Appendix A. Analytical Comparison Of Some Of The Most Important Words In The African Languages With The Analogous Words In The Languages Of Asia, Europe, And America.

This Comparison will serve to show:

1. The connexion between the Languages of the Negro population of the Middle of Africa with those of the races in the North and South of Africa who differ from the Negroes in Physiognomy, Colour, and other Physical qualities.

2. The connexion between the Languages of every part of Africa with those of Asia, Europe, and America.

3. The fundamental identity of the Languages of the four great divisions of the Globe.

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1. Oue ini andOu oini, Luminary Effulgence. [Probably connected with“Ooh” Glory, “Eoohu” Day.] (Egyptian.)
2. R. Ou oein, to diffuse Light, [Illuminare.] (Egypt.)	Roongeh, “Sun.”[160]
3.		I mine, “Day.”
4.
5. Ra, Re, Sun. (Egypt.)
6.
7. Hor, “Horus,” the God of Day. (Egypt.)	Huer, Day.
8.	Horambe, Moon.
9.
10.

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1. O . een . n, Eye. (Heb.)Wang, “Light emitted from a body.”(Chinese.)	Wawn or Gwawn, “A quick darting of rays, (Dr. Owen Pughe'sDict.) The Dawn.” (Welsh.)
2. Ee . ou . m “Day,”(Heb.) [Probably from “Eoohu” Day, (Egyptian,) andthe suffix “M,” which in Hebrew forms nouns from roots, like theEnglish suffix “er” in Mak-er.[161]]
3.	Emee . n “Day.”(Greek.)
4. Arou, Behold! (Chald.)R.a.e, to see. (Heb.)	Ora-o, to see. (Greek.)
5.	Re, Moon, Re alt, Star. (Irish.)
6. Ur, Fire, (Kurd.) Hur, Fire, and Or, Day. (Armenian.)	Ur-o. (Latin.)	Uru, Day. (Aymarans, S. A.)
7. Huere, Sun. (Zend.)		Huarassi, Sun and Day. (Omaguans, S. A.)
8.	Hora, Time, (Greek,) an Hour, (Latin.)
9. A . ou . r, Light, Daylight. (Heb. & Chaldæ.)	Aurora, the Dawn. (Latin.)
10. Arpi, Sun. (Armenian.)

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1. Wurabe, Day. (Nubia.)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.	Kammer, Ungmar, Moon.
7. Re, the Sun, as above.
8. Iri, “Eye.”[162] The symbol of Osiris, the God of Day.	Iirri, “Sun”
9. Iris, the Dawn. (Egypt.)
10. Wurrhy, “Moon.” (Abyss.) [Compare Wurabe, “Day,” above.] (Nubian.)	Uhaaire, and Ver, “Moon.”
11.	La, “Fire.”	Leaw, “Fire.”

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1. Or, Day. (Armenian.)	Wawr, or Gwawr, the Dawn. (Welsh.) Awringo, Sun (Finnish.)	Ourhenha, Day. (Hurons, N. A.)
2. A.ou.r, Light, &c., as above; Also with m prefix—
3. M . A . ou. r, An instrument or source of Light, applied to the Sun and Moon. (Heb.)
4. Mihira, Sun. (Sanscrit.)
5. Mar, Sun. (Abassian.)
6. N. Mar, Sun. (Affghan.)
7. Iru, Sun. (Korea.)
8. Eiere, Day. (Zend.) [Compare Yere, Moon, (Samoied) below.]
9.	Iris, the Rainbow. (Latin.)
10. Wurra, Moon. (Sumbava.)	Wiri, Yere, and Irri, Moon. (Samoied.)
11.	Lohe, Flame. Lo-dern, “To Burn.” (German.)	Hello, Fire. (Runsienes, N. A.)

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1.	Lo, “Day.”
2.
3. Lp.s.h, “Flame.”		Lelaffu, “Fire.”
4. Lopsh, “To Burn.” (Egypt.)		Leetshaatsi, “Sun.”
5.	Lataa, “Sun.” See Lo, La, above.
6.	La, “Fire.” Lo, “Day,” as above.	Leaw, Fire, as above. Also Lilo, Fire.[163]
7.	Lelegh, Day.
8.	Eluk wee, Heaven.
9.	See Lelegh, “Day,” as above.

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1.	Lo, and La, “Day.” (Irish.)	Olo, Sun and Day. (Vilellans, S. A.)
2. Hallo Allo, a Day. (Corea.)
3.
4. L.e.b.e, “Flame.” L.e.b, “To burn.” (Hebrew.) L.e.t, “Flame,” “To flame, burn.” (Heb.)	Licht. (German.) Light. (English.) Lo-dern, “To burn.” (German.) [See Lohe, above.]
5. Hallo Alo, a Day. (Coriac.)
6.		Olo, Sun and Day. (Vilellans, S. A.)Ele le dun, Flame. (Arowacks.)
7.		Uolok, Day. (Esquim.)
8.	El eek, (Nootka Sound,) and Hello, Fire, (Runsienes, N. A.)Ali-gega, Sun. (M. Baya, extreme south of S. A.)
9.	Lux, Light. (Latin.)Licht. (German.) Lluched, Lightning. (Welsh.)

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1.
2.		Liklo, Ames-ligo, “An Eye.”
3.
4.		Eli-ang, the Sun.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.		Eli-ang, the Sun, as above.
10.
11.
12.		Lelangu, Sun.
13.		Lainch, and Lainghitsi, Heaven.

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1. Lochatai, “He sees.” Sanscrit.)	Llygad, “An Eye.” (Welsh.)
2.	Look-eth. (English.)
3. E.l. To shine. E.l.l. To shine brightly.	Eel-ios, the Sun. (Greek.)
4. E.ee.l.l. Lucifer. (Hebrew.)
5. Hailih, and Hailihs, the Sun. (Sanscrit.)	Hāil, the Sun. (Welsh.) Hell, Bright. (German.)	Gra-haulai, Sun. (Abipones.) Hello, Fire. (Runsienes, N. A.)
6. Hallo, Alo, a Day. (Coriac.)		Olo, Sun.
7. Ali, Day. (Moluccan.)		Allit, Moon. (Vilellans, S. A.)
8.	Eel-ios, the Sun. (Greek.)
9.		Alank, a heavenly Luminary, or Star. (Algonquyn dialects, N. A.)
10. Alak, a Star. (Assanskians.)
11. Alagon, a Star. (Kotowskians, N. Asia.)
12. Lun, Day. (Sirjanian & Permian.	Lunus. Luna. (Latin.) Luan, Moon. (Irish.)
13. Languin, Heaven. (Moluccan.) [Also, in the same language, Ali, Day. Compare El-iang, above.]

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1.
2.	Kalla, Coll, Moon.
3. N jellauma[164], Day. Phellata dialect.		Woelau. Volan, Moon.
4. Leoure, Moon. (Fulah dialect.)
5.
6. Liulu, Moon. (Phellata.)
7.
8.
9. Hyalla, Heaven.	Ellu, Iulo, I ewel, Heaven.

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1. Gailgen, Moon. (Coriac.)Glauh, Moon. (Sanscrit.)	Gealach, Moon. (Irish.)	Igaluk, Moon. (Kadjaks, extreme n.w. of N.A.)
2.		Killa, Quilla, Moon. (Quichuans, S.A.)
3. Jwala, Light, Flame. (Sanscrit.)	Gwawl, or Wawl, Light. (Welsh.)
4.	Lloer, Moon. (Welsh.) Laor, Moon. (Armorican.)
5. Glauh-r, Moon. [Formed from Glauh, Moon, above, by “Sandhi.”] (Sanscrit.)
6.	Liu, Colour. (Welsh.)Llei-ad, Moon. (Welsh.)[The double Ll gives tothe word a sound nearlythe same as Chleiad.]
7. Klaida, Klaidu, Moon, (Sanscrit.)[This, and several of the previous Sanscrit words, have been comparedwith the Welsh by Dr. Prichard.]
8. Koilak, Heaven. (Tchugassians, n.e. of Asia, and n.w. of America.)		Killak. (Greenland.) Killock, Heaven. (Kadjaks.)
9.		Igalack Moon, as above. (Kadjaks.)

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1. Serapis, or Soropis, the God of the Sun, the same as Osiris. (Egypt.)	Sorohb, Sun.
2. Scharappa,[165] “Moon.” (Berber & Dongolan.)	Sorrie, Sun.
3. Osiri, Osira, (Osiris), believed to be the God of the Sun (Egypt.)		Surrie, Sore, Sun.
4.		Soroka,[166] Day.
5.	Assara, Moon.
6.	Osran, Osseram, Osseramme, Moon.
7.	A-un, Sun. [See this word more fully illustrated in anotherpart of this Analysis.]
8.		Antu, a Day.
9.		Andru, Day.
10.	Omma Ongma, “Moon.”
11.

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1. Sh . r ph, to burn, a Conflagration. S . h . r ph . e . m, “Seraphs.” Sh.r.b, to burn, scorch. Ze.r, to shine brightly.
2. Ts. e. r, a Light, Noon. (Hebrew.)	Sêr, Stars. (Welsh.)
3. Surya, the Indian God of the Sun. His orb personified. (Sanscrit.)
4.	Scorch. (English.)
5. Sārā, “Moon.” (Syrian, Mongol, & Calmuck.)	Sêr, Stars. (Welsh, as above.)
6.
7.		Ano, Day. (Caraibs, S. A.)
8.		Antu Antú, Sun, Day. (Araucan, S. A.)
9. “Indra,” the Indian God of Day, Diespater. (Sanscrit.)		Inti, Indi, Sun. (In several other dialects of S.A.)
10.	Omma, “Eye,” “Face,” also applied to “Sunand Moon.” (Greek.) [Schneider.]
11. Mah, the Moon. Bucharian.)

