GLOSSARY.

Abnormal. Differing from the normal or usual structure.

Abortion. Imperfect development or non-development of an organ.

Abortive. Defective or barren.

Acaulescent. Stemless or apparently so.

Accumbent (cotyledon). Having the edges against the radicle.

Acerb. Sour and astringent.

Achene. A small, dry and hard, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent fruit.

Achlamydeous. Without calyx or corolla.

Acicular. Slender needle-shaped.

Acrogenous. Growing from the apex by a terminal bud or by the apical cell only.

Aculeate. Prickly, beset with prickles.

Aculeolate. Beset with diminutive prickles.

Acuminate. Tapering at the end.

Acute. Terminating with a sharp or well-defined angle.

Æstivation. The arrangement of the parts of the perianth in the bud.

Adnate. United, as the inferior ovary with the calyx-tube. Adnate anther, one attached for its whole length to the inner or outer face of the filament.

Adventive. Recently or imperfectly naturalized.

Alate. Winged.

Albumen. Any deposit of nutritive material accompanying the embryo.

Albuminous. Having albumen.

Alliaceous. Having the smell or taste of garlic.

Alternate. Not opposite to each other, as sepals and petals, or as leaves upon a stem.

Alveolate. Honeycombed, having angular depressions separated by thin partitions.

Ament. A catkin, or peculiar scaly unisexual spike.

Amphitropous (ovule or seed). Half-inverted and straight, with the hilum lateral.

Amplexicaul. Clasping the stem.

Anastomosing. Connecting by cross-veins and forming a network.

Anatropous (ovule). Inverted and straight, with the micropyle next the hilum and the radicle consequently inferior.

Androgynous (inflorescence). Composed of both staminate and pistillate flowers.

-androus. In composition, having stamens.

Angiospermous. Having the seeds borne within a pericarp.

Annual. Of only one year's duration. Winter annual, a plant from autumn-sown seed which blooms and fruits in the following spring.

Annular. In the form of a ring.

Anterior. On the front side of a flower and next the bract, remote from the axis of inflorescence, equivalent to inferior and (less properly) exterior.

Anther. The polliniferous part of a stamen.

Antheridium. In Cryptogams, the organ corresponding to an anther.

Antheriferous. Anther-bearing.

Antherizoid. One of the minute organs developed in an antheridium, corresponding to pollen-grains.

Anthesis. The time of expansion of a flower.

Apetalous. Having no petals.

Apical. Situated at the apex or tip.

Apiculate. Ending in a short pointed tip.

Appressed. Lying close and flat against.

Aquatic. Growing in water.

Arachnoid. Cobwebby, of slender entangled hairs.

Archegonium. The organ corresponding to a pistil in the higher Cryptogams.

Arcuate. Moderately curved.

Areolate. Marked out into small spaces, reticulate.

Aril. An appendage growing at or about the hilum of a seed.

Arillate. Having an aril.

Articulate. Jointed; having a node or joint.

Ascending. Rising somewhat obliquely, or curving upward. Ascending ovule, one that is attached above the base of the ovary and is directed upward.

Assurgent. Ascending.

Attenuate. Slenderly tapering, becoming very narrow.

Auricle. An ear-shaped appendage.

Auriculate. Furnished with auricles.

Awl-shaped. Narrowed upward from the base to a slender or rigid point.

Awn. A bristle-shaped appendage.

Axil. The angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem.

Axile. Situated in the axis.

Axillary. Situated in an axil.

Axis. The central line of any organ or support of a group of organs; a stem, etc.

Baccate. Berry like; pulpy throughout.

Barbed. Furnished with rigid points or short bristles, usually reflexed like the barb of a fish-hook.

Barbellate. Finely barbed.

Barbulate. Finely bearded.

Basal, Basilar. At or pertaining to the base.

Basifixed. Attached by the base.

Beaked. Ending in a beak or prolonged tip.

Bearded. Bearing a long awn, or furnished with long or stiff hairs.

Berry. A fruit the whole pericarp of which is fleshy or pulpy.

Bi- or Bis-. A Latin prefix signifying two, twice, or doubly.

Bidentate. Having two teeth.

Biennial. Of two years' duration.

Bifid. Two-cleft.

