate and campaigns of, [261]–[262].
Aurelian law (lex Aurelia), the, [156].
Aurelius (princeps), see [Marcus Aurelius].
M. Aurelius Cotta, consul, [154]–[155].
Aurunci (Ausones), the, [13], [36].
Ausculum, [41].
Ausonius, poet, [397]–[398].
Auspicium, defined, [47].
Auxiliaries (auxilia), of Augustan army, [212];denationalized, [238];territorial recruitment of, [273];strength of, [274];effect of permanent forti[pg 426]fications on, [276];of late Empire, [336].
of Augustan army, [212];
denationalized, [238];
territorial recruitment of, [273];
strength of, [274];
effect of permanent forti[pg 426]fications on, [276];
of late Empire, [336].
Avidius Cassius, general, Parthian victories of, [250];revolt of, [251].
Parthian victories of, [250];
revolt of, [251].
Avitus (Eparchius ——), western emperor, [360].
Bacchanalian association, dissolved, [106], [122], [123].
Balearic Islands, the, occupied by Rome [132].
Basil, founds Greek monasticism, [395], [400], [402].
Basilica, Roman, [124];Christian, [402].
Roman, [124];
Christian, [402].
Basiliscus, proclaimed emperor, [365].
Bastarnæ, the, [219].
Batavi, the, [219]; revolt of, [237], [238].
revolt of, [237], [238].
Belgæ, the, [168]–[169].
Belgica (Gallia ——) administrative district of Gaul, [218];Roman province, [227].
administrative district of Gaul, [218];
Roman province, [227].
Belisarius, campaigns of, [375], [376], [377], [379].
Benedict, monastic rule of, [395]–[396].
Beneventum, [41].
Bishops, of early Christian church, [312], [313];metropolitan, [313];temporal power of, under late Empire, [390], [391].
of early Christian church, [312], [313];
metropolitan, [313];
temporal power of, under late Empire, [390], [391].
Bithynia, occupied by Mithridates VI of Pontus, [143];surrendered, [145];made Roman province, [153].
occupied by Mithridates VI of Pontus, [143];
surrendered, [145];
made Roman province, [153].
Bocchus, king of Mauretania, aids Jugurtha, then Rome, [134].
Bœthius, Christian writer, [400].
Boii, the, [39], [77], [81].
Bonifacius, Count, governor of Africa, [355]–[356];master of the soldiers, [358].
governor of Africa, [355]–[356];
master of the soldiers, [358].
Bononia, Latin colony, [97].
Boudicca, queen of a British tribe, [234].
Bribery, laws against, [108].
Britain, Cæsar’s invasions of, [170];conquests in, under Claudius, [231];revolt of, under Boudicca, [234];Agricola in, [242];Sept. Severus, [255];the Saxons invade, [357].
Cæsar’s invasions of, [170];
conquests in, under Claudius, [231];
revolt of, under Boudicca, [234];
Agricola in, [242];
Sept. Severus, [255];
the Saxons invade, [357].
Britannicus (Ti. Claudius Britannicus), son of Claudius, [232], [233].
Bronze Age, the, [9]–[11].
Brundisium, treaty of, [191].
Bruttians, the, [38].
Brutus, see [M. Junius Brutus] and [D. Junius Brutus].
Bucellarii, [376].
Bulgars, the, invade eastern empire, [366], [379];occupy Illyricum, [403].
invade eastern empire, [366], [379];
occupy Illyricum, [403].
Bureaucratic system, Egyptian and Roman, [268]–[269]; [282].
Burgundians, the, invade Gaul, [356];treatment of Roman subjects, [371];religion of, [372].
invade Gaul, [356];
treatment of Roman subjects, [371];
religion of, [372].
Burrus, Afranius, prætorian prefect, [232].
Byzantine empire, [403], [404].
Byzantium, punished by Sept. Severus, [253].

C. = Caius (Gaius).
Q. Cæcilius Metellus Macedonicus, prætor, defeats Andriscus, [102];subdues central Greece, [103].
prætor, defeats Andriscus, [102];
subdues central Greece, [103].
Q. Cæcilius Metellus Numidicus, consul, commands against Jugurtha, [134].
Cæsar, see [C. Julius Cæsar].
Cæsar, imperial title, [237];title of imperial assistants, [318].
imperial title, [237];
title of imperial assistants, [318].
Caius Cæsar (Caligula), principate of, [229]–[231].
Calendar, the, Cæsar’s reform of, [180]–[181].
Caligula, see [Caius Cæsar].
Callæci, the, [217].
Callistus, freedman of Claudius, [232].
Calpurnian Law (lex Calpurnia), the, [114].
M. Calpurnius Bibulus, consul, [165].
C. Calpurnius Piso, senator, conspiracy of, [235].
Camp, camps, Roman military, [60];on frontiers, [274].
Roman military, [60];
on frontiers, [274].
Campania, fertility of, [5];alliance of, with Rome, [39].
fertility of, [5];
alliance of, with Rome, [39].
Cannæ, battle of, [81]–[82].
Cantabri, the, [217].
Cappadocia, Mithridates, king of northern, [142];greater coveted by Mithridates, [142];surrendered, [145];conquered by Tigranes, [153].
Mithridates, king of northern, [142];
greater coveted by Mithridates, [142];
surrendered, [145];
conquered by Tigranes, [153].
Capua, founded, [18];Roman ally, [37];deserts to Hannibal, [81];recovered by Rome, [82]–[83].
founded, [18];
Roman ally, [37];
deserts to Hannibal, [81];
recovered by Rome, [82]–[83].
Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus = Bassianus), principate of, [255], [256];Edict of, [255].
principate of, [255], [256];
Edict of, [255].
Carausius, proclaimed Augustus, [318], [319].
Carbo, see [Cn. Papirius Carbo].
Carinus (Marcus Aurelius ——), co-ruler, in West, [263].
Carnuntum, legionary camp, [239].
Carthage, gains foothold in Sicily and Sardinia, [15];attacks Sicilian Greeks, [20], [41];allied with Rome against Pyrrhus, [41];founding of, [70];government of, [70]–[71];commercial policy of, [71];resources of, [71];treaties with Rome, [70], [71];wars with Rome, see [Punic Wars];cedes Sicily to Rome, [74];loss of sea power of, [74];war with mercenaries, [74], [75];cedes Sardinia and Corsica to Rome, [75];cedes Spain and Afri[pg 427]can possessions to Rome, [86];reasons for defeat of, in Second Punic War, [86];last struggle with Rome and destruction of, [100]–[102].
gains foothold in Sicily and Sardinia, [15];
attacks Sicilian Greeks, [20], [41];
allied with Rome against Pyrrhus, [41];
founding of, [70];
government of, [70]–[71];
commercial policy of, [71];
resources of, [71];
treaties with Rome, [70], [71];
wars with Rome, see [Punic Wars];
cedes Sicily to Rome, [74];
loss of sea power of, [74];
war with mercenaries, [74], [75];
cedes Sardinia and Corsica to Rome, [75];
cedes Spain and Afri[pg 427]can possessions to Rome, [86];
reasons for defeat of, in Second Punic War, [86];
last struggle with Rome and destruction of, [100]–[102].
Carus (Marcus Aurelius ——), princeps, campaign against Persians, [263].
Cassian Law (lex Cassia tabellaria), the, [108].
Cassiodorus, Christian writer, [400].
C. Cassius, ex-prætor, [182], [185];war with Antony and Octavian, [189]–[190].
ex-prætor, [182], [185];
war with Antony and Octavian, [189]–[190].
Cassivellaunus, British chief, [170].
Castra Vetera, [218].
Cataphracti, in late Roman army, [376].
Cato, see [M. Porcius Cato].
Catullus, (Caius Valerius ——), poet, [199].
Caudine Pass, battle of the, [38].
Celtiberians, the, revolts of, [99]–[100].
Cenomani the, Roman allies, [78].
Censorship, the, origin and powers of, [50], [59];plebeians eligible to, [56];of Appius Claudius, [56];rendered unnecessary by Sullan reform of Senate, [149];assumed by Claudius, [231];by Vespasian, [240];by Domitian, [241].
origin and powers of, [50], [59];
plebeians eligible to, [56];
of Appius Claudius, [56];
rendered unnecessary by Sullan reform of Senate, [149];
assumed by Claudius, [231];
by Vespasian, [240];
by Domitian, [241].
Census, instituted in Rome, [49];taken by censors, [50];basis of army organization, [59];lists of, in Second Punic War, [88];increase of, between 136 and 125 B. C., [131];of the empire under Augustus, [216];of 14 A. D., [224];of 47 A. D., [231];of 74 A. D., [240].
instituted in Rome, [49];
taken by censors, [50];
basis of army organization, [59];
lists of, in Second Punic War, [88];
increase of, between 136 and 125 B. C., [131];
of the empire under Augustus, [216];
of 14 A. D., [224];
of 47 A. D., [231];
of 74 A. D., [240].
Centenarii, [270].
Centurions, [217]; disappearance of, [337].
disappearance of, [337].
Chæronea, victory of Sulla at, [144].
Chaldean astrologers, banished from Italy, [123];great vogue of, [307].
banished from Italy, [123];
great vogue of, [307].
Chamberlain, the, of imperial court, [294], [335].
Chatti, the, [220].
Cherusci, the, [220].
Childeric, king of the Salian Franks, [357].
Chosroes, king of the Parthians, [246].
Chosroes I, king of the Persians, conflicts with Eastern Empire, [379], [381].
Christianity, rise of, and connection with Judaism, [309];comes into conflict with Roman state, [310];effect of paganism on, [387];contribution of, to art, [402].
rise of, and connection with Judaism, [309];
comes into conflict with Roman state, [310];
effect of paganism on, [387];
contribution of, to art, [402].
Christians, the, first persecution of, [233];lose privileges of Jews, [310];accusations against, [310];imperial policy toward, in second century, [310]–[311];in third century, [311]–[312];persecutions of, [312];under Diocletian, [320], [322];treatment of, by Constantine I, [324]–[325];by Julian, [327]–[328].
first persecution of, [233];
lose privileges of Jews, [310];
accusations against, [310];
imperial policy toward, in second century, [310]–[311];
in third century, [311]–[312];
persecutions of, [312];
under Diocletian, [320], [322];
treatment of, by Constantine I, [324]–[325];
by Julian, [327]–[328].
Chrysopolis, battle at, [323].
Church, the early Christian, [311];organization of, [312]–[313];movement for primacy of Rome in, [313];Justinian’s reconciliation with western, [375];relation of, to the emperor, [388]–[389];councils of, [388]–[389];growth of the Papacy, [389];of the Patriarchate, [390];sectarian strife in, [391]–[394];architecture, [402].
the early Christian, [311];
organization of, [312]–[313];
movement for primacy of Rome in, [313];
Justinian’s reconciliation with western, [375];
relation of, to the emperor, [388]–[389];
councils of, [388]–[389];
growth of the Papacy, [389];
of the Patriarchate, [390];
sectarian strife in, [391]–[394];
architecture, [402].
Cicero, see [M. Tullius Cicero].
Cilicia, pirate stronghold, [137];made Roman province, [137];an imperial province, [216].
pirate stronghold, [137];
made Roman province, [137];
an imperial province, [216].
Cimbri and Teutons, the, invade Gaul and Spain, [135];invade Italy, [136]–[137].
invade Gaul and Spain, [135];
invade Italy, [136]–[137].
L. Cincius Alimentus, historical writer, [121].
Circus Flaminius, [129].
Cirta, siege of, [133].
Cisalpine Gaul, settled by Gauls, [34]–[35];occupied by Romans, [77]–[78];lost, [80];reconquered, [97];organized as province, [148].
settled by Gauls, [34]–[35];
occupied by Romans, [77]–[78];
lost, [80];
reconquered, [97];
organized as province, [148].
Citizenship, Roman, granted to Italians, [141];obtained by service in army, [211]–[212];extended by Caracalla, [255];given to barbarian officers, [337].
granted to Italians, [141];
obtained by service in army, [211]–[212];
extended by Caracalla, [255];
given to barbarian officers, [337].
City Prefect, [228], [341]; judicial functions of, [267].
judicial functions of, [267].
Cives optimo iure, [46].
Cives sine suffragio, [44], [45].
Civil service, the imperial, first step in creation of, [149];growth of, [268]–[272];under Hadrian, [248];of late Empire, [340]–[342].
first step in creation of, [149];
growth of, [268]–[272];
under Hadrian, [248];
of late Empire, [340]–[342].
Civil War, [174]–[178].
Civilis, Julius, Batavian chieftain, [237].
Civitates, in provinces, [111], [280];in Gaul, [281].
in provinces, [111], [280];
in Gaul, [281].
Clarissimi, [268]; under late Empire, [343].
under late Empire, [343].
Classes, in Roman army, [59].
Classis, see [levy].
Claudian (Claudius Claudianus), poet, [398].
Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Germanicus), principate of, [231], [232].
C. Claudius, consul, at Metaurus, [85].
Claudius Gothicus (Marcus Aurelius), principate of, [261].
Cleonymus, of Sparta, [40].
Clergy, the, power of, under late Empire, [390]–[391].
Clients, early status of, [30];in the Principate, [295].
early status of, [30];
in the Principate, [295].
P. Clodius, tribune, [167], [169], [172].
Cleopatra, and Cæsar, [176], [177], [180];and Antony, [190], [193], [195];at Actium, [195];death, [195].
and Cæsar, [176], [177], [180];
and Antony, [190], [193], [195];
at Actium, [195];
death, [195].
Clovis, king of the Salian Franks, [357];conversion of, [372];conquests of, [375].
king of the Salian Franks, [357];
conversion of, [372];
conquests of, [375].
Clusium, [33], [35].
Cn. = Cnæus (Gnæus).
Codification of Roman law by decemvirs under Justinian, [382].
Cohorts (cohortes), (1) of regular army, [45];(2) urban, [222];command of, [228].
(1) of regular army, [45];
(2) urban, [222];
command of, [228].
Coinage, debasement of, [298].
Colleges (collegia), character and types of, [285];regulation of, [286], [287]–[288];burdens of, [292];made hereditary, [347];of late Empire, [347]–[348].
character and types of, [285];
regulation of, [286], [287]–[288];
burdens of, [292];
made hereditary, [347];
of late Empire, [347]–[348].
Colonate, the, see [serfdom].
Coloni, free laborers, [289], [290];obligations of, in Africa, [290];in Italy, [291];under the late Empire, [348]–[349].
free laborers, [289], [290];
obligations of, in Africa, [290];
in Italy, [291];
under the late Empire, [348]–[349].
Colonies, (1) Latin, [33], [37], [44], [45];loyal to Rome in Second Punic War, [82];grievances of, [110];loyal in Marsic War, [140];in provinces, [280];(2) Roman, [44];established by C. Gracchus, [130];in provinces, [280].