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1.		Mo Moe.
2.		Muhta.
3.		Mum Muhm, “Eye.”
4.		Moomo, “Moon.”
5.
6. Manga, Eye.[167]
7.
8.
9.	Mone, “Moon.”
10. Missigh, “Eye.”
11.		Massou, Massoo, Masso,Massorohi, “Eye.”
12.		Masso-androu, Sun, (i.e.“Eye of Day.”) [See Androu, Day, immediately before.]

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1. Mi-en, “Face.” (Chinese & Burman.)
2.
3.
4.
5. Ee m ee . n, “the Eye,” or Finger, (Heb.)[Similiter “Per-ception,” now used for the “Eye,” but applied originallyto the hand.]
6.
7. M . n . ee. A name under which the idolatrous Jews worshippedthe “Material Heavens.”
8. Mondy, “Sun.” (Permian.)		Manoak, “Sun,” or “Moon.” (Algonquyn Dialects.)
9.	“Moon.” (English.)Mēnē, “Month.” (Greek.)Mensis, “Month.” (Lat.)Mana, “Moon.” (Lapld.)
10. Miezzi, “Eye.” (Burman.)
11.
12.		Musseete, “Day.” (New England.)Metzli, “Moon.” (Mexican.)

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1. Massch-ekka, “Sun.” [Apparently from Missigh,[168] “Eye,” andIka, or Ik, “Fire.” Compare Massoandrou, “Sun.” South Africa. (Berbers & Dongolans.)	Masso-anru, “Sun.” Massu, Mass-ge, “Fire.”	Masso-anro, Masso-anru, “Sun.”
2.		Masso-am, Sun.
3.	Midding, “Moon.”	Majava, “Day.”
4.	Wussuk, Fire.
5.	Wis, Sun.
6.
7.	Att-aschi, Sun.
8.
9. Sou Siou, Star. (Egypt.)
10.	Zu, Sun.

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1. Miaschta, “Moon.” (Affghan.)Māsi, “Moon.” (Sanscrit.)	Mesaz, “Moon.” (Sclavonian.)Mis, “Month.” (Welsh.)
2. M.s.e[169], and M.j, “Sun.” (Georgian.)
3.
4.	Us-tus, burnt. (Latin.)	Usi Ussi, Fire. (California, N. A.)Is-chey, Fire. (Black Feet Indians, N. A.)Neetak Hasseh, Sun.Hasche, Moon. (Chikkasahs, N. A.)
5.		Is-chey, Fire. (BlackFeet, N.A., as above.)
6. Ash, Fire. (Heb.)Az-er, and At-emsch. (Persian.)	Ass-o, to roast. (Latin.)Azgo.[170] (Gothic.)Ash-es. (English.)	Assista, Fire. (Hurons, N. A.)
7.	Aith-ein, to burn. (Greek.)
8. At-emsch. (Pehli.)Ath-eresch, Fire. (Zend.)	Sah, the Sun and Moon. (Chippeway.)
9.		Soo, Moon. (Penobscot, N. A.)
10.		Suâ, Sun. (Muyscans,S.A., near the Isthmus of Darien.)

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1.	So, Heaven.
2.
3.
4. Shah, Flame.
5. Shah shah, Heat. (Egypt.)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Njite, “Fire.” (Phellata.)	Nissiek, “Fire.”
11.	Ntzai, “Sun.”
12.	Gimoihu, Fire.
13. Khem, God of the Sun. (Egypt.)
14.
15.		T'kaam.
16.		Gam, Moon.

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1.	Sua, Fire. (Basque.)
2. Zee ou, Beams, Rays, Splendour.
3. Zee, to be bright. (Heb.)	Zĕō, to be hot. (Greek.)
4.	Sua, Fire. (Basque, as above.
5. Sch un, Sun. (Mantchu.)	Sun. (English.)	Tscan-u, Sun. Tschaan, Day.
6. Z.k. Flame.		Tschan-e, Moon, (Kinai Tribe, extreme n.w. of N. A.)Tcenoe, Moon. (Cherokee.)
7. Ts.c'h.e, to shine.		Sacche, Sun.(Mossans, S.A.)
8. Ts.c'h, clear and parching.		Sekkinek, Sun.(Greenland, N. A.)
9. Ts.c'h.ts c'h, violent Heat, or Drought. (Heb.)	Siccus, Dry. (Latin.)Sych, Dry. (Welsh.)
10. N.sh.k, to kindle, to rise in flame, to kindle a fire. (Heb.)
11.	Nitidus, Shining. (Latin.)
12. C'h m, Hot, Heat.
13. C'h.m m, to be inflamed.
14. C'h.m.n.ee.n, Sun Images. (Heb.)		Kaumet, Sun.
15.		Kaumei, Moon. (Greenland.)
16.		Gomma, Moon. (California.)Kyem, Moon. (Araucan.)

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1.	Giom, Heaven
2. Chrom.
3. Grom.	Giro, Sun
4. Krom, Fire. (Egypt.)	Karree, Moon. Korro, Moon.	T'kaukarah, Moon. Kohri, “Moon.”
5. Grom, “Fire,” (Egyptian, as above.)
6.
7. Giro, “Sun,” as above.
8.
9.
10.

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1. Kümar, Heaven. (Permian.)
2. C'hr.a, Ch.r.e, to kindle, burn up. (Heb.)
3. Chor. (Persian.) Coaracy, Cuarasi, Chorschid. (Pehli.)	Quarassi, Sun. (Brazil.)
4. Chorschid, Sun. (Ossetian.)		Chiriti, Moon. (Caraibs.)
5. G.r.m, Warm. (Pers.)	Gorm, to heat, or warm. (Irish.)“Warm.” (Eng. & Germ.)Gwr-ês, Heat;
6. C'h.r.e, to burn. (Heb. as above.)	Greiaw, to burn; Grei-an, i.e. “the Burner,” the Sun. (Welsh.)	Grau-haulai, Sun. Grau-ek, Moon. (Abipones, S. A.)
7.	Grian. (Irish.)
8. Grag, Fire. (Armenian.)	Gar-akou. (Hurons.) Garocqua, Sun. (Iroquois, N. A.)
9. Ee.ph.c'h,[171] to breathe, to pant.		Epee, Fire. (Katabans, N. A.)
10. Ph.ou.c'h, to blow upon, kindle, inflame. (Heb.)		Pioc Peez, Fire. (Moxians, S. A.)Paahteh, Fire. (Nadowessians, N. A.)Futui, Fire. (Betoans, S. A.)

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.	Bazu.	Ibida.
9.	Bazou, Fire.
10.	Fosseye, the Sun.
11.
12.
13.
14.	Aifi-am, Of-endi, the Moon.
15.		T'aib, Fire.
16.
17. Teb re, Heaven.	Tubhia, Tubia, Fire.
18. Tuah hey, “the Sun.”

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1.	Phōs, Fire, Flame.
2. Ee.ph.c'h. (As above.)	Ee.ph-aistos, Vulcan, the God of Fire. (Greek.)
3 Ph.ou.c'h. (As above.)	Foc-us. (Latin.)
4. Aifi, Fire. (Sumbava.)	Fire, Fei-er, (English & German,) formed fromthe root by adding -er, the formative of nouns.
5. Fi. (Japan.)
6. Fei. (Siam.)
7. Vu-r. (Affghan.)
8. Bi. (Siberian.)
9. B.sh.l, to ripen in the Sun, to boil. (Heb.)	Bask. (English.)
10. Phos, Star. (Japan.)	Phō-s, Fire, Light. (Greek.)
11. Ee p h o, to shine forth. (Heb.)	Pha-o, to shine. (Greek.)
12. Ee p.h.o, Brightness, Splendour. (Chald.)	Phoi b-os, “Phœbus,” the Sun. (Greek.)
13. Ee p.ph.e, very beautiful. (Heb.)
14. Alf, the Moon. (Kurdish.)
15. Af, the Sun, and T'eb, the Sun. (Sanscr.)
16. Af-teb, the Sun. (Persian.)
17. Tab, Heat. (Persian.)	Tep-or. (Latin.)	Tash, a Day. (Pimans, south of N. A.)
18. Taw, “Sun.” (Kurdish.)	Tea-s, or Deas, Sunbeams. (Welsh.)	Tasi, Fire. (The Kinai, extreme n. w. of N. A.)Daazoa, Sun. (Mokobis, S. A.)

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1.	Tedi, “Moon.”
2.
3. To trig, “Moon.”
4.	Ot u, and
5. Hauy, Fire. (Nubia & Abyss.)	Hu, Fire.
6.		Ei T.ei, and T'jih “Fire.”
7. Tuah' hey, “Sun.” (Nubia & Abyss.)
8. Haou.	Uwya, Awia.
9. Eoohu, Day. (Egypt.)	Ua, and Ou, “Sun.”
10.	Aou.eh, Moon.
11. “I.oh” Lunus, the God of the Moon. (Egypt.)
12. Joh Ooh Oih Oou, Glory. (Egypt.)
13.	Hu.n, Sun. [See Hu, Fire, above.]
14.	Au-n, and Uwi-n, “Sun.”[See Awia, and Ua, Sun, above.]