Bilabiate. Two-lipped.

Bilocellate. Having two secondary cells.

Bilocular. Two-celled.

Bisexual. Having both stamens and pistils.

Bladdery. Thin and inflated.

Blade. The limb or expanded portion of a leaf, etc.

Bract. A more or less modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an inflorescence, or sometimes cauline.

Bracteate. Having bracts.

Bracteolate. Having bractlets.

Bracteose. With numerous or conspicuous bracts.

Bractlet. A secondary bract, as one upon the pedicel of a flower.

Bristle. A stiff hair or any similar outgrowth.

Bud. The rudimentary state of a stem or branch; an unexpanded flower.

Bulb. A subterranean leaf-bud with fleshy scales or coats.

Bulbiferous. Bearing bulbs.

Bulblet. A small bulb, especially one borne upon the stem.

Bulbous. Having the character of a bulb.

Caducous. Falling off very early.

Calcarate. Produced into or having a spur.

Callus. A hard protuberance or callosity.

Calyculate. Having bracts around the calyx imitating an outer calyx.

Calyptra. The membranous hood or covering of the capsule in Hepaticæ and Mosses.

Calyx. The outer perianth of the flower.

Campanulate. Bell-shaped; cup-shaped with a broad base.

Campylospermous. Having seeds with longitudinally involute margins, as in some Umbelliferæ.

Campylotropous (ovule or seed). So curved as to bring the apex and base nearly together.

Canaliculate. Longitudinally channelled.

Canescent. Hoary with gray pubescence.

Capitate. Shaped like a head; collected into a head or dense cluster.

Capitellate. Collected into a small head.

Capsular. Belonging to or of the nature of a capsule.

Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel; the spore-case of Hepaticæ, etc.

Capsuliferous. Capsule-bearing.

Carinate. Having a keel or a projecting longitudinal medial line on the lower surface.

Carpel. A simple pistil, or one member of a compound pistil.

Cartilaginous. Of the texture of cartilage; firm and tough.

Caruncle. An excrescence or appendage at or about the hilum of a seed.

Carunculate. Having a caruncle.

Caryopsis. A grain, as of grasses; a seed-like fruit with a thin pericarp adnate to the contained seed.

Castaneous. Of a chestnut color; brown.

Catkin. An ament.

Caudate. Having a slender tail-like appendage.

Caudex. The persistent base of an otherwise annual herbaceous stem.

Caulescent. Having a manifest stem.

Cauline. Belonging to the stem.

Cavernous. Hollow; full of air-cavities.

Cell. One of the minute vesicles, of very various forms, of which plants are formed. Any structure containing a cavity, as the cells of an anther, ovary, etc.

Cellular (tissue). Composed of short transparent thin-walled cells, in distinction from fibrous or vascular.

Cespitose. Growing in tufts; forming mats or turf.

Chaff. A small thin scale or bract, becoming dry and membranous.

Chaffy. Having or resembling chaff.

Channelled. Deeply grooved longitudinally, like a gutter.

Chartaceous. Having the texture of writing-paper.

Chlorophyll. The green grains within the cells of plants.

Chlorophyllose. Containing chlorophyll.

Ciliate. Marginally fringed with hairs.

Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate.

Cinereous. Ash-color.

Circinate. Coiled from the top downward, as the young frond of a fern.

Circumscissile. Dehiscing by a regular transverse circular line of division.

Clavate. Club-shaped; gradually thickened upward.

Cleistogamous. Fertilized in the bud, without the opening of the flower.

Cleft. Cut about to the middle.

Climbing. Ascending by laying hold of surrounding objects for support.

Cluster. Any assemblage of flowers on a plant.

Clustered. Collected in a bunch of any sort.

Coalescence. The union of parts or organs of the same kind.

Coccus (pl. Cocci). One of the parts into which a lobed fruit with 1-seeded cells splits.

Cochleate. Spiral, like a snail-shell.

Cohesion. The union of one organ with another.

Columella. The persistent axis of some capsules, spore-cases, etc.

Columnar. Like a column.

Commissure. The surface by which one carpel joins another, as in the Umbelliferæ.

Comose. Furnished with a coma or tuft of hairs.

Complicate. Folded upon itself.