(1) Latin, [33], [37], [44], [45];
loyal to Rome in Second Punic War, [82];
grievances of, [110];
loyal in Marsic War, [140];
in provinces, [280];
(2) Roman, [44];
established by C. Gracchus, [130];
in provinces, [280].
Comitatenses, [319], [336].
Comites, (1) associates of provincial governors, [112];Augusti, [295];(2) titles of officials of late Empire, see [Counts].
(1) associates of provincial governors, [112];
Augusti, [295];
(2) titles of officials of late Empire, see [Counts].
Comitia, (1) of Rome, under Augustus, [211];loses right to elect magistrates, [227];loses legislative powers, [266];(2) of municipalities, [285].See also [Assemblies].
(1) of Rome, under Augustus, [211];
loses right to elect magistrates, [227];
loses legislative powers, [266];
(2) of municipalities, [285].
See also [Assemblies].
Comitia centuriata, see [Assembly of the Centuries].
Comitia curiata, see [Assembly of the Curiæ].
Comitia tributa, see [Assembly of the Tribes].
Commagene, kingdom of, annexed, [240].
Commerce, development of, under Principate, [297].
Commercium, [37], [45].
Commodus (Lucius Ælius Aurelius ——), becomes co-ruler, [251];principate of, [251], [252].
becomes co-ruler, [251];
principate of, [251], [252].
Connubium, [37], [45].
Conscripti, [56].
Consistory, the imperial, [341].
Constans (Flavius Julius ——), Cæsar, [324];co-emperor, [325].
Cæsar, [324];
co-emperor, [325].
Constantine I, the Great (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus), Cæsar, [321];co-emperor, [322];sole emperor, [323]–[325];founds Constantinople, [323]–[324];—— and Christianity, [324]–[325];policy of, toward the Church, [388].
Cæsar, [321];
co-emperor, [322];
sole emperor, [323]–[325];
founds Constantinople, [323]–[324];
—— and Christianity, [324]–[325];
policy of, toward the Church, [388].
Constantine II (Flavius Claudius Constantinus), Cæsar, [323];co-emperor, [325].
Cæsar, [323];
co-emperor, [325].
Constantinople, founding of, [323]–[324].
Constantius I (Caius Flavius Valerius ——), Cæsar, [318];emperor, [321].
Cæsar, [318];
emperor, [321].
Constantius II (Flavius Julius ——), Cæsar, [324];co-emperor, [325]–[326];sole emperor, [325]–[327].
Cæsar, [324];
co-emperor, [325]–[326];
sole emperor, [325]–[327].
Constantius, master of the soldiers, made co-emperor with Honorius, [358].
Constitutio Antoniniana, see [Antonine Constitution].
Constitutiones principis, [266].
Consulares iuridici, of Hadrian, [248];removal by Antoninus, [249];restored, [250].
of Hadrian, [248];
removal by Antoninus, [249];
restored, [250].
Consulate, consulship, the, established, [47];powers, [47];limited to patricians, [48];military duties of, [60];Senatorial control over, weakened, [129];held successively by Marius, [134];under the principate, [261], [294];of late Empire, [341];abolished, [383].
established, [47];
powers, [47];
limited to patricians, [48];
military duties of, [60];
Senatorial control over, weakened, [129];
held successively by Marius, [134];
under the principate, [261], [294];
of late Empire, [341];
abolished, [383].
Contiones, [117].
Contractors (conductores), [289]–[290].
Corfinium, [140].
Corinth, destroyed, [103].
Corn doles, [197], [294].
Corn Law, of C. Gracchus, [128];proposed —— of Saturninus, [138];of Drusus, [139].
of C. Gracchus, [128];
proposed —— of Saturninus, [138];
of Drusus, [139].
Cornelia, “mother of the Gracchi,” [126].
L. Cornelius Cinna, consul, opposes Sulla and Senatorial party, [146].
Cn. Cornelius Scipio, ex-consul, legatus in Spain, [83];killed, [83].
ex-consul, legatus in Spain, [83];
killed, [83].
L. Cornelius Scipio, brother of Africanus, consul in war with Antiochus, [93].
P. Cornelius Scipio, consul, sets out for Spain, [79];defeated at Ticinus, [81];at Trebia, [81];killed in Spain, [83].
consul, sets out for Spain, [79];
defeated at Ticinus, [81];
at Trebia, [81];
killed in Spain, [83].
P. Cornelius Scipio Æmilianus, consul, takes Numantia, [100];destroys Carthage, [102];patron of letters, [120], [121], [123];aids Senate against Gracchus, [127];death, [127], [128].
consul, takes Numantia, [100];
destroys Carthage, [102];
patron of letters, [120], [121], [123];
aids Senate against Gracchus, [127];
death, [127], [128].
P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus, ex-aedile, given pro-consular imperium in Spain, [84];takes New Carthage, [84];conquers Carthaginian Spain, [85];consul, invades Africa, [85];defeats Hannibal, surnamed Africanus, [86];extraordinary pro-consul in Asia, [93], [126].
ex-aedile, given pro-consular imperium in Spain, [84];
takes New Carthage, [84];
conquers Carthaginian Spain, [85];
consul, invades Africa, [85];
defeats Hannibal, surnamed Africanus, [86];
extraordinary pro-consul in Asia, [93], [126].
L. Cornelius Sulla, quæstor under Marius, [134];legatus in Marsic war, [141];consul, [144];wages war against Mithridates, [144], [145];return to Italy and dictatorship of, [146]–[149];reforms of, [148], [149];retirement and death of, [149], [150];character and achievements of, [150].
quæstor under Marius, [134];
legatus in Marsic war, [141];
consul, [144];
wages war against Mithridates, [144], [145];
return to Italy and dictatorship of, [146]–[149];
reforms of, [148], [149];
retirement and death of, [149], [150];
character and achievements of, [150].
Corporati, of late Empire, [347].
Corporations, see [colleges].
Corpus juris civilis, [382].
Corruption, of officials in late Empire, [342].
Corsica, geography of, [4];inhabitants of, [15];ceded to Rome, [75];a province, [111].
geography of, [4];
inhabitants of, [15];
ceded to Rome, [75];
a province, [111].
Count, counts, (comites), of late Empire, [338], [343];of the sacred largesses, [340], [341];of the private purse, [341];of the consistory, [341].
of late Empire, [338], [343];
of the sacred largesses, [340], [341];
of the private purse, [341];
of the consistory, [341].
Court, the imperial, growth of, [294]–[295];of late Empire, [335].
growth of, [294]–[295];
of late Empire, [335].
Court of extortion, the, [114]; reorganized by Acilian law, [129];use of, in interest of financiers, [139].
reorganized by Acilian law, [129];
use of, in interest of financiers, [139].
Crassus, see [M. Licinius Crassus].
Cremona, [78]; battles at, [236], [237].
battles at, [236], [237].
Crete, made Roman province, [159].
Crispus (Flavius Julius ——), Cæsar, [323], [324].
Crixus, leader of slaves, [155].
Ctesiphon, captured by Trajan, [246];by Avidius Cassius, [250];sacked by Sept. Severus, [253];captured by Carus, [263].
captured by Trajan, [246];
by Avidius Cassius, [250];
sacked by Sept. Severus, [253];
captured by Carus, [263].
Cult, household, [62];of the fields, [63];state, [63];of Bacchus, [123];of the Great Mother, [123];decline of state, [198];of the Lares and Genius Augusti, [214];of Rome and Augustus (imperial), [214], [215], [304], [305];oriental cults (q. v.).
household, [62];
of the fields, [63];
state, [63];
of Bacchus, [123];
of the Great Mother, [123];
decline of state, [198];
of the Lares and Genius Augusti, [214];
of Rome and Augustus (imperial), [214], [215], [304], [305];
oriental cults (q. v.).
Culture, Greek influences on Italian, [21];on Roman, [119], [120], [198]–[199];decline of Roman, [303], [304].
Greek influences on Italian, [21];
on Roman, [119], [120], [198]–[199];
decline of Roman, [303], [304].
Curatorship, the, in senatorial career, [209], [265];for reorganizing finances, [286].
in senatorial career, [209], [265];
for reorganizing finances, [286].
Curia, the, municipal council, [284], [285];obligations of, [287].
municipal council, [284], [285];
obligations of, [287].
Curiæ, the, (1) in Rome, [28];(2) in municipalities, [284].
(1) in Rome, [28];
(2) in municipalities, [284].
Curiales, of late Empire, [346]–[347];relieved from collections of taxes, [366].
of late Empire, [346]–[347];
relieved from collections of taxes, [366].
Cursus honorum, of senatorial order, [209];of equestrian order, [210].
of senatorial order, [209];
of equestrian order, [210].
Cyme, Greek colony of, [18], [19], [21].
Cynoscephalæ, battle of, [91].
Cyprian (Thascius Cæcilius Cyprianus), Christian writer, [301].
Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, [393].
Cyzicus, siege of, [154].
D. = Decimus.
Dacia, made Roman province, [246];abandoned, and new province formed, [261].
made Roman province, [246];
abandoned, and new province formed, [261].
Dacians, the, [242]; war with Domitian, [243];with Trajan, [245]–[246].
war with Domitian, [243];
with Trajan, [245]–[246].
Deacons, of early Christian church, [312].
Decebalus, king of the Dacians, [243], [245].
Decemvirs, the, for codifying laws, [54].
Decius (Caius Messius Trajanus ——), princeps, persecution of the Christians under, [311]–[312].
Decuma, see [Taxes].
Decuriones, [285]; obligations of, [287].
obligations of, [287].
Defensores civitatium or plebis, [346]–[347].
Deification, of ruler, significance of, [180];of Julius Cæsar, [189];of Augustus, [226].
of ruler, significance of, [180];
of Julius Cæsar, [189];
of Augustus, [226].
Delos, Italian colony at, exterminated, [143].
Dictator, appointment and powers of, [47];plebeians eligible to office of, [56];Cæsar permanent dictator, [178].
appointment and powers of, [47];
plebeians eligible to office of, [56];
Cæsar permanent dictator, [178].
Didius Julianus, principate of, [252].
Dignities (dignitates), of late Empire, [343].
Dioceses, [320]; distribution of under late Empire, [339] and note 1.
distribution of under late Empire, [339] and note 1.
Diocletian (Caius Valerius Aurelius Diocletianus), assumes imperial title, [263];reign of, [317], [321];division of empire by, [318];reforms army, [319], [320];abdicates, [321].
assumes imperial title, [263];
reign of, [317], [321];
division of empire by, [318];
reforms army, [319], [320];
abdicates, [321].
Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, [20], [40], [41].
Divus Julius, [189].
Dominus, title, [334].
Dominus et deus, title, [242].
Dominus et deus natus, title of Aurelian, [262].
Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus), principate of, [241], [243].
Domitian law (lex Domitia), the, [138]; abrogated, [148];reënacted, [163].
abrogated, [148];
reënacted, [163].
Cn. Domitius Corbulo, general, campaign of, [234];death of, [235].
campaign of, [234];
death of, [235].
Drama, the Roman or Latin, of third and second centuries B. C., [120]–[121];of last century B. C., [199].
of third and second centuries B. C., [120]–[121];
of last century B. C., [199].
Drepana, naval battle at, [74].
Drusus, see [M. Livius Drusus].
Drusus, Nero Claudius, step-son of Augustus, [217], [218];death, [219];surname Germanicus, [219].
step-son of Augustus, [217], [218];
death, [219];
surname Germanicus, [219].
Ducenarii, [270].
Duces, of late Empire, [338].
C. Duilius, consul, [73].
Duovirate, the, in municipalities, [284].
Dyarchy, the, [216].

Eburones, the, [171].
Edict, (1) of the prætor, in Roman law, [122];final form of, [248];(2) of the princeps, [266].
(1) of the prætor, in Roman law, [122];
final form of, [248];
(2) of the princeps, [266].
Edict, the, of Caracalla, [255];of Milan, [322];of Prices, [320].
of Caracalla, [255];
of Milan, [322];
of Prices, [320].
Education, in early Rome, [65];after the Punic Wars, [120].
in early Rome, [65];
after the Punic Wars, [120].
Egypt, the Ptolemaic monarchy in, [67], [69];loss of sea power of, [89];friendship of, with Rome, [90];Cæsar’s conquest of, [176], [177];added to Roman empire, [195];status of, [206];bureaucratic system of, [269], [282];late municipalization of, [281]–[283];serfdom in, [288], [289].
the Ptolemaic monarchy in, [67], [69];
loss of sea power of, [89];
friendship of, with Rome, [90];
Cæsar’s conquest of, [176], [177];
added to Roman empire, [195];
status of, [206];
bureaucratic system of, [269], [282];
late municipalization of, [281]–[283];
serfdom in, [288], [289].
Elagabalus (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus-Bassianus), selected Imperator, [256];principate of, [256], [257].
selected Imperator, [256];
principate of, [256], [257].
Emperor, (1) early Roman, see [princeps];(2) late Roman, powers and titles of, [333], [334];regalia of, [334];elections and coöptation of, [334];court of, [335].
(1) early Roman, see [princeps];
(2) late Roman, powers and titles of, [333], [334];
regalia of, [334];
elections and coöptation of, [334];
court of, [335].
Empire, the Roman, division of, under Diocletian, [318];partition of, after Theodosius I, [351];condition of, at death of Justinian, [384].
division of, under Diocletian, [318];
partition of, after Theodosius I, [351];
condition of, at death of Justinian, [384].
Q. Ennius, poet, [121], [123].
Epictetus, philosopher, [302].
Epicureanism, in Rome, [198].
Epirus, sacked by Romans, [96].
Equestrian order, the, growth of, [117], [118];secures right to act as judges in courts, [129];effect on, [129];deserts Saturninus and Glaucia, [138];suffers from Sullan proscriptions, [147];debarred from juries by Sulla, [148];character of, [196];position and characteristics of, under Augustus, [210], [211];importance increased by Hadrian, [248];titles of, [271];merged with senatorial order, [342].
growth of, [117], [118];
secures right to act as judges in courts, [129];
effect on, [129];
deserts Saturninus and Glaucia, [138];
suffers from Sullan proscriptions, [147];
debarred from juries by Sulla, [148];
character of, [196];
position and characteristics of, under Augustus, [210], [211];
importance increased by Hadrian, [248];
titles of, [271];
merged with senatorial order, [342].
Equites, (1) cavalry in Roman army, [59];(2) in Assembly of the Centuries, [49];(3) a propertied class, see [Equestrian order].
(1) cavalry in Roman army, [59];
(2) in Assembly of the Centuries, [49];
(3) a propertied class, see [Equestrian order].
Ergastula, [116].
Etruria, Iron age in, [11];location of, [15].
Iron age in, [11];
location of, [15].