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1. Tadi, “Hot.” (Affghan.)		Tata, Fire. (Omaguans, N. A.)
2. Tab-dar, Hot. (Persian.)	Tē k-ō, to melt, consume. (Greek.)	To-atka, Fire. (Musgohges, S. Carolina, N. A.)
3.	Tœda, a Torch. (Latin.)
4. Ot m, to be burnt up. (Heb.)	Hot. (English.)	Ouato, Fire. (Caribs, S. A.)
5. Ho, “Fire.” (Chinese.)		Otschichta, Fire. (Onandagos, N. A.)Oua, (Natchez,) and You, Fire. (Woccons, N. A.)
6.
7. Ha, Hai, Hen, Sun. (Corea.)		Hueiou, Weyo, Veio, “Sun.” (Caraibs, S. A.)
8.	Ē-ōs, the Dawn. (Greek.)
9.		Auhe, Oweeh, Moon. (Choctans, N. A.)
10.		Yehiha, Moon. (Mobimans, S. A.)
11.		Yachquau, Moon. (Senekas, N. A.)
12.
13. Hen, Sun (as above). (Corea.)	Hu an, Phœbus, the Sun. (Welsh.)
14.

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1. Tôn-ih, Fire.
2. Tô in Sun. (Nubia & Abyssinia.)
3.	Tan gu, Tan go, Tan goa, Sun.
4.		Danghitsi, Heaven.
5.	Deemwa, Fire. Diambo, Sun.
6. Ik, Ika, Fire. (Berbers & Dongolans.)	Ejia, Fire.	Ecy, Fire.
7.	Ag ning, Engink, Sun.
8. Nahangue, Nonge, Sun. (Fulahs & Phellatahs.)		Eanga, Inyanga, Inganga, Moon.
9. K o e, to burn.
10. K o.h th, Fire.
11. K o e, to burn. (Egypt.)

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1.	Ta-an, Fire. (Welsh.)Teine, “Fire,” also “The Sun.” (Irish.)	Ta-ande, and Teinde. (Algonquyn Dialects.)
2.		To-natiuh, Sun. (Mexican.)
3. Tschingochok, Sun, and T angeik. (Tschugassians,n. e. of Asia andn. w. of America.)		Tschingukuk, Sun. (Kadjaks,n. w. of A.)
4. Ten gri, Heaven. (Tagurian.)		Toendi, Heaven. (Hurons, N. A.)
5.	Tee me, or Tîme, (Irish,)and Don y m, or Tou y m, Heat, Hot. (Welsh.)
6.		Ioak, Fire. (Choktahs, N. A.)
7. Ag nih, Fire. (Sanscrit.)	Iigain, “I Burn.” (Russ.)Ignis, Ignem. (Latin.)Okon, Fire. (Sclavonian.)	Ig nach, Ing nek, Fire. (Greenland.)
8. Ee.c.b, And Cou e, to burn. (Hebrew.)	Kaiō, to burn. (Greek.)
9.		Co o h, Fire. (Sussees, N. A.)
10.		K uthal, K tal, Fire. (Araucan, S. A.)
11.		Chuk kut. (Naragansetts.)

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1. K o h th, Fire.
2. Shah, Flame. Shah shah Heat. (Egyptian.)
3.	Ejia, “Fire.”	Ecy, Fire.
4.	Edja, “Fire.”
5.	Dio, “Fire.” Day, “Sun.”
6.
7.	Eju, Ejwyge, Sun.
8.	Gajewoade, Fire.
9.	Uk, Igodu, Moon.
10.		K a, and K cha, Moon.

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1.		Kohteoue, Kotawa, (and used by the same tribe.)
2.		S cute, Fire. (Miamis, N. A.)
3.
4. Djo, Djau, Heaven, Air. (Sanscrit.)	Die-s, Day. (Latin.)
5. Divasi, Day.	Dio, Dios, (Jupiter, Father of Day. (Greek.) \|
6. Diwaspiti (“Diespater”), Jupiter, “Father of Day.” (Sanscrit.)	Diespater. (Latin.)
7.	Equia, and Igus-guia, Sun. Goiza, Morning. (Basque.)	Kizho, Kes-us, Kissessua, Gischi, Geschu, Sun; Kijigah, Day. (Algonquyn dialects:)
8.
9.		Hak,[172] Moon;Io-hakta, a Star. (Algonquyn dialects, N. A.)
10.		K'akh, Fire. (Yucatan.)Kacha, Moon. (Ugaljachnuti, near Behring'sStraits, N. A.) Cayacu, Moon. (Brazil.)

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1. Onatejá, Moon. (Berber & Dongolan.)	T' jo, Moon.	T' ga, Moon.
2.		T.jih, Fire.
3.
4.
5. Onatejá, Moon. (Berber & Dongolan.)	T'jo, “Moon.”	T' ga, Moon.
6.	Teelee, “Sun.” Duléh, “Sun.”
7.	Dalkah, “Day.”
8.	Dilko, “Heaven.” Dalkah, a Day, (as above.)
9.	Genaa, “Sun.”
10.	Guiante, “Sun.”
11.	Gonde, Gonda, “Moon.”

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1.		Tacock, Moon. (Esquimaux.)
2.		Taiki, Fire. (Pimans, S.A.)
3. Tüiküt, Sun. (Coriac.)		Taiki, Sun. (Tarahumaran.)
4. D'ge, “Day.” (Georgian.)	Tag, “Day,” (German.) Day. (English.)
5. Tagara, “Heaven.” (Jakutian.)
6. Tael, Tylys, Moon. (Permian.)	Taglich. (German.) Dai-ly. (English.)
7. Tjel, “Day.” Tsjel-emi, “Daily.” (Ostiaks.)		Tsele, Day. (Tarahumaran, s. of N. A.)
8.		Talkon, a Day. (The Kinai, extreme n. w. of N. A.)
9. Guin esch, Gunes, “Sun.” (Turk.)	Gunnei, or Cunnei, “A great Fire.”	Coun, Fire. (Chippeway.) Kes-is Kesus, “Sun.” (Algonquyn.)
10. Gun, “Day.” (Casanians.)	Gunnes, “Warm.” (Welsh.)
11. Kun, Sun. (Tartar.)

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1.
2.	Agonne, Moon.
3.

[pg ApA033]

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1. Kjun, Day. (Turk.)	Egun, Day. (Basque.)	Kize-kun, Okené-gat,[173] “Day.” (Algonquyn dialects.)
2.		Tes-Gessu, Sun. [Evidently a compound of Gischu or Kiz-ho, the Sun, with “Tesh.”[174]]
3. Tschi, Schi, “Day.” (Morduins, N.E. of Asia.)		Teshe-kow, “Day,” (Algonquyn Dialects.)

According to Du Ponceau the words for “Heaven” in the Algonquyn tongue are derived from several sources. A numerous class consists of “Mots derivées de Kesuch, Astre, Soleil,” i.e. words from Kesuch, “Sun, Star.” Compare the names for the “Eye,” previously noticed; also traced by Du Ponceau to Kesuch, or Kesus, “The Sun.”

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1.
2.		T' gachu, “Heaven.”
3.
4.	Tschukko, “Heaven.” K' tak.
5.	Nghoi, “Heaven.” [Also “Thunder in the Air.”]
6.
7.		Homma, “Heaven.” [SeeOmma, Moomo, and other analogous words previously explained,applied to “Sun and Moon.”]

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1. K jok,[175] “Heaven.” (Turk.)	Kez-hik, Keg-ik, Heaven
2. Chok, “Heaven.” (Tart.)Kuk, “Heaven.” (Casan.)
3. Kh'igan, “Heaven.” (Comac.)Ko'chan, “Heaven.” (Kamschatka.)Kundschu, “Heaven.” (Jukadshires.)	Gezhegon, Heaven. (Algonquyn.)
4. Shkai, “Heaven.” (Morduins.)	“Sky.” (Eng & Dan.)	Ta k, Tack, “Heaven.” (Esquimaux.)Keschékewé, Heaven. (Algonquyn.)
5.
6. Kiusiu-luste. (Tscheremessian.)
7.

Another class of names for “heaven,” are words signifying “On High,” En Haut.

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1. Szemmèÿ, Heaven. (Nubia & Abyssinia.)
2. Szèmma, Heaven. (Berbers & Dongolans.)
3. Szemma, Heaven, (Phellata.)
4.	Szemma.
5.	Szemma.
6.	Assaman. Sambiam pungo. Assamane, Heaven.
7.
8. Apĕ, Apē, Aphe, “Head.”
9. A ph . o ph, a Giant. (Egypt.)		Ivaq.
10.	I banju

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1.
2.
3.
4. Sema, Heaven. (Arabic.)
5. Shmia, Heaven. (Pehlwi.)
6. Asman, Heaven. (Siberian Tartars)		A woso-gamé, Heaven. [Literally “En Haut,” on high.] (Algonquyn.)
7.	Upo. (Greek.)Up. (English.)Heavion, to rise, Heafon, Heaven. (Ang. Sax.)Haupt. (German.)	Apez, Heaven. (Moxian.)
8.	Heafod, (Ang. Sax.)Huf-wud, Head. (Swedish.)
9.		I bag, I bâca. (Brazil.)
10.		Oubecou, (Caraibs,)Ipigem, Heaven. (Abipones.)

Another Class of names for “Heaven,” are words signifying “On High,” En Haut.

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1. Pe, and Phe, Heaven.
2. N e th-Pe and Ne-Pheou, Heaven-s or Heaven.
3. Net-phe, an Egyptian Goddess, the consort of Seb or Saturn. Heremblem was “The Firmament.”
4. Ne-Pheou, Heaven-s or Heaven. [Like the Greek “Ouranoi.”] (Egypt.)
5.	Sulu, “Heaven.” [Compare preceding words.]	I suhlu, Heaven.