Compound. Composed of 2 or more similar parts united into one whole. Compound leaf, one divided into separate leaflets.

Compressed. Flattened laterally.

Conceptacle. In some Cryptogams a case or receptacle containing the organs of fructification.

Conduplicate. Folded together lengthwise.

Confluent. Running into each other; blended into one.

Coniferous. Cone-bearing.

Connate. United congenitally.

Connective. The portion of a stamen which connects the two cells of the anther.

Connivent. Coming into contact; converging.

Conoidal. Nearly conical.

Convergent. Approaching each other.

Convolute. Rolled up longitudinally.

Cordate. Heart-shaped with the point upward.

Coriaceous. Leathery in texture.

Corm. The enlarged fleshy base of a stem, bulb-like but solid.

Corolla. The inner perianth, of distinct or connate petals.

Coroniform. Shaped like a crown.

Corrugate. Wrinkled or in folds.

Corymb. A flat-topped or convex open flower-cluster, in the stricter use of the word equivalent to a contracted raceme and progressing in its flowering from the margin inward.

Corymbose. In corymbs, or corymb-like.

Cosmopolite. Found in most parts of the globe (of plants).

Costa. A rib; a midrib or mid-nerve.

Costate. Ribbed; having one or more longitudinal ribs or nerves.

Cotyledons. The foliar portion or first leaves (one, two, or more) of the embryo as found in the seed.

Crateriform. In the shape of a saucer or cup, hemispherical or more shallow.

Creeping. Running along or under the ground and rooting.

Crenate. Dentate with the teeth much rounded.

Crenulate. Finely crenate.

Crested, Cristate. Bearing an elevated appendage resembling a crest.

Crown. An inner appendage to a petal, or to the throat of a corolla.

Cruciate. Cross-shaped.

Crustaceous. Of hard and brittle texture.

Cucullate. Hooded or hood-shaped; cowled.

Culm. The peculiar stem of sedges and grasses.

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped; triangular with the acute angle downward.

Cuspidate. Tipped with a cusp, or sharp and rigid point.

Cylindraceous. Somewhat or nearly cylindrical.

Cyme. A usually broad and flattish determinate inflorescence, i.e. with its central or terminal flowers blooming earliest.

Cymose. Bearing cymes or cyme-like.

Deciduous. Not persistent; not evergreen.

Decompound. More than once compound or divided.

Decumbent. Reclining, but with the summit ascending.

Decurrent (leaf). Extending down the stem below the insertion.

Decurved. Curved downward.

Decussate. Alternating in pairs at right angles, or in threes.

Definite. Of a constant number, not exceeding twenty.

Deflexed. Bent or turned abruptly downward.

Dehiscent. Opening regularly by valves, slits, etc., as a capsule or anther.

Deltoid. Shaped like the Greek letter Δ

Dentate. Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outward.

Denticulate. Minutely dentate.

Depressed. Somewhat flattened from above.

Di-, Dis-. A Greek prefix signifying two or twice.

Diadelphous (stamens). Combined in two sets.

Diandrous. Having two stamens.

Dicarpellary. Composed of two carpels.

Dichotomous. Forking regularly by pairs.

Dicotyledonous. Having two cotyledons.

Didymous. Twin; found in pairs.

Didynamous (stamens). In two pairs of unequal length.

Diffuse. Widely or loosely spreading.

Digitate. Compound, with the members borne in a whorl at the apex of the support.

Dimerous (flower). Having all the parts in twos.

Dimidiate. In halves, as if one half were wanting.

Dimorphous. Occurring in two forms.

Diœcious. Unisexual, with the two kinds of flowers on separate plants.

Discoid. Resembling a disk. Discoid head, in Compositæ, one without ray-flowers.

Disk. A development of the receptacle at or around the base of the pistil. In Compositæ, the tubular flowers of the head as distinct from the ray.

Dissected. Cut or divided into numerous segments.

Dissepiment. A partition in an ovary or fruit.

Distichous. In two vertical ranks.

Distinct. Separate; not united, evident.

Divaricate. Widely divergent.

Divergent. Inclined away from each other.

Divided. Lobed to the base.

Dorsal. Upon or relating to the back or outer surface of an organ.