Etruscans, the, location of, [13], [16];name of [15];origin of, [16];culture of, [16]–[17];in Latium and Campania, [18];in Po valley, [18];decline of power of, [18]–[19];historical significance of, [19];wars of, with Rome, [36], [38]–[39];Roman allies, [39].
location of, [13], [16];
name of [15];
origin of, [16];
culture of, [16]–[17];
in Latium and Campania, [18];
in Po valley, [18];
decline of power of, [18]–[19];
historical significance of, [19];
wars of, with Rome, [36], [38]–[39];
Roman allies, [39].
Eudocia, empress, [363].
Eudoxia, empress, [362]–[363],
Euganei, the, [13].
Eugenius, revolt of, [331].
Euhemerus, philosopher, [123], [180].
Eumenes II, king of Pergamon, aids Rome against Antiochus, [93];enemy of Perseus, [95];suspected by Romans, [96].
aids Rome against Antiochus, [93];
enemy of Perseus, [95];
suspected by Romans, [96].
Euric, king of the Visigoths, [354], [369].
Eusebius, historical writer, [400].
Eutropius, grand chamberlain, [362].
Extraordinary commands, origin and definition of, [151];created by Assembly, [159]–[160].
origin and definition of, [151];
created by Assembly, [159]–[160].
Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator, strategy of, [81].
Q. Fabius Maximus, consul, defeats Gallic tribes, [132].
Q. Fabius Pictor, historical writer, [121].
Festivals, public, [123];Secular Games, [216];increase of, [294].
public, [123];
Secular Games, [216];
increase of, [294].
Fetiales, [43], [90].
Finances, administration of, under the principate, [271]–[272].
Fire, great, of Nero, [233];of 80 A. D., [241].
of Nero, [233];
of 80 A. D., [241].
Fiscus, establishment of, [271].
Flaccus, see [L. Valerius Flaccus].
T. Flamininus, consul, defeats Philip V, [91];proclaims freedom of the Hellenes, [91].
defeats Philip V, [91];
proclaims freedom of the Hellenes, [91].
C. Flaminius, tribune, censor, killed at Trasimene Lake, [81];defies the Senate, [106];and the reform of the Centuries, [109].
killed at Trasimene Lake, [81];
defies the Senate, [106];
and the reform of the Centuries, [109].
Flaviales, college of, [242].
C. Flavius Fimbria, legatus, in Mithridatic war, [145].
Fleet, see [navy].
Fœderati, of late Empire, [337]–[338].
Fœdus, perpetual treaty, used by Romans in Italy, [45], [90].
Fonde di capanne, [8].
Franks, the, [259]; invade Roman empire, [260];Salian, allowed to settle, [326];kingdom of, in Gaul, [356]–[357];Roman subjects of, [371];religion of, [372];conquests of, [373];incursion of, into Italy, [378].
invade Roman empire, [260];
Salian, allowed to settle, [326];
kingdom of, in Gaul, [356]–[357];
Roman subjects of, [371];
religion of, [372];
conquests of, [373];
incursion of, into Italy, [378].
Freedmen, of Sulla, [147];augment Roman plebs, [197];become Augustales, [215];rights of, restricted by Augustus, [215];influence of, under Claudius, [232], [269];influence of, in civil service, [269], [270], [272];increase of, under principate, [266];laws restricting increase of, [266];occupations of, [266].
of Sulla, [147];
augment Roman plebs, [197];
become Augustales, [215];
rights of, restricted by Augustus, [215];
influence of, under Claudius, [232], [269];
influence of, in civil service, [269], [270], [272];
increase of, under principate, [266];
laws restricting increase of, [266];
occupations of, [266].
Frontier defense, system of, [274]–[276].
Fulvia, wife of Mark Antony, [190].
Cn. Fulvius, consul, killed, [84].
P. Fulvius Plautianus, prætorian prefect, [254].
Gabii, [44].
Gabinian Law (lex Gabinia), the, (1) on use of the ballot, [108];(2) on command against pirates, [159]–[160].
(1) on use of the ballot, [108];
(2) on command against pirates, [159]–[160].
A. Gabinius, tribune, [159].
Gailimer (Gelimer), king of the Vandals, [375], [376].
Gaïnas, master of the soldiers, [362].
Gaiseric, king of the Vandals, [355]–[356].
Gaius, the jurist, [301].
Gaius and Lucius Cæsar, grandsons of Augustus, [224].
Galatia, Celts of, defeated by Romans, [94];independence recognized, [96];made Roman province, [231].
Celts of, defeated by Romans, [94];
independence recognized, [96];
made Roman province, [231].
Galba (Servius Sulpicius ——), [235]; principate of, [236].
principate of, [236].
Galen (Claudius Galenus), student of medicine, [302].
Galerius (Caius Galerius Valerius Maximianus), Cæsar, [318];emperor, [321];death, [322].
Cæsar, [318];
emperor, [321];
death, [322].
Gallia Cisalpina, see [Cisalpine Gaul].
Gallia comata, [168]; divided, [218].
divided, [218].
Gallia Narbonensis, see [Narbonese Gaul].
Gallienus (Publius Licinius Egnatius ——), principate and campaigns of, [259], [261].
Gallus (Flavius Claudius Constantius ——), Cæsar, [326].
Gasatæ, the, invade Italy, [77].
Gaul, peoples of [168];Cæsar’s campaigns in, [168]–[172];an imperial province, [206];administration of, under Augustus, [218];empire of Postumus in, [260];reconquered by Aurelian, [262];late municipalization of, [281];kingdom of Visigoths in, [354];Burgundian invasion of, [356];kingdom of Salian Franks in, [357];invaded by Attila and the Huns, [359].
peoples of [168];
Cæsar’s campaigns in, [168]–[172];
an imperial province, [206];
administration of, under Augustus, [218];
empire of Postumus in, [260];
reconquered by Aurelian, [262];
late municipalization of, [281];
kingdom of Visigoths in, [354];
Burgundian invasion of, [356];
kingdom of Salian Franks in, [357];
invaded by Attila and the Huns, [359].
Gauls, the, invade Italy, [34];character of, [34]–[35];sack Rome, [35];wars with Rome, [35], [39];renew invasions of peninsula, [76]–[77];empire of the, [237], [260].
invade Italy, [34];
character of, [34]–[35];
sack Rome, [35];
wars with Rome, [35], [39];
renew invasions of peninsula, [76]–[77];
empire of the, [237], [260].
Gelasius, Pope, [389].
Gentes, [29]–[30].
Germanicus, see [Drusus, Nero Claudius].
Germanicus Cæsar, son of Drusus, [224];campaigns of, [227]–[228];death, [228].
son of Drusus, [224];
campaigns of, [227]–[228];
death, [228].
Germany, Roman invasion of, 12 B. C., [218];revolt of, [220];administrative districts created in, [227];campaigns of Germanicus in, [227];Domitian in, [242];lost to Rome, [260].
Roman invasion of, 12 B. C., [218];
revolt of, [220];
administrative districts created in, [227];
campaigns of Germanicus in, [227];
Domitian in, [242];
lost to Rome, [260].
Geta (Publius Septimius ——), co-ruler, [255].
Getæ, the, [219]; invade eastern empire, [366].
invade eastern empire, [366].
Gladiatorial combats, preferred by Roman public, [121], [123].
Gladiators, revolt of the, [155]–[156].
Glycerius, proclaimed emperor, [360].
Gods, primitive Roman, [61];identified with Greek divinities, [122].
primitive Roman, [61];
identified with Greek divinities, [122].
Goths, the, [259]; invade Roman empire, [259], [260], [261];invasion of, in 376 A. D., [329]–[330];relations between Romans and, [369], [370].See also [Visigoths], [Ostrogoths].
invade Roman empire, [259], [260], [261];
invasion of, in 376 A. D., [329]–[330];
relations between Romans and, [369], [370].
See also [Visigoths], [Ostrogoths].
Gracchi, the, see [Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, tribune], and [C. Sempronius Gracchus].
Gratian (Gratianus), co-emperor, [329], [330];attitude toward paganism, [386].
co-emperor, [329], [330];
attitude toward paganism, [386].
Great Mother, cult of the, introduced in Rome, [123].
Greece, devastated by Mithridatic war, [145];Southern, becomes province of Achæa, [216].
devastated by Mithridatic war, [145];
Southern, becomes province of Achæa, [216].
Greeks, the, location of, in the West, [15];colonization of, [19];lack of unity among, [20];decline of power of, [20]–[21];rôle of, [21];southern —— join Mithridates, [143];status of, in Rome and the empire, [301].See also the individual states.
location of, in the West, [15];
colonization of, [19];
lack of unity among, [20];
decline of power of, [20]–[21];
rôle of, [21];
southern —— join Mithridates, [143];
status of, in Rome and the empire, [301].
See also the individual states.
Gregory of Nazianzus, Christian writer, [400], [401].
Guilds, see [colleges].
Gundobad, king of the Burgundians, [356], [371].
Hadrian (Publius Ælius Hadrianus), principate of, [247]–[249];Hellenism of, [247];reforms of civil service, [270];reforms army, [273], [274];improvement of limes and frontier defense, [275].
principate of, [247]–[249];
Hellenism of, [247];
reforms of civil service, [270];
reforms army, [273], [274];
improvement of limes and frontier defense, [275].
Hamilcar Barca, in Sicily, [74];conquers mercenaries, [75];in Spain, [78].
in Sicily, [74];
conquers mercenaries, [75];
in Spain, [78].
Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian commander in Spain, [79];takes Saguntum, [79];invades Italy, [80]–[81];withdraws from Italy, [86];defeated at Zama, [86];at court of Antiochus, [92], [93];exiled from Carthage, [101].
Carthaginian commander in Spain, [79];
takes Saguntum, [79];
invades Italy, [80]–[81];
withdraws from Italy, [86];
defeated at Zama, [86];
at court of Antiochus, [92], [93];
exiled from Carthage, [101].
Hasdrubal, son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca, in Spain, [78];treaty with Rome, [79].
in Spain, [78];
treaty with Rome, [79].
Hasdrubal, brother of Hannibal, commander in Spain, [80], [83]–[84];marches to Italy, [84];killed at Metaurus, [85].
commander in Spain, [80], [83]–[84];
marches to Italy, [84];
killed at Metaurus, [85].
Helvetii, the, defeated by Cæsar, [168].
Helvidius Priscus, senator, [240]–[241].
Heraclea, [40].
Hernici, the, [15], [33].
Heruli, the, [259].
Hiempsal, joint ruler of Numidia, [132]–[133].
Hiero, king of Syracuse, [72]–[73].
Honestiores, [344].
Honorius (Flavius ——), co-emperor, [331];rules in West, [351]–[356], [357].
co-emperor, [331];
rules in West, [351]–[356], [357].
Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus), poet, [215], [216], [299].
Q. Hortensius, dictator, [57].
Q. Hortensius Hortalus, consul, [157];orator, [200].
consul, [157];
orator, [200].
Household, the Roman, [64].
Humiliores, [344].
Huns, the, invade Gaul and Italy, [359]–[360];relations of Theodosius II with, [363]–[364].
invade Gaul and Italy, [359]–[360];
relations of Theodosius II with, [363]–[364].
Iapygians, the, [13].
Iazyges, the, [242]; defeat Domitian, [243];defeated by M. Aurelius, [251].
defeat Domitian, [243];
defeated by M. Aurelius, [251].
Iberians, the, [15].
Idia, of Egyptian peasants, [288].
Illus, master of the soldiers, revolt of, [365].
Illyrians, the, allies of Macedonia, [75];pirates, [75];first war with Rome, [75], [76];second war with Rome, [76].
allies of Macedonia, [75];
pirates, [75];
first war with Rome, [75], [76];
second war with Rome, [76].
Illyricum, an imperial province, [216];revolt of, [219]–[220].
an imperial province, [216];
revolt of, [219]–[220].
Imperator, Julius Cæsar assumes title of, [179];title of Augustus, [206];change in use of title, [206];revived by Vespasian, [240];title of late emperors, [333].
Julius Cæsar assumes title of, [179];
title of Augustus, [206];
change in use of title, [206];
revived by Vespasian, [240];
title of late emperors, [333].
Imperium, of consuls, [47], [60], [149];conferred by Assembly of the Curiæ, [49];proconsular, given to private citizen, [84];unlimited, [154];proconsular within and without Italy, [169];of Octavian, in 27 B. C., [206];valid within pomerium, [207];renewed successively, [208];conferred for life, [226];how bestowed, [264];of late Empire, [333].
of consuls, [47], [60], [149];
conferred by Assembly of the Curiæ, [49];
proconsular, given to private citizen, [84];
unlimited, [154];
proconsular within and without Italy, [169];
of Octavian, in 27 B. C., [206];
valid within pomerium, [207];
renewed successively, [208];
conferred for life, [226];
how bestowed, [264];
of late Empire, [333].
Indiction (indictio), [345].
Industry, under the Principate, [297].
Infra classem, [59].
Insubres, the, [77], [81].
Iron Age, the, [11], [12].
Isaurians, the, [364]; rebellion of, [366].
rebellion of, [366].
Isis and Serapis, cult of, in Rome, [306].
Itali, [6], [15], [20].
Italia, see [Italy].
Italian allies, status of, [45], [46];loyal to Rome after Cannæ, [82];grievances of, [110];championed by C. Gracchus, [130];by Drusus, [139];revolt, war, and enfranchisement of, [140]–[142].
status of, [45], [46];
loyal to Rome after Cannæ, [82];
grievances of, [110];
championed by C. Gracchus, [130];
by Drusus, [139];
revolt, war, and enfranchisement of, [140]–[142].
Italian war, see [Marsic War].
Italians, the, relations with palafitte and terramare peoples, [11];location and peoples, [13].
relations with palafitte and terramare peoples, [11];
location and peoples, [13].
Italici, name of Italians, [46].
Italy, location of, [3];continental, [3];peninsula, [3]–[4];coastline of, [4];climate of, [4];forests of, [4];minerals of, [5];effect of physical features, [5];name of, [5], [15], [46];external influences upon, [7];peoples of, [13]–[21];effect of Second Punic War on, [86]–[88];reduced to level of a province, [253];conquered by Ostrogoths, [361]–[362];reconquered, [377]–[379];Lombard invasion of, [403].
location of, [3];
continental, [3];
peninsula, [3]–[4];
coastline of, [4];
climate of, [4];
forests of, [4];
minerals of, [5];
effect of physical features, [5];
name of, [5], [15], [46];
external influences upon, [7];
peoples of, [13]–[21];
effect of Second Punic War on, [86]–[88];
reduced to level of a province, [253];
conquered by Ostrogoths, [361]–[362];
reconquered, [377]–[379];
Lombard invasion of, [403].
Iugum, unit of taxation, [345].
Iuridici, see [consulares iuridici].
Janiculum, secession of plebs to, [57].
Jerome (Hieronymus), Christian writer, [399].