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1.
2.		Ibo, Ibunga, the Sun. (California.)
3.	Nebo, Heaven. (Sclavon.)Nev, Heaven. (Welsh.)
4.
5. S l, to raise, elevate. (Hebrew.)	Celsus, Cœlum. (Latin.)

Another Class of words for the “Sky” is derived, as is obvious in many languages, from words primarily meaning “Air.”

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1.
2.		Maaro, Heaven. [Comparethe formation of M—.' A . ou . r, a Luminary, Hebrew,from A our, Light,[176] as previously explained.]
3.	Iru, Heaven.
4.
5.		Atem co.
6. Aineha.
7. Aineha addela, Eye. (Nubia & Abyss.)

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1. A ou . ee . r, Air, Space, (Chald.) fromA r, to flow. (Heb.)	A wyr, the Air, the Sky. (Welsh.)
2. A r w, Heaven. (Ossetian.)
3.	A ē r and Ē r ē, Juno, the Atmosphere or Heavens personified.
4. Auwa, Heaven. (Sib. Tartars.)	A .ō, to blow, breathe. (Greek.)A ha, Breath. (German.)A-them, Breath, Air. (German.)	Wahwi, “Heaven.” (Algonquyn.) [According to DuPonceau, of unknown origin, “origine inconnue.” But seethe adjoining column.]
5.	At m-ē, At m-os, Breath, Vapour.Atmos-Sphaira, Atmosphere. (Greek.)Atmosphere. (English.)Chwa, a gust of Wind. (Welsh.)
6.		Aino, Eye. (Mossans, S. A.)
7. Oeen, Eye. Ene, Behold. (Heb.) Yen, Eye. (Chinese.)	En, Behold. (Latin.)	En-ourou, Yen-ourou, Eye. (Caraibs, S. A.)

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1.	Ne ay. Hinma, Eye.
2.	Neay (as above).
3.	Nou kou, Onukou, Eye.
4.
5.	K hasso, Eye.
6.	Guitte, Eye.
7. Egō at, Eye. (Nubia & Abyss.)

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1.		Ñahui, Eye. (Quichauns.)Nàgui, Eye. (Quitenans, S. A.)
2. Ne, Eye. (Circassian.)	Ne, Nege, Ge, “Eye.” (Araucan, S. A.)
3.		Nigüecogue, Nigecogee, “Eye.”(M. Bayan.) Natocle, “Eye.” (Abipones,inhabitants of the extreme s. of S.America.)
4. Achsi, Eye. (Sanscrit.)		Ishyik. K hescoué, the Eye, connected with Kesus, the Sun.(Algonquyn,[177] N. A.)
5.		Kussee, Eye. (Nootka Sound.)
6. Giosgus, Gus, Eye. (Turk.)
7.	Eage, Eye. (Ang. Sax.)Oko, Eye. (Sclavonian.)Oculus, Eye. (Latin.)

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1.
2.	Zu, Sun (as before).	T' saguh, Eye.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.	Szan-ko, Eye.

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1.		Sah, the Sun and Moon. (Chippeway, as before.)
2.		Zu, and Zuiakc, Eye. (Lulians, S. A.)
3.	Sagax, Quick of Sight. (Latin.)Sight. (English.)
4. Sai, Saiwa, Saie, Eye. (Samoied.)	See. (English.) Sehen. (German.)
5. Schun, “Sun.” (Mantchu.)	Sun. (English.)
6. Sem, Eye. (Ostiaks.)	Szem, Eye. (Hungarian.)
7.		Shenek, Eye. (Alyon. dialects, N. A.)

In the words next following we have an example of the principle that the terms applied to the perceptive powers of the “Hand,” in the first instance, form a source of many analogous words applied to the operations of the other senses, and to those of the mind.

North Africa—Egyptians, &c.	Middle Africa—Negroes.	South Africa—Hottentots, &c.
1.
2.
3.		Tewho, Eye.
4.	Batte, Eye.
5. Bal, an Eye, Bel, Eyes. (Egypt.)
6. Belle, Blind. [Supposed by Dr. Loewe to be from Bel or Bal, andthe Hebrew negative suffix “l.”] (Egypt.)
7.	Rogue, Heaven.

Asia.	Europe.	America.
1. E e d, the Hand.		Yede, Eye. (Zamucans, S. A.)
2. E ed o, to feel, to perceive, to know.	Eido, to see, to know. (Greek.)
3. Do-eth re, Eye. (Zend.)	Do-eth, Wise. (Welsh.)
4.		Toké, Eye. (Villelans, S. A.)
5. B th, the Pupil of the Eye. (Hebrew.)	Ball, Eyeball. (English.)Bli-ck. (German.)
6.	Blink. (English.)[Compare this word with the last.]
7.	Blind, Black. (English.)

Remarks.

The proofs involved in the previous Analysis of the original unity of the different languages of the globe are distinct and vivid. It will be observed that those irregularities of structure, which are to be found more or less in each individual language, viewed separately, disappear when the whole mass of human tongues are thus surveyed in combination as derivative branches of one original speech. Moreover, it will be seen that the greater the number of languages, and the wider the geographical surface of the globe comprised in the comparison, the more minutely may be traced the steps of the transition by which the languages of mankind branched off from their common Original. This evidence is in its nature demonstrative of the truths developed in these pages.

It will be apparent that the Heavenly Bodies were originally designated by numerous synonymes applied to the Sun, Moon, and Stars alike. In the course of time, a portion of these terms fell into disuse among each different branch of the human family; and as these various tribes did not, except in individual instances, preserve the same terms, these changes gave rise to differences, apparently fundamental. Moreover, in those instances in which the same terms were retained, time produced important conventional differences of application. For example, in order to distinguish the Sun, Moon, &c. from each other.

1. A portion of these synonymes, which were originally used for all the Heavenly Bodies alike, were exclusively appropriated to the Sun, while other synonymes were appropriated in like manner to the Moon, &c.; among different nations the same terms were frequently applied to different luminaries. Thus, in conformity to this principle, the English words “Sun” and “Moon” will be found to occur in the previous Analysis each applied, in other languages, to both those luminaries.

2. In some cases the different luminaries were distinguished from each other in a different manner, viz. two or more synonymes were united into one compound word, which was employed as the distinctive name of one of the Heavenly Bodies, as of the Sun, for example, while the “Moon” and the “Stars” continued to be known by their original names, consisting of simple synonymes; or received new names, formed by means of distinct compounds.

Examples of the second class abound in the dialects of the American continent. One example may suffice in this place, by way of illustration: “Tes-gessu” in some of these dialects means the Sun; in other dialects we find each of its component elements, “Tês” and “Gessu,” used separately as names of the same luminary. In common with many other important truths, the nature and origin of these compounds are, I conceive, rendered clearly apparent by an extended range of comparison, though they seem to have been a source of embarrassment to the philosophical mind of Du Ponceau, whose valuable inquiries were confined to a particular class of the dialects of North America.

When the results of the previous Analysis are compared with the previous collection of African synonymes, used as names of the Heavenly Bodies, &c., it will be found that nearly every one of these synonymes has been unequivocally connected with the languages of the other three great divisions of the globe. The exceptions are too insignificant to be in any respect deserving of attention, with reference to the objects of this investigation. The completeness of this explanation of the African terms may, in the first instance, form a subject of surprise. But, astonishing as the results of the previous comparison in this respect undoubtedly are, they are nevertheless precisely the same as we should be led à priori to expect, on the assumption that the African nations are descended from the same stock as the inhabitants of the other three continents.[178]

Words For “Man, Woman, Human Being.”

[In the following Analysis, the letter m. marks nouns masculine, (“Vir,” Latin, “Man,” English;) f. marks nouns feminine, (“Fœmina,” Latin, “Woman,” English;) h. marks terms applied to a “Human Being,” whether “male” or “female,” (“Homo,” Latin, “Mensch,” German;) there is no equivalent expression in the English language.]

From the following Analysis, it will be apparent that, originally, the same words were in most instances applied to individuals of the human race, whether male or female, indiscriminately. Subsequently, a portion of the synonymes, thus indiscriminately applied in the first instance to the whole species, were separately appropriated to each of the two sexes; while another portion, as, for example, the Latin, “Homo,” and the German, “Mensch,” continued to be used as general terms for an individual of the species, without reference to sex.

As the appropriation of these words was purely conventional, the same synonymes were very frequently appropriated, among different branches of the human race, to different sexes: i.e. a word appropriated to “Man” (Vir) by some tribes was appropriated to the “Female” sex (Fœmina) by other tribes. It is also evident that the terms thus appropriated consisted in some instances of simple, in others of compound, synonymes.

These principles, which are precisely analogous to the results which flow from a comparison of the names of “The Heavenly Bodies” in the African tongues and in the other languages of the globe, will be found to afford a complete and consistent explanation of the phenomena displayed by the following Analysis, viz.: As before suggested, we find the words applied to the human race in the different tongues of the globe the same; it is only in the appropriation of those words, as regards the two sexes, that we find a wide diversity in the various languages of the human race.

Words for “Man, Woman,” &c.—Class I.

First Modification.

North Africa.—Fulahs & Phellatahs	Gour-ko, m., Gourk-o Mahodo, m.
Negro-land	Gourr, h., Garr, H., Core, h. Gour-gne, m., Kerim, f.
Europe.—Welsh	Gour, m. (A mighty man, a hero.) Gour-on, m.
Asia.—Taraikai	Guru, h
Kamschatka	K ur, h.
Pelu	K or, h.
Negro-land (as above)	Core. h.

Second Modification.

South Africa.—Madagascar	Urun, h. Orrang, m.[179]
Europe.—Welsh. (Modifications of “Gour and Gour-on,” above.)	Our, m., Ouron, m.
Asia.—Malay	Orang, m.
South America.—Quicuans	Uar mi, f.
Negro-land (as above)	Ker im, f.

There is a very obvious connexion between the above words for Man and a word for “The Hand,” of which the extreme antiquity is apparent from its occurring in the languages of races so widely separated as the following, in whose tongues this word exists in the subjoined forms, which cannot be said essentially to differ from each other: Gara (Mongol), Kara (Sanscrit), Keir (Greek), “The Hand.” [Compare the relation shown in the following examples between Manus, “The Hand” (Latin), and Manus-zia (Sanscrit), and Men-sch (German), i.e. Homo, a “Human Being.”]

Words for “Man, Woman,” &c.—Class II.

Europe.—English	To Be.
Welsh (Living, to live)	Biou.
Greek (To live)	Bio-ō.[180]
Greek (Life)	Bi-os.
Asia.—Koibals, N. Asia	Biusé, m.
Negro-land	Buas-ja, f.

Words for “Man, Woman,” &c.—Class III.

First Modification.

Europe.—Latin	Homo, h.
South Africa.—Koosas	Uhm-to, h. Uhm-fasi, f.
(A Child)	Uhm-toano.
Negro-land. (A compound, apparently, of Ommo and the previous word “Biou,” &c.)	Bi-ommo, h.
South America.—Betoans	Humasoi, h. Umasoi, h.
Negro-land	Um-ir, h. Mo, h.
Asia.—Ossetians	Mo, h.
South America.—Guaramians	Me, m.
Negro-land	Amme, h., Emme, h. Meame, h. Mammoku, m. Mangman, f.

The following are examples of words of this class applied to the Female Sex:

South America.—Mobimans	Ma, f.
Mossans (“A Mother”)	Meme, f.
Negro-land	Ma, f., Mmi, f.
North Africa.—Egypt	Hime, f., Himi, f.
Europe.—Basque	Emea, f.
Asia.—Karassians and Ostiaks	Ima, f., Ime, f.
Europe.—Fin.	Waimo, f.

Second Modification.

Europe.—Latin (from Homo)	Ho-min-em, h.
(Human)	Hu-“man”-ûs.
(The Hand)	“man”-us.
Asia,—Sans. (A “Human Being”)	Manus-zia, h.
Europe.—German (The same)	Men-sch, h.
(A Man, Vir)	Mann, m.
English	Man, m.
Danish	Mand, m.
Negro-land	Manee, h., Mond, h., Mundu, h.
South Africa.—Lagoa Bay	Monhee, h.
Beetjuanas	Muhn-to, h.
Mon-una, m.
Asia.—Kurd	Manno, m.
Ossetian	Moine Mo, h.
South America.—Omaguans	Mena, m.

The following are examples in which the Second Modification and the transition from the first to the second form of these words are traceable in words applied to the Female Sex.

Europe.—Fin. (Woman, as above)	Waimo, f.
Asia.—Sanscrit	Wa-mani, f.
Europe.—English	Wo-man, f.

The words of this Class may be distinctly traced, in both their previous modifications, as Pronouns in common use in the principal languages of Europe and Asia. The value of this evidence will be understood when Horne Tooke's principle, that Pronouns are identical with Nouns, is borne in mind.

1. Pronouns identical with Amme, Emme, Meame, “Man,” above:

Aham, “I,” Mam, “Me,” (Sanscrit.)

Eme, “Me,” (Greek.)

2. Pronouns identical with Monhe, Mano, Manee, “Man,” above.

Mon, “I,” (Ostiak.) Men, I, (Persian.)

Menik, “I,” (Belutchee.) Menya, “Me,” (Russian.)

“Mein,” (German and English.)

For other examples, see Observations on the Algonquyn Dialects of North America.

There is another topic that calls for observation in this place.

The origin of the peculiar transition, observable in this class of words, as, for example, in the instance of the Latin words “Homo, Ho-minis, Hu-manus, Manus,” has been fully investigated in the Observations on the Algonquyn Dialects of North America. Those observations are equally applicable in this place, for the previous Analysis establishes the remarkable fact that the African languages exhibit in this instance not only the same words, but the principal subordinate modifications of those words, which occur in the tongues of the other three continents.

Further, these modifications are completely traceable in the Negro dialects separately considered. They are also completely traceable in the dialects of South Africa separately considered. Moreover, it may be added, that these gradations of inflexion actually coexist in one single class of South African dialects: “Uhm-to, Muhn-to, Monuna,” are all found in the languages of the kindred tribes, the Koossas and Beetjuanas.

Words for “Man, Woman,” &c.—Class IV.

First Modification.

South America.—Abipones and Mokobis	Joalé, h. Aalo, f.
Negro-land	Alo, f.
Europe.—Latin Pronouns	Ille, Illa.
South Africa.—Madagascar	Lelay, m. Lahe, m.

Second Modification.

North Africa.—Egypt	Lomi, h.
Negro-land	Olummi, m.[181]
South Africa.—Madagascar	Olon, h. Oelun, h.
Asia.—Malays of Formosa	Aulon, h.
N. America.—Algonquyn dialects	Ahlaniah, h. Illaniah, h. Illenni, h. Lenno, m. Lennis, h.
Negro-land	Laniu, m. Lung, f.

Words for “Man, Woman,” &c.—Class V.

Europe.—Welsh, “Full of Spirits”	Nouv us.
Asia.—Hebrew. (Breath, Spirit, A Man)	N. ph. sh, h.
Negro-land	Nipa, h., Nippa, h. Nebeju, m., Enipa, h.
N. America.—Algonquyn dialects	Népiou, h., Napiou, h. Nabou, h., Len-nâpé, m.

Referring to the foregoing American words, Népio and Nabou, Du Ponceau observes, “Ces deux derniers semblent avoir quelque rapport avec Len-âpé.” “The last two seem to have some connexion with Len-âpé.” Lenâpé is plainly a compound of the two preceding roots, Lenno and Napiou. The nature of these compounds, which, as above stated, may be said to have escaped the observation of Du Ponceau, has been explained in the preceding remarks on “The Heavenly Bodies.” Len-âpé is a compound formed to distinguish the Male sex.

Words for “Man, Woman,” &c.—Class VI.

First Modification.

North Africa.—Egypt (To live)	Anah.On.h.
Asia.—Heb. (To sigh, breathe)	A.n.c.h. A.n.sh, m., N.sh.e, f.
Kamschatka	Ainu, m.
Negro-land	Nu, m., In, f.
South Africa.—Bosjesmans	T'Na, m.
N. America.—Algonquyn dialects	Anini, h., Inin, m., Ninnee, m., Inishiti, h.
Asia.—Hebrew (as above)	An.sh, m., N sh.e, f.

Second Modification.

Negro-land	Ungi, m. Jankueh, f., Nga, f.
North Africa.—Phellatahs	Nekdo, h.
North America.—Iroquois	Ongué, h.
Greenland	Innuk, h.

Agreeably to Horne Tooke's principles, the following Pronouns in other languages may be regarded as identical with the African Nouns in the Analysis, viz.:

The Pronoun of the Second Person, Nyu, Nai, “Thou” (Chinese), may be identified with Nu, and T'na. The Pronouns of the First Person, “I,” [pg ApA057] Anok (Egyptian), An.c.ee (Hebrew), Iōn ga (Greek), Ngoo (Chinese), may be viewed as identical with Ungi Jankueh and Nga.[182]

Further examples of both the previous Modifications of Class VI. Being words applied to the Female Sex.

Asia.—Malay	Ina, f.
Turkish (A Mother)	Anna, f.
Negro-land	Anna, f.
South America.—Sapeboeans	Anu, f.
Europe.—Hungarian (A Mother)	Anya.
Negro-land	Wan, f., Jankueh, f.
Asia.—Japan	Wonna, f., Wonago, f.
Lieu Kieu	Einago, f.
Europe.—English	Wench
Gothic	Uen, f., Uens, f.
South Africa	Honnes, f.
Asia.—Hebrew (as above)	A.n.sh, m., N.sh.e, f.
Koibal	Niausa, f.

Words for “Man, Woman,” &c.—Class VII.

First Modification.

South Africa.—Coronas	Kouh, m., Kauh, m.
Negroland	Cow, m., Kea, m., Kaikjai, m., Koa, m., (plural.)
South America.—Muyscans	Chha, m.
Zamucans	Cheké, f.
North America.—Shawannos	Ochechee, m.
Asia.—Heb. (A Body, A Person)	Gou.e.
Kamschatka	Okkăijŭh, m.
Taraikai	Okkai, m.
Lasian	Akadju, m.
N. Africa.—Berbers & Dongolans	Agikh, m.

Words applied chiefly to Nouns Feminine.

Asia.—Mantschu	Chache, m., or Haghe, m., Cheche, f., or Heghe, f
S. America.—Zamucans (as above)	Cheké, f.
North America.—Cochimi	Huagin, f.
Europe.—English	Hag, f.
German	Hexe, f.
Latin Pronouns	Hic, m., Hæc, f.

Second Modification.[183]

South Africa.—Hottentot Tribes	Kouh, m., Kus, f., Kauh, m., Chai-sas, f. K'quique, m., K'quiqis, f. Quoique, m., Kyoiqui-s, f. Quai-scha, f.
Europe.—Latin Pronouns	Qui, Quis, Quisque.
South America.—Salivians	Cocco, m.
Mobimans	Coucya, f.
N. America.—Algonquyn dialects (A Body, or Person)	Hakke, h., Icquoi-s, f. Esqua, f., “Squaw,” f.