Jerusalem, siege and destruction of, [239];Roman colony on site of, [248].
siege and destruction of, [239];
Roman colony on site of, [248].
Jews, the, conflict of Caligula with, [230];revolt of, [238];war with Rome, [239];rising of, in 115 A. D., [246];in 152 A. D., [248];status of, in Roman empire, [308]–[309].
conflict of Caligula with, [230];
revolt of, [238];
war with Rome, [239];
rising of, in 115 A. D., [246];
in 152 A. D., [248];
status of, in Roman empire, [308]–[309].
John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, [362], [400].
Jovian (Flavius Claudius Jovianus), emperor, [328].
Juba I, king of Numidia, [177], [178].
Juba II, king of Numidia, transferred to Mauretania, [221]–[222].
Judæa, annexed to province of Syria, [161];made Roman province, [221];under imperial legate, [239].
annexed to province of Syria, [161];
made Roman province, [221];
under imperial legate, [239].
Judiciary law, of C. Gracchus, [129];of Drusus, [139];of Sulla, [149];of Pompey and Crassus, [156].
of C. Gracchus, [129];
of Drusus, [139];
of Sulla, [149];
of Pompey and Crassus, [156].
Jugurtha, prince, later king of Numidia, intrigues and war with Rome, [132]–[135].
Jugurthine War, [132]–[135].
Julia, daughter of Julius Cæsar, [167]; death, [172].
death, [172].
Julia, daughter of Augustus, [223], [224].
Julia Mæsa, grandmother of Elagabalus, [256].
Julia Mamæa, mother of Severus Alexander, [257].
Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus), Cæsar, [326];campaigns of, [326]–[328];emperor, [327]–[328];—— and Christianity, [327]–[328].
Cæsar, [326];
campaigns of, [326]–[328];
emperor, [327]–[328];
—— and Christianity, [327]–[328].
Julian, (Salvius Julianus), jurist, [301].
Julian law (lex Julia), the, granting citizenship to the Italians, [141].
Julian laws, of 19 and 18 B. C., [215].
Julian Municipal law (lex Julia Municipalis), the, [181].
C. Julius Cæsar, early life, [162];joins forces with Crassus, [162];pontifex maximus, [163];in First Triumvirate, [165];consul, [165]–[167];command in Gaul, [167]–[172];strife with Pompey, [173]–[176];conquers Italy and Spain, [175];dictator, [175], [177];in Egypt and Syria, [176]–[177];in Africa, [177];dictatorship for life, and other powers and honors, [178]–[179];reforms of, [180]–[181];aims at monarchy, [179]–[180];assassinated, [182]–[183];estimate of career of, [183]–[184];oratory and writings of, [200].
early life, [162];
joins forces with Crassus, [162];
pontifex maximus, [163];
in First Triumvirate, [165];
consul, [165]–[167];
command in Gaul, [167]–[172];
strife with Pompey, [173]–[176];
conquers Italy and Spain, [175];
dictator, [175], [177];
in Egypt and Syria, [176]–[177];
in Africa, [177];
dictatorship for life, and other powers and honors, [178]–[179];
reforms of, [180]–[181];
aims at monarchy, [179]–[180];
assassinated, [182]–[183];
estimate of career of, [183]–[184];
oratory and writings of, [200].
C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus, heir of Julius Cæsar, [185];return to Rome, [186]–[188];in Triumvirate of 43 B. C., [188]–[190];strife with Antony, [190], [192]–[195];invasion of Egypt, and triumph, [195];restores the commonwealth, [205];granted titles of Augustus and Imperator, [206].(For subsequent acts, see [Augustus].)
heir of Julius Cæsar, [185];
return to Rome, [186]–[188];
in Triumvirate of 43 B. C., [188]–[190];
strife with Antony, [190], [192]–[195];
invasion of Egypt, and triumph, [195];
restores the commonwealth, [205];
granted titles of Augustus and Imperator, [206].
(For subsequent acts, see [Augustus].)
Julius Nepos, western emperor, [360].
C. Julius Vindex, legate, rebellion of, [235].
Junian law (lex Junia), [266].
D. Junius Brutus, conspirator against Cæsar, [183], [185], [186];killed, [188].
conspirator against Cæsar, [183], [185], [186];
killed, [188].
M. Junius Brutus, conspirator against Cæsar, [182]–[183], [185];war with Antony and Octavian, [189]–[190];exactions of, in Cyprus, [196].
conspirator against Cæsar, [182]–[183], [185];
war with Antony and Octavian, [189]–[190];
exactions of, in Cyprus, [196].
Junonia, Roman colony, [130];abandoned, [131].
Roman colony, [130];
abandoned, [131].
Jupiter, Latiaris, [26];Capitolinus, [63].
Latiaris, [26];
Capitolinus, [63].
Jurisprudence, Roman, in third and second centuries B. C., [121]–[122];in last century of Republic, [201];under the Principate, [301].
in third and second centuries B. C., [121]–[122];
in last century of Republic, [201];
under the Principate, [301].
Jurists, the Roman, [301].
Jury courts, for trial of bribery, etc., established by Sulla, [149];composition of, reorganized 70 B. C., [156];tribuni ærarii removed from, [181].See also [court of extortion].
for trial of bribery, etc., established by Sulla, [149];
composition of, reorganized 70 B. C., [156];
tribuni ærarii removed from, [181].
See also [court of extortion].
Justice, administration of, under the Principate, [266]–[267].
Justin I (Justinus), eastern emperor, [374].
Justinian (Justinianus), eastern emperor, character and policy of, [374]–[375];reign of, [375]–[384];Code of, [382].
character and policy of, [374]–[375];
reign of, [375]–[384];
Code of, [382].
Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis), satirist, [300].
L. = Lucius.
Lactantius, Christian writer, [399].
Land commission, the Gracchan, [126], [127]–[128].
Land laws, see [agrarian laws].
Lares and Genius Augusti, cult of the, [214].
Latifundia, see [plantation system].
Latin league, the, origin of, [25]–[26];alliance of, with Rome, [33];dissolution of, [36]–[37].
origin of, [25]–[26];
alliance of, with Rome, [33];
dissolution of, [36]–[37].
Latins, the, [13], [25]–[26]; wars with Rome, [36].See also [Latin league] and [Colonies, Latin].
wars with Rome, [36].
See also [Latin league] and [Colonies, Latin].
Latium, the Iron Age in, [11]–[12];location of, [25].
the Iron Age in, [11]–[12];
location of, [25].
Lautulæ, [36].
Law, Roman, codification of, [54];extension through edict of prætor, [122];study of, [122];codification planned by Julius Cæsar, [181];introduction of equity and systematic form into, [249];forms of legislation, [266];writers on, [301];development of, under the Principate, [301];the Theodosian code, [364];Justinian’s codification of, [382].
codification of, [54];
extension through edict of prætor, [122];
study of, [122];
codification planned by Julius Cæsar, [181];
introduction of equity and systematic form into, [249];
forms of legislation, [266];
writers on, [301];
development of, under the Principate, [301];
the Theodosian code, [364];
Justinian’s codification of, [382].
Laws, see [Lex].
Legati, provincial officials, [112], [278];—— Augusti, [278].
provincial officials, [112], [278];
—— Augusti, [278].
Legion, legions, manipular, [59];men of no property admitted to, [136];probable increase in size of, by Marius, [136];of Augustus, [211];number increased, [212];quartering of, under Domitian, [242];Wars of the Legions (q. v.);territorial recruitment of, [273];number of, [274];change in, under late Empire, [336].
manipular, [59];
men of no property admitted to, [136];
probable increase in size of, by Marius, [136];
of Augustus, [211];
number increased, [212];
quartering of, under Domitian, [242];
Wars of the Legions (q. v.);
territorial recruitment of, [273];
number of, [274];
change in, under late Empire, [336].
Legionaries, of Augustus, [211], [212].
Leo I, Pope, [389].
Leo I, eastern emperor, [360], [364].
Leo II, eastern emperor, [364].
Lepidus, see [M. Æmilius Lepidus].
Leucopetra, [103].
Levy, the, for the Roman army, [59], [60];tribunes interfere with, [100].
for the Roman army, [59], [60];
tribunes interfere with, [100].
Lex, Acilia de repetundis, [129];Ælia Sentia, [266];Aurelia, [156];Calpurnia, [114];Canuleia, [55];Cassia tabellaria, [108];Domitia, [138]; abrogated, [148];re-enacted, [163]; Fufia Caninia, [266];Gabinia, [108];Gabinia, conferring command against pirates, [159];Hortensia, [57];Julia, granting citizenship, [141];Julia municipalis, [181];leges Juliæ, of 19 and 18 B. C., [215];Junia, [266];Mænia, [50];Manilia, [160];Ogulnia, [56], [57];Oppia, [119];Papia Poppæa, [215];Plautia Papiria, [141];Pompeia, granting citizenship, [141];Publilia, [50];Titia, [189];Trebonia, [170];Vatinia, [166];Villia annalis, [108].
Acilia de repetundis, [129];
Ælia Sentia, [266];
Aurelia, [156];
Calpurnia, [114];
Canuleia, [55];
Cassia tabellaria, [108];
Domitia, [138]; abrogated, [148];re-enacted, [163];
abrogated, [148];
re-enacted, [163];
Fufia Caninia, [266];
Gabinia, [108];
Gabinia, conferring command against pirates, [159];
Hortensia, [57];
Julia, granting citizenship, [141];
Julia municipalis, [181];
leges Juliæ, of 19 and 18 B. C., [215];
Junia, [266];
Mænia, [50];
Manilia, [160];
Ogulnia, [56], [57];
Oppia, [119];
Papia Poppæa, [215];
Plautia Papiria, [141];
Pompeia, granting citizenship, [141];
Publilia, [50];
Titia, [189];
Trebonia, [170];
Vatinia, [166];
Villia annalis, [108].
Lex Romana Burgundionum, [371].
Lex Romana Visigothorum, [369].
Libyans, the, subjects of Carthage, [70].
Licinianus Licinius, Cæsar, [323], [324].
Licinius (Valerius Licinianus ——), Cæsar, [321];Augustus, [321];co-emperor with Constantine I, [322], [323].
Cæsar, [321];
Augustus, [321];
co-emperor with Constantine I, [322], [323].
M. Licinius Crassus, prætor, command against Spartacus, [155], [156];consul, [156];creditor of Julius Cæsar, [162];in First Triumvirate, [165];campaign against the Parthians, and death, [172].
prætor, command against Spartacus, [155], [156];
consul, [156];
creditor of Julius Cæsar, [162];
in First Triumvirate, [165];
campaign against the Parthians, and death, [172].
L. Licinius Lucullus, quæstor of Sulla, [145];consul, commands against Mithridates, [154], [155].
quæstor of Sulla, [145];
consul, commands against Mithridates, [154], [155].
Ligurians, the, a neolithic people, [9];location of, [13];conquered by Rome, [97].
a neolithic people, [9];
location of, [13];
conquered by Rome, [97].
Lilybæum, [41], [74].
Limes, limites, [274]; fortification of, [274]–[275].
fortification of, [274]–[275].
Limitanei, [276]; organized, [319];of late Empire, [335]–[336].
organized, [319];
of late Empire, [335]–[336].
Literature, rise of Roman, [120]–[121];of last century of the Republic, [199]–[201];of the Principate, [298]–[302];of the late Empire, [396]–[402];Christian, [300]–[301], [396]–[397], [398]–[401].
rise of Roman, [120]–[121];
of last century of the Republic, [199]–[201];
of the Principate, [298]–[302];
of the late Empire, [396]–[402];
Christian, [300]–[301], [396]–[397], [398]–[401].
M. Livius, consul, at Metaurus, [85].
Livius Andronicus, author, [120].
M. Livius Drusus, tribune, opposes C. Gracchus, [130].
M. Livius Drusus, tribune, legislative program of, [139];death, [140].
tribune, legislative program of, [139];
death, [140].
Livy (Titus Livius), historical writer, [299].
Lombards, the, invade Italy, [403].
Lower Germany, administrative district, [227].
Luca, conference at, [169].
Lucan (M. Annæus Lucanus), poet, [299].
Lucanians, the, [38]–[39].
Lucian (Lucianus), Greek writer, [302], [308].
C. Lucilius, satirist, [121].
T. Lucretius Carus, poet, [199]–[200].
Lucullus, see [L. Licinius Lucullus].
Lugdunensis (Gallia ——), administrative district of Gaul, [218];Roman province, [227].
administrative district of Gaul, [218];
Roman province, [227].
Lugdunum, [218]; victory of Sept. Severus at, [253].
victory of Sept. Severus at, [253].
Lusitanians, the, Roman war with, [99]–[100].
Q. Lutatius Catulus, consul, campaigns against the Cimbri, [136].
Luxury, in Rome, [118];legislation against, [119].
in Rome, [118];
legislation against, [119].

M. = Marcus.
M’. = Manius.
Macedonia (Macedon), Antigonid kingdom, [69];hostile to Roman influence in Greece, [76];divided into four republics, [96];Roman province, [102].
Antigonid kingdom, [69];
hostile to Roman influence in Greece, [76];
divided into four republics, [96];
Roman province, [102].
Macedonian Wars, first, [83]–[85];second, [90]–[91];third, [95]–[96];fourth, [102]–[103].See also [Philip V] and [Perseus].
first, [83]–[85];
second, [90]–[91];
third, [95]–[96];
fourth, [102]–[103].
See also [Philip V] and [Perseus].
Macrinus (Marcus Opellius ——), principate of, [256].
Magister, see [master].
Magistracy, the, expansion of Roman, [50], [51];characteristics of, [51], [52];controlled by Senate, [105];enhanced value of higher magistracies, [107];order regulated, [108];age limit set for each, [148];interval between tenures, [148];in senatorial career, [209];under the principate, [266], [267];changed character of, in municipalities, [286], [287].
expansion of Roman, [50], [51];
characteristics of, [51], [52];
controlled by Senate, [105];
enhanced value of higher magistracies, [107];
order regulated, [108];
age limit set for each, [148];
interval between tenures, [148];
in senatorial career, [209];
under the principate, [266], [267];
changed character of, in municipalities, [286], [287].
Magistrates, of early republic, [47];order of rank, [52];veto of, [52];tribunes gain practical status of, [58];committees of senators, [105].
of early republic, [47];
order of rank, [52];
veto of, [52];
tribunes gain practical status of, [58];
committees of senators, [105].
Magnentius (Magnus ——), proclaimed Augustus, [325];killed, [326].
proclaimed Augustus, [325];
killed, [326].
Magnesia, [93].
Mago, Carthaginian writer, [121].
Maior potestas, [52].
Majorian (Flavius Julianus Majorianus), western emperor, [360].
Malaria, in Italy, [4].
Mamertini, the, [41]; defeated by Syracuse, [72];appeal to Rome, [72].
defeated by Syracuse, [72];
appeal to Rome, [72].
Mancinus, consul, surrender to Numantines, [100].
Manilian law (lex Manilia), [160].
C. Manilius, tribune, [160].
Maniple, unit of Roman army, [59].
Manufactures, [297].
M. Marcellus, consul, takes Syracuse, [82];killed, [84].
consul, takes Syracuse, [82];
killed, [84].
M. Marcellus, ex-consul, [181].
M. Marcellus, nephew of Augustus, [223].
Marcian (Marcianus), eastern emperor, [364].
Marcomanni, the, [219], [228]; defeat Domitian, [243];defeated by M. Aurelius, [250], [251].
defeat Domitian, [243];
defeated by M. Aurelius, [250], [251].
Marcus Aurelius (M. Aurelius Antoninus = M. Annius Verus), adopted by Antoninus, [249];principate of, [249]–[251].
adopted by Antoninus, [249];
principate of, [249]–[251].
C. Marius, consul, commands against Jugurtha, [134];re-elected consul, [134], [136];reforms army, [136];annihilates Cimbri and Teutons, [136], [137];sixth consulship of, [138], [139];legatus, in Marsic war, [141];struggle with Sulla, [144];death, [146].
consul, commands against Jugurtha, [134];
re-elected consul, [134], [136];
reforms army, [136];
annihilates Cimbri and Teutons, [136], [137];
sixth consulship of, [138], [139];
legatus, in Marsic war, [141];
struggle with Sulla, [144];
death, [146].
C. Marius, the younger, consul, [147];suicide, [147].
consul, [147];
suicide, [147].
Marsi, the, [15], [39]; in Italian War, [140].
in Italian War, [140].
Marsic War, the, [140]–[142].
Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), satirist, [299]–[300].
Massinissa, Numidian chief, Roman ally, [85];made king of Numidia, [86];attacks of, on Carthage, [100], [101].
Roman ally, [85];
made king of Numidia, [86];
attacks of, on Carthage, [100], [101].
Massalia, Greek colony, ally of Rome, [79];appeals for aid, [132];siege of, by Cæsar, [175].
ally of Rome, [79];
appeals for aid, [132];
siege of, by Cæsar, [175].
Master (magister), title of, [270]. —— of the foot (peditum), [338].—— of the horse (equitum), (1) of the Republic, [47];—— (2) of the late Empire, [338]. —— of the offices (officiorum), [338]–[339], [340].—— of the privy purse (rei privatæ), [272].—— of the soldiers (militum), [338], [352].
—— of the foot (peditum), [338].
—— of the horse (equitum), (1) of the Republic, [47];—— (2) of the late Empire, [338].
(1) of the Republic, [47];
—— (2) of the late Empire, [338].
—— of the offices (officiorum), [338]–[339], [340].
—— of the privy purse (rei privatæ), [272].
—— of the soldiers (militum), [338], [352].
Mauretania, made Roman province, [230].
Maxentius (Marcus Aurelius ——), Cæsar, Augustus, [321];death, [322].
Cæsar, Augustus, [321];
death, [322].
Maximian (M. Aurelius Valerius Maximianus), co-emperor, [317];campaigns of, [319];abdication, [321].
co-emperor, [317];
campaigns of, [319];
abdication, [321].
Maximinus (C. Julius Verus ——), proclaimed Augustus, [258].
Maximinus Daia (Galerius Valerius ——), Cæsar, [321];filius Augusti, [321];emperor, [322].
Cæsar, [321];
filius Augusti, [321];
emperor, [322].
Maximus (Magnus Clemens ——), revolt of, [330];co-emperor, [330].
revolt of, [330];
co-emperor, [330].
Maximus (Petronius ——), western emperor, [360].
Mesopotamia, Trajan’s conquest of, [246];abandoned, [247];Romans regain upper, [250];made Roman province, [253];Persian invasion of, [257];Diocletian regains, [319].
Trajan’s conquest of, [246];
abandoned, [247];
Romans regain upper, [250];
made Roman province, [253];
Persian invasion of, [257];
Diocletian regains, [319].
Messalina, wife of Claudius, plot of, [232].
Messapians, the, [40].
Metaurus, battle of the, [85].
Metellus, see [Q. Cæcilius Metellus].
Micipsa, king of Numidia, [132].
Milan, becomes seat of government for West, [319].
Military service, universal, [58];lower limit of, [60];length of, [60];under Augustus, [212];changes of Sept. Severus in, [254];under late Empire, [336]–[337].
universal, [58];
lower limit of, [60];
length of, [60];
under Augustus, [212];
changes of Sept. Severus in, [254];
under late Empire, [336]–[337].
Military system, see [Army, Roman].
Militia, Roman, see [levy].
M. Minucius, master of the horse, [81].
Minucius Felix, Christian writer, [301].
Misenum, treaty of, [191];naval station, [212].
treaty of, [191];
naval station, [212].
Mithridates VI, Eupator, King of Pontus, war with Rome, [143];comes to terms, [145];alliance with Sartorius, [153];renews war with Rome, [153]–[155];attacked by Pompey, [161];death, [161].
war with Rome, [143];
comes to terms, [145];
alliance with Sartorius, [153];
renews war with Rome, [153]–[155];
attacked by Pompey, [161];
death, [161].
Mithraism, nature of, [306]–[307];in Rome, [307].
nature of, [306]–[307];
in Rome, [307].
Modestine, jurist, [301].
Mœsi, the, [219].
Mœsia, provinces of, [243].
Mogontiacum, [218].
Monasticism, rise and growth of, [394]–[396].
Monophysite controversy, [393]–[394].
Monophysites, Justinian’s treatment of, [383].
Moors, the, revolts of, [376].
Mos maiorum, influence of, [65]–[66].
Q. Mucius Scævola, proconsul of Asia, [139];legal writings of, [201].
proconsul of Asia, [139];
legal writings of, [201].
L. Mummius, consul, defeats Achæans, [103].
Munda, battle of, [182].
Munera, of late Empire, [345].
Municipalities (municipia), Roman, [44];Italian towns organized into, after Marsic war, [142];Julian law regulating, [181];under the Principate, [280], [288];of Gaul and Egypt, [281]–[283];Hellenic type, [283], [284];Latin type, [284], [285];decline of, [286]–[288];burden of curiales in, [346].
Roman, [44];
Italian towns organized into, after Marsic war, [142];
Julian law regulating, [181];
under the Principate, [280], [288];
of Gaul and Egypt, [281]–[283];
Hellenic type, [283], [284];
Latin type, [284], [285];
decline of, [286]–[288];
burden of curiales in, [346].
Mutina, Roman colony, [97];battle at, [187].
Roman colony, [97];
battle at, [187].
Mutiny, of army in Illyricum and on Rhine, [227].
Mylæ, naval battle at, [73].
Cn. Nævius, author, [120].
Naples, [20], [51].
Narbo, established, [132].
Narbonese Gaul, made a province, [132];extent of, [167];a senatorial province, [216].
made a province, [132];
extent of, [167];
a senatorial province, [216].
Narcissus, freedman of Claudius, [232].
Narses, general, campaigns of, [377]–[378].
Naucratis, [281].
Navy, Roman, in first Punic War, [73], [74];of Augustus, [212]–[213].
in first Punic War, [73], [74];
of Augustus, [212]–[213].
Neoplatonism, [307], [385].
Neopythagoreanism, [307].
Nepete, founded, [36].
Nero (Nero Claudius Cæsar), parentage of, [232];principate of, [232]–[235].
parentage of, [232];
principate of, [232]–[235].
Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva), principate of, [244], [245].
Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople, [393].
New Carthage (Carthagena), founded, [78];taken by Romans, [84].
founded, [78];
taken by Romans, [84].
Nicomedes III, king of Bithynia, wills kingdom to Rome, [153].
Niger (C. Pescinnius ——), saluted Imperator, [252];death, [252].
saluted Imperator, [252];
death, [252].
“Nika” riot, the, [381].
Nisibis, Roman colony and fortress, [253].
Nobilitas, Senatorial aristocracy, [56], [196].
Nola, [18].
Nomen Latinum, [45].
Nomes (nomoi), in Egypt, [282].
Norba, [35].
Noricum, Roman province of, [218];abandoned, [361].
Roman province of, [218];
abandoned, [361].
Numantia, siege of, [100].
Numeri, the, [273], [274].
Numidia, added to province of Africa, [221].
Oath of allegiance, exacted by Octavian, [194].
Octavia, wife of Antony, [191], [192], [193];divorced, [194].
wife of Antony, [191], [192], [193];
divorced, [194].
Octavia, daughter of Claudius, [232], [233].
Octavianus, see [C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus].
C. Octavius, see [C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus].
M. Octavius, tribune, deposed by Assembly of Tribes, [127].
Odænathus, king of Palmyra, relations with Rome, [260].
Odovacar, patrician and imperial regent, [361].
Œnotrians, the, [13], [20].
Officiales, of the Principate, [272];of the late Empire, [341].
of the Principate, [272];
of the late Empire, [341].
Officials, equestrian, [270], [271];provincial, [278]–[280];of imperial household, [294];of late Empire, [340]–[342].
equestrian, [270], [271];
provincial, [278]–[280];
of imperial household, [294];
of late Empire, [340]–[342].
L. Opimius, consul, leads attack on C. Gracchus, [130].
Oppian Law (lex Oppia), the, [119].
Oppida, [25], [26].
Optimates, the, struggle with the Populares, chap. XII, [125]f;under Gracchan ascendancy, [126]–[130];under Marian ascendancy, [134], [136], [139], [146];under Sullan ascendancy, [147], [150];strengthened by overthrow of Cataline, [164];led by Cato the younger, [169], [170];side with Pompey against Cæsar, [173].
struggle with the Populares, chap. XII, [125]f;
under Gracchan ascendancy, [126]–[130];
under Marian ascendancy, [134], [136], [139], [146];
under Sullan ascendancy, [147], [150];
strengthened by overthrow of Cataline, [164];
led by Cato the younger, [169], [170];
side with Pompey against Cæsar, [173].
Orationes principis, [266].
Oratory, in Rome, [121], [200].
Orchomenus, victory of Sulla, at, [144].
Orestes, master of the soldiers, [360]–[361].
Oriental cults, rise and progress of, [305]–[307].
Oscans (Opici), the, [13], [20].
Ostia, founded, [29].
Ostrogoths, the, conquer Italy, [361]–[362];Romans under régime of, [371];reconquest of Italy from, [377]–[379].
conquer Italy, [361]–[362];
Romans under régime of, [371];
reconquest of Italy from, [377]–[379].
Otho (Marcus Salvius ——), principate of, [236].
Ovid (P. Ovidius Naso), poet, [299].
P. = Publius.
Pachomius, founds first monastery, [395].
Pagan, origin of term, [387].
Pagan cults, see [oriental cults].
Paganism, in the late Empire, [385]–[386];persecution of, [386]–[387].
in the late Empire, [385]–[386];
persecution of, [386]–[387].
Pagus, [25].
Palafitta, [9]–[10].
Palatini, [336].
Pallas, freedman of Claudius, [232].
Palmyra, kingdom of, [260];overthrown, [261]–[262].
kingdom of, [260];
overthrown, [261]–[262].
Panætius of Rhodes, philosopher, in Rome, [123].
Pannonia, a Roman province, [220].
Pannonians, the, [219].
Panormus, captured by the Romans, [74].
Papacy, growth of the, [389], [403].
Papinian, see [Æmilius Papinianus].
Cn. Papirius Carbo, consul, opposes Sulla, [146];executed, [149].
consul, opposes Sulla, [146];
executed, [149].
Parma, Roman colony, [97].
Parthians, the, campaign of Crassus against, [172];Antony’s campaign against, [192], [193];Augustus and, [221];struggle with Rome over Armenia, [234];Trajan’s campaign against, [246];war with, 161–165 A. D., [250];campaign of Sept. Severus against, [253];Caracalla and, [256].
campaign of Crassus against, [172];
Antony’s campaign against, [192], [193];
Augustus and, [221];
struggle with Rome over Armenia, [234];
Trajan’s campaign against, [246];
war with, 161–165 A. D., [250];
campaign of Sept. Severus against, [253];
Caracalla and, [256].
Pater patriæ, title of Julius Cæsar, [179];title of Augustus, [208].
title of Julius Cæsar, [179];
title of Augustus, [208].
Patres, see [Patricians].
Patria potestas, [64].
Patriarchate of Constantinople, the, growth of, [390].
Patricians, the, definition of, [29];in regal period, [29]–[30];new families of, created, [181], [213];title under late Empire, [343].
definition of, [29];
in regal period, [29]–[30];
new families of, created, [181], [213];
title under late Empire, [343].
Patricii, see [Patricians].
Patrimonium, evolution of the, [271]–[272].
Patrons, in early Rome, [30].
Patrum auctoritas, exercised by patrician senators, [49];restricted for the Assembly of the Centuries, [49]–[50].
exercised by patrician senators, [49];
restricted for the Assembly of the Centuries, [49]–[50].
Paul (Julius Paulus), jurist, [301].
Peasantry, the, decline of, in Italy, [116];increase of, due to Gracchan laws, [131];reduced to serfdom, [288]–[292].
decline of, in Italy, [116];
increase of, due to Gracchan laws, [131];
reduced to serfdom, [288]–[292].
Perfectissimate, the, [343].
Pergamon, kingdom of, [70];enlarged by Romans, [94];willed to Rome, [103].
kingdom of, [70];
enlarged by Romans, [94];
willed to Rome, [103].
M. Perperna, leader of Marian faction, [152], [153].
Perseus, son of Philip V, and king of Macedonia, war with Rome, [95], [96].
Persians, the, campaign of Severus Alexander against, [257];of Valerian, [259];of Carus, [263];of Diocletian, [319];of Constantius II and Julian, [326]–[328];of Valens, [329];wars with Eastern Empire, [363], [366];Justinian’s war with, [379], [381].
campaign of Severus Alexander against, [257];
of Valerian, [259];
of Carus, [263];
of Diocletian, [319];
of Constantius II and Julian, [326]–[328];
of Valens, [329];
wars with Eastern Empire, [363], [366];
Justinian’s war with, [379], [381].
Pertinax (Publius Helvius ——), principate of, [252].
Perusia, [191].
C. Petronius, writer, [299].
Phalanx, the, in Roman army, [58]–[59].
Pharisees, the, [238].
Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, makes peace with Pompey, [161];defeated by Cæsar, [177].
makes peace with Pompey, [161];
defeated by Cæsar, [177].
Pharsalus, battle of, [176].