It will be observed that in the previous African words, as also in the North American words introduced into the comparison, the Feminine is formed by adding the letter “s,” (as in the English Prince-ss); a form which prevails widely in the most ancient languages of Europe.

Asia.—Taraikai (as above)	Okai, m.
Negro-land	Okee-tu, f., Uk-assi, f.
Asia.—Georgian	Kasi, m.
Samoied (Men)	Chosowo.
Lasian	Goz, h.
Europe.—Welsh	Gouas, m.
Basque	Giuzona, m.
Negro-land	Guiguienne, f., Guiacar, m.

Third Modification.

Negro-land	Jakkela, m., Ackala, m.[184]
South America.—Caraibs	Oukele, h.
North America.—Mexico	Oquichetle, h.

Names for “Man, Woman,” &c.—Class VIII. [A Modification of Class VII.]

Asia.—Hebrew (“Man,” as above)	Gou. e, or G o v, h.
Pehlwi	Gebna, m.
Samoied	Chubb, m., Chyb, m.
South Africa.—Hottentots	Chaib, m., Kupp, m.

Names for “Man, Woman,” &c.—Class IX.

North Africa.—Egypt	Hoout, h.
Nubia & Abyssinia	Odéÿ, h. Oták, m.
Negro-land.	Ot ga, m., Ot-jee, f.

Conformably to Horne Tooke's principle, A.th.c., “Thou” (Hebrew,) may be regarded as identical with Otak, Ot ga, Ot-jee, the above names for “Man, Woman,” &c.

Asia.—Tribes on the “Jenisei” River	Had-kip, m.
in Siberia	At-kub, m. Hutt, h., Hitt, h. Ket, h., K hitt, h.

These words are composed of simple and of compound synonymes, both derived from the last two classes of words.

Names for “Man, Woman,” &c.—Class X.

First Modification.

Negro-land	Mad, h., Made, h., Mutte, h.
Europe.—Icelandic	Mad-ur, m.
Asia.—Kamschatka	Māth, f.

Second Modification.

Negro-land	Messhuhu, m., Muhsa, f. Musee, f.
Asia.—Zend.	Meshio, m.
Taraikai	Mazy, f.
Motorian	Misem, f.
Europe.—Sclavonian	Mosh, m.
Latin.	Mas, m.[185]
Armorican	Maues, f.
South America.—Muyscans	Muysca, m.
Negro-land	Mogee, h.
Europe.—Dalmatian	Muux, m.

Words for “Man, Woman,” &c.—Class XI.

Negro-land	Ibalu, m., Belb, m., Obellima, m.
South Africa	Am-pele, f.
South America.—Vilellans	Pelé, h.

Words for “Man, Woman,” &c.—Class XII.

Europe. (Latin and Greek Pronouns, and terminations of Nouns)	“Is,” “Os.”
Latin (To Be)	Esse.
Asia.—Hebrew (“To Be”)	E c . sh. A . ee . sh (Vir.) A . sh . e (Fœmina.)[186]
Negro-land	Osse, h., See, h. Uzu, m.[187]
South Africa.—Hottentots	Zohee, m., Zohee-s, f.
Europe.—Greek (Life)	Zo-ē.
(To live)	Zoō.

Names for “Man, Woman,” &c.—Class XIII.

First Modification.

Asia.—Affghan	Meru, m.
Zend	Merete, m.
Persian	Mard, m.
Sanscrit	Mart-ja, m.
Europe.—Latin	Mari-tus, m., Mar-is.

Second Modification.

Asia.—Georgian	K-mari, m.
Africa.—Negro-land	Kamere, m.

Third Modification.

Negro-land	Nu-mero, h.
North America.—Algon. dialects.	Né-marough, h.

Words for “Man, Woman,” &c.—Class XIV.

[Applied chiefly to the Female Sex.]

First Modification.

Europe.—Greek (A Woman)	Gun . ē, f.
Russian	Jena, f.
Latin (“The Mother of the Gods”)	“Juno.”
Asia.—Sanscrit	Jani, f. (Janoni, A Mother.)
Negro-land	Jonnu, f., Djonnu, f., Junoo, f.[188]

The identity of the Negro word “Junoo” with the Latin “Juno,” is a remarkable feature in this comparison.

“Janoni, a Mother, in Sanscrit,” it is observed in an able article in the Edinburgh Review,[189] “is the manifest origin of the Latin appellation of the mother of the Gods.”

Second Modification.

Words for “Woman.”

South America.—Mocobis	Coenac, f.
Omaguans	Cunia, f.
South Africa.—Hottentots	Aukona, f.

Words for “Man,” (Vir and Homo.)

First Modification.

Negro-land	Gonee, M.
Asia.—Mongol	Kun, M.
Jukadshires	Kun sch, m.

Second Modification.

South Africa	T'kohn, h.[190]
N. America.—Algonquyn dialects	Tchainan, h.
Asia.—Corea	Tchin, H.
Europe.—Irish and Welsh	Duine, h., Dean, h.

Names Of “The Hand.”

The African words of this Class collected by Adelung are thirty-six in number. Of these, twenty-nine belong to the languages of the region of pure Negroes. In the following Analysis the whole of these words have been shown to be related to analogous words used in the other great divisions of the Globe.[191]

Names of “The Hand.”—Class I.

First Modification.

North America.—Mexico	Tom.
North Africa.—Nubia	Tedembeton.
Europe.—Welsh (“To feel”)	Teim-law.
English	“Thumb.”
German (The Thumb)	Daum.
Asia.—Hebrew (To perceive, discern, taste)	Tom.
Africa.—Hottentots (Tongue)	Tamma, and T'inn.
Europe.—English	Tongue.

There are numerous examples to show that the words for the Tongue and the Taste of the Palate are in many, if not in all cases, terms thus applied in a secondary sense, which, in their primary meaning, were applied to “The Hand,” and its Perceptive Functions. Compare the words which occur hereafter (under “The Names for the Hand.—Class X.”) Tusso, “The Hand” (Negro); Dāst, “The Hand” (Persian); Tast-en, “To grope” (German); “Taste” (English).

The names for “The Hand,” and its Functions, have also given rise to numerous words metaphorically expressive of mental operations, as in the above examples: Tom, “The Hand” (Mexican); Tom, To Taste, To Discern, Discernment, Judgment (Hebrew); Tam-ias, A Judge (Greek); Doom, “Dooms-day” (English).

Second Modification.

Negro-land	Dinde, Ninde, Nindi.
South Africa.—Madagascar	Tangh, Tangam, Tangan.
Hottentots	T'unka.
Asia.—Malays Tribes on the “Jenisei” River, in Siberia	Tangan, Tögon, Tono.
Kamschatka	Tono.
North America.—Hudson's Bay. “The Hand”	Tene-law.
“The Tongue”	Tene-thoun.

In these American dialects “Tene” is a general prefix to the names of the senses; “Law” is the distinctive name of the Hand; “Toun” the distinctive name of the Tongue, &c.

Europe.—English	Tongue.
Latin Verbs	Tang-o, Teneo.

Names of “The Hand.”—Class II.

South Africa.—Coronas	T'koam.
North America.—Poconchi	Cam.
Asia.—Hebrew (A Hand-full)	K. m ts.
(To grasp, To lay hold of)	K. m. t.
Europe.—Welsh (To take)	Kum-meryd.

Names of “The Hand.”—Class III.

Negro-land	Bulla.
(Hand and Arm)	Bulla.
Asia.—Persian (The Arm)	B.

Names of “The Hand.”—Class IV.

Negro-land	Obaa.
Europe.—Gothic & Anglo-Saxon (To have)	Hab-an. Häb-ban.
Latin	Hab-ere.

Names of “The hand.”—Class V.

Negro-land	Ononuba.
South America.—Mossans	Nubou, Nuboupé.

Names of “The Hand.”—Class VI.

North Africa.—Egypt. (The Hand and Front Arm)	Koi.
(The Hand)	Gig.
Negro-land	Kook Coco. Kogo. Okuh, Hukko.
Europe.—Finland	Kchesi.
Lapland	Chketsch. Chkatsch.
Hungarian	Keez.
Asia.—Arabic (Cubitus)	Caa.
Tamul (Hand)	Kei.
Georgian	Che.
Persian	Kef, or Gef.
Quasi Quumuq	Kujä.
Ossetian	Koch, Kuch.
N. America.—Nootka Sound	Kook-elixo.
Tschitketans	Katchicou.
Ugaljachmutzi	Kajak-az.
Senecas	Kaschuchta.
St. Barbara's	Huachajâ.
S. America.—Araucans	Cuu, Cuugh.
Brazils	Gepo.
Yarurans	Icchi-mo.

Names of “The Hand.”-Class VII.

The following may be regarded as modifications of the foregoing Class of words:

North Africa.—Egypt [Allied to Gig, “The Hand,” (Egypt) above mentioned]	Shig.
South Africa.—Beetjuanas	Sseak-ja.
Asia.—[Language of the Garrau Mountains, N.E. of Bengal]	Zjâk.
Georgian	Shi.
Chinese	Zjiu, Ziu.
N. America.—Fitzhugh Sound	Shou-shey.
Negro-land	Aschi.
Europe.—Basque	Escua.

The words used in the last two Classes of examples as “Names” for “The Hand,” may be identified in the most unequivocal manner in other instances, as Verbs descriptive of some distinctive Functions of the Hand.