Philip V, king of Macedonia, at war with Ætolians, [76];becomes an ally of Carthage, [82];at war with Rome, Ætolians, and Pergamon, [83];concludes peace, [85];alliance with Antiochus III against Egypt, [89];second war with Rome, [90], [91];cedes Greek possession to Rome, [91];supports Rome against Antiochus, [93];later hostility to Rome, [95].
at war with Ætolians, [76];
becomes an ally of Carthage, [82];
at war with Rome, Ætolians, and Pergamon, [83];
concludes peace, [85];
alliance with Antiochus III against Egypt, [89];
second war with Rome, [90], [91];
cedes Greek possession to Rome, [91];
supports Rome against Antiochus, [93];
later hostility to Rome, [95].
Philippi, battle of, [190].
Philosophy, under the Principate, [302], [307].
Phœnicians, the, see [Carthaginians].
Phraates IV, king of the Parthians, [221].
Picentes, the, [15], [39], [44].
Pietas, Roman conception of, [65].
Pilum, javelin, adopted in Roman army, [59].
Piræus, Athens and, besieged by Sulla, [144].
Pirates, depredations of, [137];Roman, [137];command of Marcus Antonius against, in 74 B. C., [154];command of Pompey against, [159], [160].
depredations of, [137];
Roman, [137];
command of Marcus Antonius against, in 74 B. C., [154];
command of Pompey against, [159], [160].
Piso, see [C. Calpurnius Piso].
Placidia, Roman princess, [354], [358].
Placentia, [78].
Plague, the, of 166 A. D., [250];of 252 A. D., [259].
of 166 A. D., [250];
of 252 A. D., [259].
Plantation system, the, [115], [197]; transformation of, under Principate, [291];growth of, under late Empire, [348].
transformation of, under Principate, [291];
growth of, under late Empire, [348].
Plautus (Titus Maccius ——), dramatist, [120].
Plebeians, the, definition of, and status in early Rome, [30];struggle for equality with patricians, [52]–[58];admitted to consulship, [55], [56];in Senate, [56];secession to Janiculum, [57].
definition of, and status in early Rome, [30];
struggle for equality with patricians, [52]–[58];
admitted to consulship, [55], [56];
in Senate, [56];
secession to Janiculum, [57].
Plebiscites (plebi scita), [55]; binding without Senate’s previous sanction, [57].
binding without Senate’s previous sanction, [57].
Plebs, the, (1) see [Plebeians];(2) of later Republic, [197];under Augustus, [211], [222];colleges of, [285], [286].
(1) see [Plebeians];
(2) of later Republic, [197];
under Augustus, [211], [222];
colleges of, [285], [286].
Pliny, (1) the elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), writer, [299];(2) the [pg 438]younger (C. Plinius Cæcilius Secundus), letters of, [300].
(1) the elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), writer, [299];
(2) the [pg 438]younger (C. Plinius Cæcilius Secundus), letters of, [300].
Plotinus, philosopher, [302].
Plutarch, Greek writer, [302].
Poetry, (1) Roman, or Latin,of third and second centuries, B. C., [120]–[121];of last century of the Republic, [199]–[200];of the Principate, [298]–[300];of late Empire, [397]–[398]. —— (2) Greek, of late Empire, [401].—— (3) Christian, [396]–[397]; [399]–[401].
(1) Roman, or Latin,of third and second centuries, B. C., [120]–[121];of last century of the Republic, [199]–[200];of the Principate, [298]–[300];of late Empire, [397]–[398].
of third and second centuries, B. C., [120]–[121];
of last century of the Republic, [199]–[200];
of the Principate, [298]–[300];
of late Empire, [397]–[398].
—— (2) Greek, of late Empire, [401].
—— (3) Christian, [396]–[397]; [399]–[401].
Police, of Rome, the, under Augustus, [222].
Polybius, Greek historian, view of Roman constitution, [106].
Pomerium, the, of Rome, [27].
Pompeian law (lex Pompeia), granting citizenship and Latin rights, [141].
Pompeii, [241].
Cn. Pompeius (Pompey), raises army for Sulla, [146];receives honors from Sulla, and triumph, [149];command against Sertorius, [152], [153];consul, 70 B. C., [156];command against pirates, [159], [160];command against Mithridates, [160], [161];in First Triumvirate, [165];curator annonæ, [169];sole consul, and height of power, [173];strife with Cæsar, [173]–[176];defeat and death, [176].
raises army for Sulla, [146];
receives honors from Sulla, and triumph, [149];
command against Sertorius, [152], [153];
consul, 70 B. C., [156];
command against pirates, [159], [160];
command against Mithridates, [160], [161];
in First Triumvirate, [165];
curator annonæ, [169];
sole consul, and height of power, [173];
strife with Cæsar, [173]–[176];
defeat and death, [176].
Cn. Pompeius (Pompey), son of Pompey the Great, [181]–[182].
S. Pompeius (Pompey), son of Pompey the Great, [181]–[182];opposition to Antony and Octavian, [187]–[190];makes terms, [191];defeated, [192].
son of Pompey the Great, [181]–[182];
opposition to Antony and Octavian, [187]–[190];
makes terms, [191];
defeated, [192].
Pontifex Maximus, office of, [48].
Pontiffs, the, number increased, [57];new members chosen by Tribes, [138].
number increased, [57];
new members chosen by Tribes, [138].
Pontus, kingdom of Mithridates VI, [142];subjugated and made a Roman province, [161].
kingdom of Mithridates VI, [142];
subjugated and made a Roman province, [161].
Popilius (Lænas), Roman ambassador, [96].
Populares, the, struggle with the Optimates, chap. XII, [125]f;under Gracchan ascendancy, [126]–[130];under Marian ascendancy, [134], [136]–[139], [146];led by Saturninus and Glaucia, [138]–[139];led by Sulpicius Rufus, [144];support Pompey and Crassus, [156].
struggle with the Optimates, chap. XII, [125]f;
under Gracchan ascendancy, [126]–[130];
under Marian ascendancy, [134], [136]–[139], [146];
led by Saturninus and Glaucia, [138]–[139];
led by Sulpicius Rufus, [144];
support Pompey and Crassus, [156].
Populus, [25].
Populus Romanus, [29].
M. Porcius Cato, the Elder, hostility to Carthage, [101];opposes luxury, [119];writer of Latin prose, [121].
hostility to Carthage, [101];
opposes luxury, [119];
writer of Latin prose, [121].
M. Porcius Cato, the younger, [164], [165], [169]; death, [177]–[179].
death, [177]–[179].
Portoria, customs dues, [113], [279].
Posidonius, [198].
Postumus, M. Cassius Latinius, general, forms empire in Gaul, [260], [262].
Potestas, (1) maior, [52];(2) tribunicia, see [tribunicia potestas].
(1) maior, [52];
(2) tribunicia, see [tribunicia potestas].
Præfectus annonæ, see [prefect of the grain supply].
Præfectus morum, Julius Cæsar appointed, [179].
Præfectus urbi, see [city prefect].
Præfectus vigilum, see [prefect of the watch].
Præneste, [37].
Præses, præsides, title of, [278].
Prætor peregrinus, see [Prætorship].
Prætorian prefect, [211], [212]; increase in power of, [254], [255], [257];of senatorial rank, [257];court of, [267];title, [271];deprived of military authority, [323];under late Empire, [339], [340].
increase in power of, [254], [255], [257];
of senatorial rank, [257];
court of, [267];
title, [271];
deprived of military authority, [323];
under late Empire, [339], [340].
Prætorians, prætorian guard, under Augustus, [212];concentrated at Rome, [228];nominate Claudius princeps, [23];reconstituted, [240];disbanded and reconstituted by Sept. Severus, [254].
under Augustus, [212];
concentrated at Rome, [228];
nominate Claudius princeps, [23];
reconstituted, [240];
disbanded and reconstituted by Sept. Severus, [254].
Prætorship, the, city, [51];plebeians eligible to, [56];prætor peregrinus, [109];increased in number, for provinces, [109];effect of prætorian edict on Roman law, [122];increased in number by Sulla, [148];by Julius Cæsar, [181];decline of, [267], [294];of late Empire, [341].
city, [51];
plebeians eligible to, [56];
prætor peregrinus, [109];
increased in number, for provinces, [109];
effect of prætorian edict on Roman law, [122];
increased in number by Sulla, [148];
by Julius Cæsar, [181];
decline of, [267], [294];
of late Empire, [341].
Prefect of Egypt, the, [278], [282].
Prefect of the grain supply, the, [222]; functions limited, [255].
functions limited, [255].
Prefect of the watch, the, [222].
Prefectures, (1) of auxiliary corps, [210], [278];(2) the great, [222];titles of occupants of, [271];see also [Prefects].
(1) of auxiliary corps, [210], [278];
(2) the great, [222];
titles of occupants of, [271];
see also [Prefects].
Priesthoods, the, general characteristics of, [48];opened to plebeians, [56];enlarged by Julius Cæsar, [181];decline of, [198];reëstablishment of, [213].
general characteristics of, [48];
opened to plebeians, [56];
enlarged by Julius Cæsar, [181];
decline of, [198];
reëstablishment of, [213].
Princeps, Pompey considered as, [173];definition of, [208];powers of, increase at expense of Senate, [264]–[267];friction with Senate, [267]–[268];title of, in Egypt, [281].
Pompey considered as, [173];
definition of, [208];
powers of, increase at expense of Senate, [264]–[267];
friction with Senate, [267]–[268];
title of, in Egypt, [281].
Principate, the, foreshadowed by Pompey’s position, [173];establishment of, chap. XVI, [205]f;defined and explained, [208];weakness of, [225], [226];constitutional development of, chap. XIX, [264].
foreshadowed by Pompey’s position, [173];
establishment of, chap. XVI, [205]f;
defined and explained, [208];
weakness of, [225], [226];
constitutional development of, chap. XIX, [264].
Principes, officials of late Empire, [338], [342].
Probus (Marcus Aurelius ——), principate and campaigns of, [262]–[263].
Proconsulship, the, instituted, [51];frequent in Second Punic War, [87];evolution of, under the Principate, [265].
instituted, [51];
frequent in Second Punic War, [87];
evolution of, under the Principate, [265].
Procopius, historical writer, [401].
Procuratorships, equestrians eligible to, [210], [265];freedmen admitted to, [270];increased, [270];classification, [270], [271];replace publicani, [279], [280].
equestrians eligible to, [210], [265];
freedmen admitted to, [270];
increased, [270];
classification, [270], [271];
replace publicani, [279], [280].
Proletariat, the urban, [117].
Promagistracy, the, instituted, [51];reorganized by Sulla, [148];law of Pompey regulating, [174];in senatorial career, [209].
instituted, [51];
reorganized by Sulla, [148];
law of Pompey regulating, [174];
in senatorial career, [209].
Propertius, poet, [299].
Propraetorship, the, use of, in second Punic War, [87];given to Pompey, [149];see also [Promagistracy].
use of, in second Punic War, [87];
given to Pompey, [149];
see also [Promagistracy].
Proscriptions, the, of Sulla, [147];of Second Triumvirate, [189].
of Sulla, [147];
of Second Triumvirate, [189].
Prose, (1) Roman or Latin, of third and second centuries B. C., [121];of last century of Republic, [200], [201];of the Principate, [299]–[301];of late Empire, [397], [398]; (2) Greek, of the Principate, [302];of late Empire, [401]; (3) Christian, of late Empire, [396]–[398], [400].
(1) Roman or Latin, of third and second centuries B. C., [121];of last century of Republic, [200], [201];of the Principate, [299]–[301];of late Empire, [397], [398];
of third and second centuries B. C., [121];
of last century of Republic, [200], [201];
of the Principate, [299]–[301];
of late Empire, [397], [398];
(2) Greek, of the Principate, [302];of late Empire, [401];
of the Principate, [302];
of late Empire, [401];
(3) Christian, of late Empire, [396]–[398], [400].
Provinces, the, organization and government of, [110]–[114];governors of, appointed on new basis, [148];imperial and senatorial, [216], [278];condition of, under the Principate, [277]–[285];officials of, [278]–[280];subdivision of, by Diocletian, [319];government of, under late Empire, [340].
organization and government of, [110]–[114];
governors of, appointed on new basis, [148];
imperial and senatorial, [216], [278];
condition of, under the Principate, [277]–[285];
officials of, [278]–[280];
subdivision of, by Diocletian, [319];
government of, under late Empire, [340].
Provincial governors, under the Republic, [112];under the Principate, [278]–[279];under late Empire, [340].
under the Republic, [112];
under the Principate, [278]–[279];
under late Empire, [340].
Ptolemais, [281].
Ptolemy IV, Philopater, king of Egypt, supplies Rome with grain, [88];death of, [89].
supplies Rome with grain, [88];
death of, [89].
Ptolemy XIV, [176], [177].
Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemæus), astronomer, [302].
Publicani, tax-farmers, [113];equestrians, [117], [118];under the Principate, [279], [280].
tax-farmers, [113];
equestrians, [117], [118];
under the Principate, [279], [280].
Pulcheria, regent for Theodosius II, [363], [364].
Punic Wars, the, first, [72]–[73];second, [78]–[88];effect of, on Italy, [86]–[88];third, [100]–[102].
first, [72]–[73];
second, [78]–[88];
effect of, on Italy, [86]–[88];
third, [100]–[102].
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, [40]–[42].
Q. = Quintus.
Quadi, the, [242]; defeated by M. Aurelius, [250], [251].
defeated by M. Aurelius, [250], [251].
Quæstio rerum repetundarum, see [Court of Extortion].
Quæstorship, the, (1) Roman magistracy, [50]; plebeians eligible to, [55];in provinces, [112];number increased by Sulla, [148];by Julius Cæsar, [181];in senatorial career, [209];of late Empire, [341]; (2) in the provinces, [278];(3) in municipalities, [284];(4) at court of later Emperors, [340].
(1) Roman magistracy, [50]; plebeians eligible to, [55];in provinces, [112];number increased by Sulla, [148];by Julius Cæsar, [181];in senatorial career, [209];of late Empire, [341];
plebeians eligible to, [55];
in provinces, [112];
number increased by Sulla, [148];
by Julius Cæsar, [181];
in senatorial career, [209];
of late Empire, [341];
(2) in the provinces, [278];
(3) in municipalities, [284];
(4) at court of later Emperors, [340].
P. Quinctilius Varus, defeat of, [220].
Quinquennales, [284].
Quinquennium Neronis, the, [232].
Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintillianus), writer, [299].
Quirites, [29].
Ræti, the, [217].
Rætia, Roman province of, [218];abandoned, [361].
Roman province of, [218];
abandoned, [361].
Rationalis, secretary of the treasury, [272];superseded by count of the sacred largesses, [340].
secretary of the treasury, [272];
superseded by count of the sacred largesses, [340].
Ravenna, naval station, [212];Ostrogothic capital, [371];capture of, by Belisarius, [377].
naval station, [212];
Ostrogothic capital, [371];
capture of, by Belisarius, [377].
Recruitment, of legions, territorial, [272], [273];of army under late Empire, [336], [337].
territorial, [272], [273];
of army under late Empire, [336], [337].
Religion, of early Rome, chap. VII, [61]f;importance of ritual in, [61];foreign influences in, [63], [64];and morality, [64];adoption of Greek mythology by Rome, [122];increasing skepticism in, [123];in last century of Republic, [197], [198];revival under Augustus, [213]–[215];under the Principate, [304]–[313];oriental cults, [305]–[307];Judaism and Christianity, [303], [313];of the Germanic tribes, [371], [372].
of early Rome, chap. VII, [61]f;
importance of ritual in, [61];
foreign influences in, [63], [64];
and morality, [64];
adoption of Greek mythology by Rome, [122];
increasing skepticism in, [123];
in last century of Republic, [197], [198];
revival under Augustus, [213]–[215];
under the Principate, [304]–[313];
oriental cults, [305]–[307];
Judaism and Christianity, [303], [313];
of the Germanic tribes, [371], [372].
Res privata, [272]; of late Empire, [341].
of late Empire, [341].
Rhegium, [20].
Rhodes, island republic, [70];appeals to Rome against Philip V, [90];joins Rome against Antiochus, [93];territory enlarged, [94];punished by Rome, [96].
island republic, [70];
appeals to Rome against Philip V, [90];
joins Rome against Antiochus, [93];
territory enlarged, [94];
punished by Rome, [96].
Ricimer, master of the soldiers, career of, [360].
Road system, of Italy, improved under C. Gracchus, [128].See also [Via Appia], etc.
of Italy, improved under C. Gracchus, [128].
See also [Via Appia], etc.
Roma, worship of, [214].
Roman confederacy in Italy, the, [42]–[46]; military strength of, [77].
military strength of, [77].
Roman foreign policy, [42], [43]; new field for, [67];towards the Greek states, [94];toward Macedonia, [95];in east[pg 440]ern Mediterranean, [96], [97];from 167–133 B. C., [99].
new field for, [67];
towards the Greek states, [94];
toward Macedonia, [95];
in east[pg 440]ern Mediterranean, [96], [97];
from 167–133 B. C., [99].
Romans, the, a Latin people, [27], [29];name of, [29];under the Visigoths, [369];under the Vandals, [370];under the Ostrogoths, [370], [371];under the Burgundians and the Franks, [371].
a Latin people, [27], [29];
name of, [29];
under the Visigoths, [369];
under the Vandals, [370];
under the Ostrogoths, [370], [371];
under the Burgundians and the Franks, [371].
Romanus, poet, [401].
Rome, the city of, site, [26];growth of, [26], [27];Etruscan influences, [28], [29];of the Four Regions, [26];sacked by Gauls, [35];Servian wall of, [35];change in appearance of, in third and second centuries B. C., [123], [124];administration of, under Augustus, [232];devastated by fire, [233];receives title of sacra, [253];similarity to provincial city, [283];under the Principate, [293];ceases to be capital, [319];plundered by Alaric, [353];by Vandals, [356];Belisarius besieged in, [377].
site, [26];
growth of, [26], [27];
Etruscan influences, [28], [29];
of the Four Regions, [26];
sacked by Gauls, [35];
Servian wall of, [35];
change in appearance of, in third and second centuries B. C., [123], [124];
administration of, under Augustus, [232];
devastated by fire, [233];
receives title of sacra, [253];
similarity to provincial city, [283];
under the Principate, [293];
ceases to be capital, [319];
plundered by Alaric, [353];
by Vandals, [356];
Belisarius besieged in, [377].
Romulus Augustulus, western emperor, [361].
Rorarii, light troops, [59].
Rufinus, master of the soldiers, [362].
Rutilius Namatianus, poet, [398].
P. Rutilius Rufus, ex-quæstor, trial of, [139].

S. = Sextus.
St. Anthony, founds monastic colony, [395].
St. Sophia, building of, [383].
Sabellians, the, [15].
Sabines, the, [15], [39].
Sacrosanctitas, of tribune, [179];granted to Octavian, [193].
of tribune, [179];
granted to Octavian, [193].
Saducees, the, [238].
Saguntum, allied with Rome, [79];taken by Hannibal, [79];by Romans, [83].
allied with Rome, [79];
taken by Hannibal, [79];
by Romans, [83].
Salassi, the, [217].
C. Sallustius Crispus, historical writer, [200].
Salvius, leader of slave rebellion, [137].
Salvius Julianus, jurist, [248].
Salyes, the, tribe of Liguria, conquered by Rome, [132].
Samnites, the, [15]; wars of, with Rome, [37]–[39];Roman allies, [39];join Tarentum, [40];reconquered, [41].
wars of, with Rome, [37]–[39];
Roman allies, [39];
join Tarentum, [40];
reconquered, [41].
Sapor I, king of the Persians, [259], [260].
Sapor II, king of Persia, war with Constantius II and Julian, [326]–[328].
Saracens, the, invasion of, [404].
Sardinia, geography of, [4];inhabitants of, [15];ceded to Rome by Carthage, [75];a Roman province, [111];placed under imperial procurator, [216].
geography of, [4];
inhabitants of, [15];
ceded to Rome by Carthage, [75];
a Roman province, [111];
placed under imperial procurator, [216].
Satire, origin of name and form, [121].
Satricum, [34].
Saturninus and Glaucia, leaders of the Populares, [138].
Saxons, the, [259]; invade Britain, [357].
invade Britain, [357].
Scævola, see [Q. Mucius Scævola].
Scholarians, the, [335], [336].
Scipio, see [P. Cornelius Scipio].
Scipionic circle, the, [120], [121].
Scribonia, wife of Octavian, [191].
Scutum, shield, [59].
Secretaryships, the Imperial, [269]–[270].
Sectarianism, of the eastern church, [391];sectarian strife, [391]–[394].
of the eastern church, [391];
sectarian strife, [391]–[394].
Secular Games, the, [216].
Seianus (Sejanus), see [L. Ælius Seianus].
Seleucia, [246], [250]; sacked, [253].
sacked, [253].
Sempronia, wife of Scipio Æmilianus, [127], [128].
Ti. Sempronius, consul, in Sicily, [79];defeated at Trebia, [81].
in Sicily, [79];
defeated at Trebia, [81].
C. Sempronius Gracchus, land commissioner, [127];tribunate and legislation of, [128]–[130];overthrow, [130];oratory of, [200].
land commissioner, [127];
tribunate and legislation of, [128]–[130];
overthrow, [130];
oratory of, [200].
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, consul, killed by Hannibal, [82].
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, tribune, [126], [127].
Senate, the Roman, in regal period, [28];limited to patricians, [29];directs foreign policy, [43], [45];represents wealthy proprietors, [45];supports propertied elements in Italy, [45];of early Republic, [47];appoints promagistrates, [51];plebeians admitted to, [56];revised by Appius Claudius, [56];supports Greeks against Philip V, [90];supports Greek aristocracies, [95];control of public policy, [105]–[107];dissolves Bacchanalian associations, [106];failure of foreign policy of, [108];and provincial government, [110]–[114];prerogatives attacked by Gracchi, [127]–[131];control over consuls restricted, [129];weakened as result of Gracchan disorders, [133];intrigues with Jugurtha, [133];alteration proposed by Drusus, [139];veto revived, [144];restoration of power of, by Sulla, [148], [149];membership increased, [149];and extraordinary commands, [151], [160];passes “last decree” against Cæsar, [174];membership and composition of, altered by Julius Cæsar, [181];treatment of, [pg 441]by Cæsar, [182];purged and restored by Augustus, [209], [210];takes over election of magistrates, [227];opposes Vespasian, [240], [241];strained relations with Domitian, [243];era of amiable relations with princeps begins, [244], [245];restored to influence by Severus Alexander, [257];loss of powers under Principate, résumé, [264]–[267];friction with Princeps, [267], [268];chief services, [268];of late Empire, [344];influence of under Theodoric, [371].
in regal period, [28];
limited to patricians, [29];
directs foreign policy, [43], [45];
represents wealthy proprietors, [45];
supports propertied elements in Italy, [45];
of early Republic, [47];
appoints promagistrates, [51];
plebeians admitted to, [56];
revised by Appius Claudius, [56];
supports Greeks against Philip V, [90];
supports Greek aristocracies, [95];
control of public policy, [105]–[107];
dissolves Bacchanalian associations, [106];
failure of foreign policy of, [108];
and provincial government, [110]–[114];
prerogatives attacked by Gracchi, [127]–[131];
control over consuls restricted, [129];
weakened as result of Gracchan disorders, [133];
intrigues with Jugurtha, [133];
alteration proposed by Drusus, [139];
veto revived, [144];
restoration of power of, by Sulla, [148], [149];
membership increased, [149];
and extraordinary commands, [151], [160];
passes “last decree” against Cæsar, [174];
membership and composition of, altered by Julius Cæsar, [181];
treatment of, [pg 441]by Cæsar, [182];
purged and restored by Augustus, [209], [210];
takes over election of magistrates, [227];
opposes Vespasian, [240], [241];
strained relations with Domitian, [243];
era of amiable relations with princeps begins, [244], [245];
restored to influence by Severus Alexander, [257];
loss of powers under Principate, résumé, [264]–[267];
friction with Princeps, [267], [268];
chief services, [268];
of late Empire, [344];
influence of under Theodoric, [371].
Senatorial order, the, (1) an office-holding aristocracy, [107], [196]; under Augustus, [209]–[210];expansion of, [268];burden of public spectacles on, [294]. —— (2) new, of late Empire, [342]–[343]; power and exemptions of, [349]. See also [Senators].
(1) an office-holding aristocracy, [107], [196]; under Augustus, [209]–[210];expansion of, [268];burden of public spectacles on, [294].
under Augustus, [209]–[210];
expansion of, [268];
burden of public spectacles on, [294].
—— (2) new, of late Empire, [342]–[343]; power and exemptions of, [349].
power and exemptions of, [349].
See also [Senators].
Senators, appointed by consul, [47];by censors, [50];largely ex-magistrates and magistrates, [105];deprived of right to act as judges in courts, [129];right restored, [148];property qualifications of, under Augustus, [209];freedom from imperial jurisdiction, [244];exclusion of, from military commands, etc., [267];exemption from municipal control, [344];taxes on, [345].
appointed by consul, [47];
by censors, [50];
largely ex-magistrates and magistrates, [105];
deprived of right to act as judges in courts, [129];
right restored, [148];
property qualifications of, under Augustus, [209];
freedom from imperial jurisdiction, [244];
exclusion of, from military commands, etc., [267];
exemption from municipal control, [344];
taxes on, [345].
Senatus consultum ultimum, defined, [106];passed against Cataline, [163];against Cæsar, [174].
defined, [106];
passed against Cataline, [163];
against Cæsar, [174].
Seneca, see [L. Annæus Seneca].
Senones, the, [39], [44].
Sentinum, [39].
L. Septimius Severus, saluted Imperator, [252];wars with rivals, [252], [253];principate of, [253]–[255];reforms civil service, [270], [272];fortification of frontiers by, [275], [276].
saluted Imperator, [252];
wars with rivals, [252], [253];
principate of, [253]–[255];
reforms civil service, [270], [272];
fortification of frontiers by, [275], [276].
Septimontium, festival of, [26].
Serfdom, rise of, in Egypt and Asia Minor, [288], [289];in Africa, [289], [290];in Italy, [291];causes and results of, [291], [292];under late Empire, [348], [349].
rise of, in Egypt and Asia Minor, [288], [289];
in Africa, [289], [290];
in Italy, [291];
causes and results of, [291], [292];
under late Empire, [348], [349].
L. Sergius Catilina, [162]; conspiracy of, [163], [164].
conspiracy of, [163], [164].
Q. Sertorius, governor of Spain, [152]–[153].
Q. Servilius Cæpio, consul, recovers Tolosa, tried by Senate, [135].
C. Servilius Glaucia, prætor, leads populares, [138];overthrown, [139].
prætor, leads populares, [138];
overthrown, [139].
Q. Servilius Rullus, tribune, proposes land bill, [163].
Severus (Flavius Valerius ——), Cæsar, [321].
Severus (Libius ——), western emperor, [360].
Severus Alexander (Marcus Aurelius ——), adopted by Elagabalus, [256];principate of, [257], [258];grants lands to frontier forces, [276].
adopted by Elagabalus, [256];
principate of, [257], [258];
grants lands to frontier forces, [276].
Sexagenarii, [270].
Sibylline Books, the, [122].
Sicans, the, [15].
Sicels, the, [15].
Sicily, geography of, [4];peoples of, [15];Roman possession, [74];province, [111];rebellion of slaves in, [137];misgovernment of Verres in, [157], [158].
geography of, [4];
peoples of, [15];
Roman possession, [74];
province, [111];
rebellion of slaves in, [137];
misgovernment of Verres in, [157], [158].
Signia, [34].
Silkworms, introduction of, into west, [384].
Slaves, enrolled in Roman army, [87];rebellion of, in Sicily, [137];many freed by Sulla, [147];revolt of, under Spartacus, [155], [156];decrease of, under the Principate, [295];admitted to army, [336].
enrolled in Roman army, [87];
rebellion of, in Sicily, [137];
many freed by Sulla, [147];
revolt of, under Spartacus, [155], [156];
decrease of, under the Principate, [295];
admitted to army, [336].
Society, of early Rome, chap. VII, [61];of the third and second centuries B. C., [114]–[119];of the last century of the Republic, [196], [197];at beginning of Principate, [208]–[211];of the Principate, chap. XX, [293]f;of the late Empire, [341]–[350].
of early Rome, chap. VII, [61];
of the third and second centuries B. C., [114]–[119];
of the last century of the Republic, [196], [197];
at beginning of Principate, [208]–[211];
of the Principate, chap. XX, [293]f;
of the late Empire, [341]–[350].
Socii, federate allies, [45], [90].
Socii Italici, see [Italian allies].
Socii navales, [45].
Sosigenes, astronomer, [180].
Spain, coast of, controlled by Carthage, [72];Carthaginian expansion, [78];invaded by Romans, [80], [83], [84];Romans conquer Carthaginian territory in, [85];divided into provinces of Hither and Farther, [97];revolts in, [98];Latin colonies in, [98];further wars in, [99], [100];revolts in, [137];Sertorian rebellion, [152], [153];Cæsar reduces Pompeians in, [174], [181], [182];Hither, an imperial province, [206];Latin right extended to communities of, [240];occupied by Vandals, [355];Justinian’s intervention in, [378], [379].
coast of, controlled by Carthage, [72];
Carthaginian expansion, [78];
invaded by Romans, [80], [83], [84];
Romans conquer Carthaginian territory in, [85];
divided into provinces of Hither and Farther, [97];
revolts in, [98];
Latin colonies in, [98];
further wars in, [99], [100];
revolts in, [137];
Sertorian rebellion, [152], [153];
Cæsar reduces Pompeians in, [174], [181], [182];
Hither, an imperial province, [206];
Latin right extended to communities of, [240];
occupied by Vandals, [355];
Justinian’s intervention in, [378], [379].