Compare Coco, Okuh, Hukko, Negro names for “The Hand,” with the verbs Kō, “To take,” Ek-ō, “To hold, have, act” (Greek); Ago (Latin).

Compare Aschi (Negro), Escua (Basque), with Esch-ŏn, Isch-ein, Sch-ein, “To hold,” “To have” (Greek).

Compare Katchicou, North American, and Chkatsch, Lapland, names for “The Hand,” with “Catch” (English).

Compare Kef, or Gef (Persian), and Gepo “The Hand” (Brazilian), with Give (English), Geb-en (German).

Compare Kaschuchtah, North American, and Khesi, Fin, names for the Hand, with the verbs Keisio, “To search for” (Welsh), Guess (English); verbs derived from G.sh, “To feel, search for, with the Hand” (Hebrew).

Names of “The Hand.”—Class VIII.

Asia.—Hebrew (The Hand and Forearm)	A.m.e.
Hebrew (“A Finger,” “The Right Hand”)	Ee.m.ee.n. Ee.m.n.e. Ee.m.ee.n.th.
North Africa.—Egypt. The Hand and Forearm)	Mah, Mahe.
South Africa.—Hottentots (Hand)	Omma.
South America.—Sapibocans	Eme.
[See A.m.e (Hebrew) above.] Zamucans	Yumanai.
[See Ee.m.n.e (Hebrew) above.] Salivians	Immomo.

The following may be viewed as modifications of the previous words:[192]

South Africa.—Lagoa Bay	Mundha.
Europe.—Latin	Manus.

Names of “The hand.”—Class IX.

Negro-land	Ensah, Ensaa.
South Africa.—Caffres	Fansah.
Europe.—Latin (“Handle”)	Ansa or Hansa.[193]
Latin (To seize or hold)	Pré-hendo.
Danish, Icelandic, English, and German	Haand, Hond, Hand.
Greek (To take)	Chandano.
Asia, North.—Tribes on the “Jenisei” River, Siberia	Kenar, Kenaran.

Names of “The Hand.”—Class X.

North Africa.—Berber	Idd-egh.
Asia.—Hebrew and Arabic	Eed, Ied.
Pehlwi	Jede-man.[194]
Sumoied, Koibal, and Motorian	Uda, Oda, Udam.

Names of “The Hand.”—Class XI.

North Africa.—Phellatahs	Youngo.
Negro-land	Nakoa.
South Africa.—Hottentots of Saldana Bay	Onekoa.
North America.—Cochimi	Nagona.
Miamis	Onexca. Enahkee.
Iroquois	Eniage.
Algon. dialects	Nachk. Naak.
Europe.—English (Adroitness in any Handy-craft)	Knack.
English (Joints of the Fingers)	Knuck-les.
South America.—Maipurans	Nucápe.

Names of “The Hand.”—Class XII.

First Modification.

South Africa.—Bosjesmans	T'aa.
North America.—Mixtecans	Daha.
Europe.—Welsh (The Right hand)	Dahai.

Second Modification.

Asia.—Persian and Kurd	Dā-st.
Armenian	Tzjern.
Negro-land	Tusso.
Europe.—German (A Claw, a Paw)	Tatze.
German (To grope)	Tast-en.
English (applied to the Palate)	“Taste.”

Third Modification.

Asia.—Kamschatka	Tegi.
Europe.—English (A Verb)	“Take.”
Asia.—Taraikai	Dēk.
Europe.—Latin (The Right Hand)	Dex-tra.
Greek (To take)	Dekomai.

Names of “The Hand.”—Class XIII.

Negro-land	Be.
Asia.—Tribes on the Jenisei, Siberia	Phjaga.
Siam	Pfan.
Europe.—Welsh	Pau-en.
English (applied to animals)	Paw.
South America.—Brazils	Poh, Po.
Omaguans	Pua.
North America.—Mic-Macs	Peton.

Names of “The Hand.”—Class XIV.

First Modification.

Negro-land	Alo, Allo.
Asia.—Turkish	Ell, Elli.
Europe.—(An old Teutonic word applied to the Cubit, or Forearm)	Ell, Elle.
English	El-bow.

Second Modification.

Negro-land	Loho.
Europe.—Welsh	La-o-u.
America.—Chippewayans	Lah.
Hudson's Bay (“The Hand”)	Tene[195]-Law.
(“The Tongue”)	Tene-Thoun.

Third Modification.

Negro-land (Allied to the Negro word Loho, “The Hand,” above)	Loco.
North America.—Penobscot	Oleechee.
Asia.—Tibet	Lag.
Georgian	Cheli.
Europe.—English (Applied to animals)	Claw.
Irish (The Hand)	Glak.
Asia.—Ingumian	Kulku.

Fourth Modification.

Europe.—Greek (The Hand and Front Arm, the Cubit)	Olē n . ē.
N. America.—Pennsylvania	Olœnskam. Alœn-skam.
New Sweden.	Olœnskan. Alœnskan.

Words For “The Tongue.”

In the following Analysis all the South African words, and also all the Negro words of this class, with the exception of “Teckramme,” (probably a compound,) have been shown to be unequivocally connected with important analogous terms in the languages of the other great Continents.

(South Africa,—Tamma Tamme, T'inn.[196]) See these words illustrated among the words for “The Hand.” See also, under the same head, for examples of the principle that the words applied to “The Tongue,” and its Perceptive Functions, are in many, if not in most cases, secondary or Metaphorical applications of words originally applied to “The Hand,” and its Perceptive Functions; as in Tasten, “To grope,” German; “Taste,” applied to the “Palate,” English. The next words present additional examples of the same principle.

Negro-land—Lamai, Lammegue, Lamin, Laming.

Gaelic—Lam, “The Hand;” Greek—Lam-bano, “To take;” Latin—Lam-bo, To lick with the Tongue.

Negro-land—Dali;[197] Malays of Formosa—Dadila; Turkish—Dil; North America (Nagailers)—Thoula.

South Africa (Madagascar, & Caffres)—Lella, Leula, Lolemi; North America (Penobscot)—Wee-laulo; Greek—Laleo, “To speak;” Lalia, “Speech.”

Negro-land—Ning; Georgian—Nina; Lasian—Nena, Nen; South America (Kiriri)—Nunu.

Egypt—La sh; Hebrew—L. sh . on . n; Armenian—Ljesu; South Africa (Caffres)—Loodjem.

Negro-land—Essiénkó; Old German—Zunka; Modern German—Zunge.[198]

South Africa (Koossas)—Müme; Chinese—Mi; Basque—Mihia, Minni.

North Africa (Berbers)—Narka; South America (Maupurian)—Nuore; Caraibs—Nourou.

North Africa (Dongolan)—Nadka; South America (Betoan)—Ineca.

Words For “The Ear.”

Negro-land—Szemman-kó; Hebrew—Sh.m.o, “To hear.”

Negro-land—Asse Asshabe;[199] Abyssinia—Ishenha Ashenha; Hebrew—A.z.n.

Negro-land—Uwasso; Bohemian—Ussi; Greek—Ouas, Ous.

Negro-land—Otuh (Otto, “Ears”); Greek—Ōta (“Ears”); North America (Knistenaux)—Otoweegie.

South Africa (Caffres)—Gevea; Kurd—Guh; Samoied—Ko, Kuo.

North Africa (Berbers)—Ukkegá; Selavonian—Ucho; North America (Shawannos)—Ochtowaga; Greek—Akou-o (“To hear”).

North Africa (Dongolans)—Ulûk; Coriac—Wilugi; Chinese—Uhl.

South Africa—T'no-eingtu, T'naum, T'nunka; Bucharian—Dehâu.

Egypt—Meeje; Japan—Mimi.

Negro-land—Toy; Esquimaux—Tehui; Brazil—Ty.

The majority of the words of the next two Classes (names of “The Foot” and “The Head,”) will be found to admit of a satisfactory explanation. The exceptions are more numerous than in the instance of the words for “The Hand;” but it must be borne in mind that these exceptions do not at all serve to invalidate the inferences that flow from numerous unequivocal examples of a different nature. This combination of many features of difference with numerous points of resemblance is the direct result of the tendency of each race to abandon a portion of the synonymes originally common to all the various races of mankind.

Words For “The Foot.”

Negro-land—(Foot and Leg) Sing; German—Schenkel; English—Shank.

South Africa (Hottentots)—Coap and T'keib; Affghan—Ch pé; Abassian—Sh pe; South America (Mokobis)—Capiate.

Negro-land—Trippe; German-Tripp-en, “To go,” Treppen (“Steps”) English—“Trip.”

Negro-land—Itta; Latin—It-er, “A Journey,” It-um, “Gone;” the participle of the Latin verb Eo, “To go;” Zend—Jeieta, “He goes.”

S. Africa (Hottentots)—Y and Yi; Egypt—I, “To go;” Latin—Eo, “I go.”

South Africa (Hottentots)—Ir-qua; South America (Zamucans)—Irie; Latin—Ire, “To go;” Zend—Harra, “I go.”

Negro-land—Gann; Greenland—Kannak; German—Gehen, “To go,” (Gegangen, “Gone”); Scotch—Gang; Negro-land—It-genge; apparently a compound of the last with a word previously explained.

Negro-land—Nugee; Sclaronic—Noga; South America (Maupurians)—Nuchü, Nucsi.

Egypt—Rat; Welsh—Rodio, “To walk.”

Negro-land—Afo; South America (Vilellans)—Apé; Latin—Pe, Pe-s.

North Africa (Fulahs and Phellatahs)—Kússengál, Kavassongal; Jeniseians—Kassa; Mingrelian—Kutchi; Welsh—Koes, “A Leg;” North America (Shawannos)—Kussie.