Sparta, appeals to Rome against Achæans, [95];hostilities with Achæans, [103];Roman ally, [103].
appeals to Rome against Achæans, [95];
hostilities with Achæans, [103];
Roman ally, [103].
Spartacus, rebellion of, [155]–[156].
Spectacles, lavishness of, under the Principate, [294].
Stilicho, master of the soldiers, [351], [352]–[353].
Stipendium, see [Taxes].
Stoicism, in Rome, [123], [198].
Stone Age, the new, [8];the old, [7].
the new, [8];
the old, [7].
Suetonius (C. Suetonius Tranquillius), historical writer and biographer, [300].
Suevi, the, invade Spain with Vandals, [355].
Sugambri, the, [218].
Sulla, see [L. Cornelius Sulla].
Sulpician laws, the, [144], [146].
P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune, legislation and reign of terror, [143], [144].
S. Sulpicius Rufus, legal writer, [201].
Sun worship, introduced into Rome, [256], [262], [306], [307].
Survey of empire, [216].
Sutrium, [36].
Symmachus (Quintus Aurelius ——), writings of, [398].
Syphax, Numidian chief, [85].
Syracuse, tyrants of, [18], [19], [20];kingdom of, [70];wars with Mamertini, [72];alliance with Rome, [73];goes over to Carthage, [82];taken by Romans, [82].
tyrants of, [18], [19], [20];
kingdom of, [70];
wars with Mamertini, [72];
alliance with Rome, [73];
goes over to Carthage, [82];
taken by Romans, [82].
Syria, Seleucid kingdom of, [69];conquered by Tigranes, [153];made Roman province, [161];Crassus in, [172];an imperial province, [206].
Seleucid kingdom of, [69];
conquered by Tigranes, [153];
made Roman province, [161];
Crassus in, [172];
an imperial province, [206].
Syrians, traders, [297].
T. = Titus.
Tacitus (Marcus Claudius ——), princeps, [262].
Tacitus (P. Cornelius ——), historical writer, [243];works of, [300].
historical writer, [243];
works of, [300].
Tarentum, [20], [37]; wars with Italians, [39]–[40];with Rome, [40], [41];Roman ally, [42];occupied by Hannibal, [82];treaty of, between Antony and Octavian, [192].
wars with Italians, [39]–[40];
with Rome, [40], [41];
Roman ally, [42];
occupied by Hannibal, [82];
treaty of, between Antony and Octavian, [192].
Taxation, system of, under late Empire, [344]–[346].
Taxes, (1) affecting Roman citizens,tax of 5% on emancipated slaves, [87], [279], [280];inheritance tax, [212], [279], [280];tax on sales, [212], [279];land tax of late Empire, [345]; (2) provincial, decuma, [113], [239];stipendium, [112], [279];direct collection of, [270];tributa, [279];vectigalia, [279]; (3) special, of Second Triumvirate, [189];head-tax on Jews, [239];of late Empire, [345].
(1) affecting Roman citizens,tax of 5% on emancipated slaves, [87], [279], [280];inheritance tax, [212], [279], [280];tax on sales, [212], [279];land tax of late Empire, [345];
tax of 5% on emancipated slaves, [87], [279], [280];
inheritance tax, [212], [279], [280];
tax on sales, [212], [279];
land tax of late Empire, [345];
(2) provincial, decuma, [113], [239];stipendium, [112], [279];direct collection of, [270];tributa, [279];vectigalia, [279];
decuma, [113], [239];
stipendium, [112], [279];
direct collection of, [270];
tributa, [279];
vectigalia, [279];
(3) special, of Second Triumvirate, [189];head-tax on Jews, [239];of late Empire, [345].
of Second Triumvirate, [189];
head-tax on Jews, [239];
of late Empire, [345].
Telamon, [77].
Tercenarii, [270].
Terence (P. Terentius), dramatic poet, [121].
C. Terentius Varro, consul, at Cannæ, [82].
M. Terentius Varro, writer and antiquarian, [200]–[201].
Terramare, [10]–[11].
Tertullian (Q. Septimius Florens Tertullianus), Christian writer, [301].
Teutoberg Forest, Roman disaster in the, [220].
Teutons, the, see [Cimbri and Teutons].
Thapsus, battle of, [177].
Theodora, empress, [381], [382].
Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, invades Italy, [361], [362];receives imperial symbols, [370], [371];conflict with Arianism, [372];foreign alliances of, [372], [373].
invades Italy, [361], [362];
receives imperial symbols, [370], [371];
conflict with Arianism, [372];
foreign alliances of, [372], [373].
Theodoric, king of the Visigoths, [354].
Theodoric, the Amal, conflict with Zeno, [365].
Theodosian code, the, [364].
Theodosius I, the Great, co-emperor, [330], [331];conflict with Ambrose, [330], [331];sole emperor, [381];suppression of paganism by, [387].
co-emperor, [330], [331];
conflict with Ambrose, [330], [331];
sole emperor, [381];
suppression of paganism by, [387].
Theodosius II, eastern emperor, [363]–[364].
Theodosius, general of Valentinian I, campaign of, [328], [329].
Thrace, made Roman province, [231].
Thurii, [20], [40], [82].
Ti. = Tiberius.
Tiberius (Tiberius Claudius Nero), stepson of Augustus, campaigns of, [217], [219], [220];designated successor of Augustus, [223], [224];principate of, [226], [229];estimate of, [226], [228].
campaigns of, [217], [219], [220];
designated successor of Augustus, [223], [224];
principate of, [226], [229];
estimate of, [226], [228].
Tiberius Gemellus, grandson of Tiberius Cæsar, [229].
Tibullus (Albius ——), poet, [299].
Tibur, [37].
Ticinus, battle of the, [81].
Tigellinus Ofonius, prætorian prefect, [233].
Tigranes, king of Armenia, [153]; ally of Rome, [161].
ally of Rome, [161].
Tigurini, the, Gallic tribe, [135], [136].
Tiridates, king of Armenia, Roman vassal, [234].
Titus (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus), besieges and destroys Jerusalem, [239];principate of, [241].
besieges and destroys Jerusalem, [239];
principate of, [241].
Totila, leader of the Ostrogoths, [378].
Toulouse, Gothic capital at, [370].
Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus), adopted by Nerva, [244];principate of, [245]–[247];column of, [246];attitude toward the Christians, [310], [311].
adopted by Nerva, [244];
principate of, [245]–[247];
column of, [246];
attitude toward the Christians, [310], [311].
Trasimene Lake, [81].
Trebia, [81].
Trebonian, jurist, [382].
Trebonian law (lex Trebonia), the, [170].
C. Trebonius, tribune, [170], [183].
Treviri, the, [171]; rebellion of, [237].
rebellion of, [237].
Tribes, the Roman, [36], [43], [44]; voting units in comitia tributa, [53];final number of, [109];enrollment of Italians in, [141], [142].
voting units in comitia tributa, [53];
final number of, [109];
enrollment of Italians in, [141], [142].
Tribunate, the, (1) military, with consular powers, [50], [51]; first plebeian elected to, [55]; and note; (2) military, in legions, [60]; in senatorial career, [209];in equestrian career, [210]; (3) plebeian, origin and character of, [53];increased to ten members, [54];effect of Hortensian law on, [57];powers of, increased, [57], [58];interference of, with levy, [100];controlled by Senate, [105], [106];Ti. Gracchus attempts reëlection to, [127];reëlection to, legalized, [127];of C. Gracchus, [128], [130];weakened by reforms of Sulla, [148];privileges restored, [156].
(1) military, with consular powers, [50], [51]; first plebeian elected to, [55]; and note;
first plebeian elected to, [55]; and note;
(2) military, in legions, [60]; in senatorial career, [209];in equestrian career, [210];
in senatorial career, [209];
in equestrian career, [210];
(3) plebeian, origin and character of, [53];increased to ten members, [54];effect of Hortensian law on, [57];powers of, increased, [57], [58];interference of, with levy, [100];controlled by Senate, [105], [106];Ti. Gracchus attempts reëlection to, [127];reëlection to, legalized, [127];of C. Gracchus, [128], [130];weakened by reforms of Sulla, [148];privileges restored, [156].
origin and character of, [53];
increased to ten members, [54];
effect of Hortensian law on, [57];
powers of, increased, [57], [58];
interference of, with levy, [100];
controlled by Senate, [105], [106];
Ti. Gracchus attempts reëlection to, [127];
reëlection to, legalized, [127];
of C. Gracchus, [128], [130];
weakened by reforms of Sulla, [148];
privileges restored, [156].
Tribuni ærarii, share in jury service, [156];removed, [181].
share in jury service, [156];
removed, [181].
Tribunicia potestas, granted to Julius Cæsar, [178], [179];to Augustus, [207].
granted to Julius Cæsar, [178], [179];
to Augustus, [207].
Tributum, Roman citizens, [50];burden of, on plebeians, [53], [54];ceases to be levied, [97];capitis, [279];soli, [279].
Roman citizens, [50];
burden of, on plebeians, [53], [54];
ceases to be levied, [97];
capitis, [279];
soli, [279].
Triumvirate, (1) the First, [165].—— (2) the Second (43 B. C.), [188]–[192]; renewed, [192];terminated, [194].
(1) the First, [165].
—— (2) the Second (43 B. C.), [188]–[192]; renewed, [192];terminated, [194].
renewed, [192];
terminated, [194].
Triumviri agris iudicandis assignandis, the Gracchan land commission, [126].
Triumviri rei publicæ constituendæ, see [Triumvirate, (2) the Second].
M. Tullius Cicero, ædile, prosecution of Verres, [156]–[159];prætor, supports Manilian law, [160];consul, [162];thwarts Cataline’s conspiracy, [163], [164];banished, [167];returns, [169];hostility to Antony, [187], [188];death, [189];oratory and writings of, [200].
ædile, prosecution of Verres, [156]–[159];
prætor, supports Manilian law, [160];
consul, [162];
thwarts Cataline’s conspiracy, [163], [164];
banished, [167];
returns, [169];
hostility to Antony, [187], [188];
death, [189];
oratory and writings of, [200].
Tusculum, [34].
Twelve Tables, Law of the, [54].
Ulpian (Domitius Ulpianus), jurist, [301].
Umbrians, the, location of, [13];migration of, [11];Roman allies, [39].
location of, [13];
migration of, [11];
Roman allies, [39].
Upper Germany, administration district, [227].
Urban cohorts, the, see [cohortes].
Urbs, Rome, an, [27].
Vaballathus, king of Palmyra, [261].
Vadimonian Lake, battle at the, [39].
Valens (Flavius ——), co-emperor, [328]–[329].
Valentinian I (Flavius Valentinianus), emperor, [328], [329].
Valentinian II (Flavius Valentinianus), co-emperor, [329]–[331].
Valentinian III (Flavius Valentinianus), western emperor, [358]–[360].
Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus), principate and campaigns of, [259];persecution of the Christians, [312].
principate and campaigns of, [259];
persecution of the Christians, [312].
L. Valerius Flaccus, consul, in Mithridatic war, [144], [145], [146].
Vandals, the, invade Gaul and Spain, [354], [355];kingdom of, in Africa, [355], [356], [370];relations between Romans and, [370];conquered by Eastern Empire, [375]–[377].
invade Gaul and Spain, [354], [355];
kingdom of, in Africa, [355], [356], [370];
relations between Romans and, [370];
conquered by Eastern Empire, [375]–[377].
Varro, see [C. Terentius Varro], and [M. Terentius Varro].
Vatinian law (lex Vatinia), the, [166].
Veii, capture of, [34].
Veneti, the, (1) of Italy, [13], [35]; Roman allies, [77]; (2) of Gaul, [173].
(1) of Italy, [13], [35]; Roman allies, [77];
Roman allies, [77];
(2) of Gaul, [173].
Vercellæ, Marius destroys the Cimbri near, [136].
Vercingetorix, Gallic leader, [171].
C. Verres, ex-proprætor of Sicily, trial of, [156], [159].
Verus (Lucius Aurelius ——), principate of, [249], [250].
Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus), proclaimed Imperator, [236];principate of, [237]–[241];campaign against the Jews, [239].
proclaimed Imperator, [236];
principate of, [237]–[241];
campaign against the Jews, [239].
Vesuvius, eruption of, [241].
Via Æmilia, [97]; Appia, [38];constructed, [56];Cassia, [97];Domitia, [132];Flaminia, [97];see also, [Road system].
Appia, [38];
constructed, [56];
Cassia, [97];
Domitia, [132];
Flaminia, [97];
see also, [Road system].
Vicars (vicarii), governors of dioceses, [320].
Vigiles, [222].
Viginti-virate, in senatorial career, [209].
Villa, change in meaning of word, [196].
Villanova, [11].
Villian Law (lex Villia annalis), the, [108].
Vindelici, the, [217].
Vindex, see [C. Julius Vindex].
Vindobona, legionary camp, [239].
Vindonissa, [218].
M. Vipsanius Agrippa, general of Octavian, [192];conducts survey of [pg 444]empire, [216];in Spain, [217];as successor to Augustus, [223].
general of Octavian, [192];
conducts survey of [pg 444]empire, [216];
in Spain, [217];
as successor to Augustus, [223].
Virgil (P. Virgilius Maro), poet, [190], [298].
Viriathus, Spanish chief, at war with Rome, [100].
Visigoths, the, invasions of, under Alaric and Ataulf, [353]–[354];kingdom of, in Gaul, [354], [369], [370];treatment of Roman subjects, [369], [370];religion of, [371], [372].
invasions of, under Alaric and Ataulf, [353]–[354];
kingdom of, in Gaul, [354], [369], [370];
treatment of Roman subjects, [369], [370];
religion of, [371], [372].
Vitalian, master of the soldiers, [374].
Vitellius (Aulus ——), principate of, [236]–[237].
Vologases I, king of the Parthians, war with Rome, [234].
Vologases IV, king of the Parthians, [253].
Vologases V, king of the Parthians, [256].
Volsci, the, [15]; wars with Rome, [33]–[34], [36].
wars with Rome, [33]–[34], [36].
Wallia, leader of the Visigoths, [354], [355].
War of the Legions, (1) First, [235]–[237].—— (2) Second, [252]–[253].
(1) First, [235]–[237].
—— (2) Second, [252]–[253].
Women, position of, in Rome, [196], [197];in collegia, [286].
position of, in Rome, [196], [197];
in collegia, [286].
Zama, [86].
Zealots, the, in Judæa, [238].
Zeno, master of the soldiers, [364];eastern emperor, [361], [364], [365].
master of the soldiers, [364];
eastern emperor, [361], [364], [365].
Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, [261]–[262].