Negro-land—Akkau, Ugod; N. W. of America and N. E. of Asia (Tschuktsches)—Iguk; (Kadjak)—Igugu; Turkish—Ajak, Ajag.

Negro-land—Kulu, Kolo; Mongol—Kull, Koll.

Negro-land—Tangue; North America (Mixtecan)—Tohuan “Feet;” South Africa—Tóoh; English—Toe; Saxon—Da; Dutch—Deen.

Nubia—Regget; Hebrew—R . g . l.

S. Africa—Lefack; English—Leg; Wogul—Lagyl; Pehlwi—Lager-man.

Negro-land—E'ns-zih, and (Caffre) En-jau, appear to be allied to the Latin—Eo, Eundo; Italian—And-are; English—Wend, Went; German—Wenden.

South Africa—Hoots; Armenian—Oat, Woat; Welsh—Wad-n; German—Wad-en, “To go;” English—“Wade;” Latin—“Vad-o.”

Words For “The Head.”

Negro-land—Kung, Koon, Ikkungee, Ukkoong; Brazilian—Acang, Yahange; Irish—Ken; (German—König; English—King, i.e. “A Head.”)

South Africa—Olo, Loha; Hebrew—Ol, “Above,” “To ascend;” Motorian—Ulu, “A Head.”

South Africa—Klogo; Irish—Kloigean; Welsh—Ben-glog, “A Skull;” Hebrew—G. l. g. l. th, (The Human Skull, Golgotha); Armenian—Kluch; Jeniseians—Kolkä;[200] Sclavonian—Golowa “A Head.”

Egypt—Kahi, Jo; Negro-land—Go, Ko, Kujuoo; South Africa—Kŏhho; Jeniseians—Koïgo; German—Kopf.

Negro-land—Ta, Tu; South Africa—Dooha; Georgian—T'awi; Chinese—T'eu; North America (Nagailers)—Thie.

Negro-land—Tabu; Persian—Tab, (“Top;”) German—Topp; North America (Mohegans)—Dup, Utup, (“Head.”)

Fulahs and Phellatahs—Hore, Horde; Hebrew—Or, “To rise.”

South Africa (Hottentots)—Biquäau; South America (Aymarans)—Pegke; North America (New England)—Bequoquo; English—Peak, Beak.

Hottentots—Minung; Chinese—Mien, “The Face;” English—“Mien,” and French—“Mine.”

Negro-land—Oitju, Ithu; South America (Zamucans)—Yatoitac; Welsh—Yaad; English—Head, Height.

Negro-land—Boppe, Bapp; South America (Yaoans)—Boppe; (Caraibs)—Opoupou; North America (Woccons)—Poppe.

South Africa (Hottentots)—T'naa; Isle of Man—Tchynn.

Words For “Water.”

Class I.

South Africa.—Hottentots	Ouata.
Europe—Russian	Ouade.
Swedish	Wat-n.
English	Wat-er, “Wet.”
Latin (“Moist”)	Ud-us.
N. America.—Algonquyn dialects	Wt-achsu.
Cora (“The Sea”)	Vaat.[201]
Mexico (“The Sea”)	Veyat-l.

It will be observed that the root or common base of all these words is the same as that of “Wet, Wat-er,” (English.) They differ only in those grammatical inflexions in which various words of the same language differ.

Words for “Water.”—Class II.

North Africa.—Egypt (“Aquæ”)	Eiooue.
North America.—Woccons	Eau.[202]
Cheerokees	Auwa.
Muskohges	Wewa.
Europe.—Welsh	Wy, or Gwy.
[Hence the name of the River]	“The Wye.”
Icelandic	Aa.
Anglo-Saxon	Ea, Eia.[203]
Asia.—Kamschatka	Ja, Ii.
Samoied	Ii, I.
Negro-land	Ji.
South America.—Guaranian	Ī, I.
Brazilian	Y.

Words for “Water.”—Class III.

North America.—Chikkasahs	O kah, Ookaw.
Europe.—Irish	Oixe.
Latin	Aqua.
South America.—Quicuans	Yacu.

Words for “Water.”—Class IV.

South America.—Quicuans	Unu.
Negro-land	Nu.
N. America.—Kolushians	Iin, Jin.
Negro-land	Inssuo, Ensu.

Words for “Water.”—Class V.

[The words of this Class appear to be compounds of words of the last two Classes.]

Compare the previous words for Water, viz.:

Europe—Irish	Oixe,
North America—Chikkasahs	Okah, Ookaw.

with the following words:

North America.—Oneidas	Oghnacauno.
Europe.—Greek and Latin. (The Ocean)	Ō keano, or Ōkeano-s.
North America.—Senecas	Oneekanoosh.
Muynckussar	Oneegha.
Asia.—Anam	Nuock, Nak.
Coriac (The Sea)	Anchon, Ancho.
Negro-land	Enchion.[204]

Words for “Water.”—Class VI.

South Africa.—Gallas	Bischan.
Asia.—Circassian	Pishi.
Kurilians	Pi, Peh.
Samoied	Bi, Be.
North America.—Delawares	Beh.
New Sweden	Bij.
Europe.—Greek (To drink)	Pi-ō.
Latin (To drink)	Bi-b-o.

Words for “Water.”—Class VII.

Negro-land	Asioué.[205]
Asia.—Jeso	Azui.[206]
Chinese	Shui.
Turkish	Schuy, Su.
North America.—Runsienes	Ziy.

Words for “Water.”—Class VIII.

North Africa.—Dongolans	Esseg.
Europe.—Irish or Gaelic	Eask, Uisge.
Welsh or Celtic of Britain. [British Names of Streams]	The “Esk,” The “Usk.”

These Celtic words are the chief basis of Edward Llwyd's theory, that the Britons were preceded by a Gaelic tribe, who gave names to these streams. The extreme antiquity of these words is certain:

Swedish (To wash)	Wase a.
Old German	Wask-en, Wasc-an.

The following five Classes of words, from VIII. to XIV., may be regarded as mutually connected.

Words for “Water.”—Class IX.

First Modification.

North Africa.—Abyssinia	Mi, Me.
Egypt	Mōou, Mau.
Egypt (Seas)	Amaiou.
Negro-land (Water)	Améh.
Asia.—Chinese	Moi, Mui.
Pehlwi	Mea.
Hebrew	Me, (Meem).
Hebrew (The Sea)	Ee . am, or Jam.
Japan (The Sea)	Umi.
Arabic (Water)	Ma.
South America.—Vilellans	Ma.
Aymarans	Huma.
North America.—Cherokees	Amma.
[Compare the above Negro word Améh.]
Europe.—Latin	Hum-or.
Adjective, “Wet”	Hum-idus.
[Compare Huma, “Water.” South American, above; and Umi, “The Sea,” (Japan), above.]

Words for “Water.”—Class X.

Negro-land	Mage.
North America.—Greenland	Imack.
Tschuktsches	Emak, Mok.
South America.—Araucan	Mouke.
Europe.—Latin & English	Muc-us.
English	Muggy.
Asia.—Hebrew (To flow, dissolve)	M. g.

Words for “Water.”—Class XI.

North Africa.—Egypt (To irrigate, To drink)	Matsos.
Negro-land, Water	Mazei. Mazia. Masa.
South Africa	Maasi, Meetsi. Matee.
Asia.—Japan	Mizzu, Midz. Misi.
Europe.—Latin (Wet)	Mad-idus.
English	“Mizzle”, Moist. Mist.

Words for “Water.”—Class XII.

North Africa.—Berbers	Amanga.
Egypt (Ram) (A Torrent, A Stream)	Mounoshe. Mouns-ōr. em.
South Africa.—Caffre Tribes	Amaansi. Amaanzu.
N. America.—Nadowessians	Ménâ. Meneh.
Asia.—Koibal (A Stream)	Meanlai.
Chaldee (Waters)	Main.
Europe.—Latin (To flow)	Man-o.

Names for “Water.”—Class XIII.

[Apparently connected with Class IX.]

Asia.—Heb. “The Sea,” (as above)	Jam, or Ee . am.
Tibet (“The Sea”)	Gjiamzo.
Kurd (A Stream)	Tcham.
South Africa.—Hottentot Tribes (Water)	Kam, Kamme, T'kamme.

Words for “Water.”—Class XIV.

Negro-land	Koro.
North Africa.—Afnu	Grua.
Asia.—Pelu (“Rain”)	Chuura.
Tuschi (“Rain”)	Kare.
Kalmuck (Rain)	Chura.
Armenian (Water)	Tschu r.[207]

Words for “Water.”—Class XV.

N. Africa.—Egypt (A Stream)	Eïoor.
(Water)	Erōn.
South Africa.—Madagascar	Rano, Rana. Ranu.
Europe.—English and Anglo-Saxon “Pluvia”	Rain.
Greek “Flowing” (applied to Water)	Rhĕōn.
Celtic (The name of a stream in Gaul)	“The Rhône.”[208]

Words for “Water.”—Class XVI.

Negro-land	Doc, Dock, M'dock.
Asia.—Tribes on the “Jenisei” River, Siberia	Dok.
Kamschatka (The Sea)	Adŭcka.
Europe.—English (“To put under water,” “A water-fowl,”—Dr. Johnson)	Duck.
S. Africa.—Hottentots (Water)	T'kohaa.

The following words for “Water” seem also to be unequivocally related viz.: Basque—Itsassoa; Negro-land—Itchi; Samoieds—Ija, Ja; South America (Cayubabans)—Ikita; North America (Katahbans)—Ejau.

[pg ApB001]