Drupaceous. Resembling or of the nature of a drupe.

Drupe. A fleshy or pulpy fruit with the inner portion of the pericarp (1-celled and 1-seeded, or sometimes several-celled) hard or stony.

Drupelet. A diminutive drupe.

E- or Ex-. A Latin prefix having often a privative signification, as ebracteate, without bracts.

Echinate. Beset with prickles.

Effuse. Very loosely spreading.

Elater. A usually spirally marked thread found in the capsules of most Hepaticæ.

Ellipsoidal. Nearly elliptical; of solids, elliptical in outline.

Elliptical. In the form of an ellipse, oval.

Emarginate. Having a shallow notch at the extremity.

Embryo. The rudimentary plantlet within the seed.

Endocarp. The inner layer of a pericarp.

Endogenous. Growing throughout the substance of the stem, instead of by superficial layers.

Entire. Without toothing or division.

Ephemeral. Lasting only for one day.

Epidermis. The cuticle or thin membrane covering the outer surface.

Epigynous. Growing on the summit of the ovary, or apparently so.

Epiphyte. A plant growing attached to another plant, but not parasitic; an air-plant.

Eporose. Without pores.

Equitant. Astride, used of conduplicate leaves which enfold each other in two ranks, as in Iris.

Erect. Vertical; upright as respects the plane of the base.

Erose. As if gnawed.

Exalbuminous. Without albumen.

Excurrent. Running out, as a nerve of a leaf projecting beyond the margin.

Exfoliating. Cleaving off in thin layers.

Exogenous. Growing by annular layers near the surface; belonging to the Exogens.

Exserted. Projecting beyond an envelope, as stamens from a corolla.

Extrorse. Facing outward.

Falcate. Scythe-shaped, curved and flat, tapering gradually.

Farinaceous. Containing starch, starch-like.

Farinose. Covered with a meal-like powder.

Fascicle. A close bundle or cluster.

Fastigiate (branches). Erect and near together.

Ferruginous. Rust-color.

Fertile. Capable of producing fruit, or productive, as a flower having a pistil, or an anther with pollen.

Fibrillose. Furnished or abounding with fine fibres.

Fibrous. Composed of or resembling fibres. Fibrous tissue, a tissue formed of elongated thick-walled cells.

Fibro-vascular. Composed of woody fibres and ducts.

Filament. The part of a stamen which supports the anther; any thread-like body.

Filamentous. Composed of threads.

Filiferous. Thread-bearing.

Filiform. Thread-shaped; long, slender, and terete.

Fimbriate. Fringed.

Fimbrillate. Having a minute fringe.

Fingered. Digitate.

Fistular. Hollow and cylindrical.

Flaccid. Without rigidity, lax and weak.

Fleshy. Succulent; juicy; of the consistence of flesh.

Flexuous. Zigzag; bending alternately in opposite directions.

Floccose. Clothed with locks of soft hair or wool.

Foliaceous. Leaf-like in texture or appearance.

foliate. Having leaves.

-foliolate. Having leaflets.

Follicle. A fruit consisting of a single carpel, dehiscing by the ventral suture.

Follicular. Like a follicle.

Forked. Divided into nearly equal branches.

Fornicate. Arched over, as the corona of some Borraginaceæ, closing the throat.

Free. Not adnate to other organs.

Friable. Easily crumbled.

Frond. The leaf of Ferns and some other Cryptogams; also in some Phænogams, as in Lemnaceæ, where it serves for stem as well as foliage.

Fruit. The seed-bearing product of a plant, simple, compound, or aggregated, of whatever form.

Fugacious. Falling or fading very early.

Funicle. The free stalk of an ovule or seed.

Fuscous. Grayish-brown.

Fusiform. Spindle-shaped; swollen in the middle and narrowing toward each end.

Galea. A hooded or helmet-shaped portion of a perianth, as the upper sepal of Aconitum, and the upper lip of some bilabiate corollas.

Galeate. Helmet-shaped; having a galea.

Gamopetalous. Having the petals of the corolla more or less united.

Gamophyllous. Composed of coalescent leaves, sepals, or petals.

Gemma. A bud or body analogous to a bud by which a plant propagates itself.

Gemmiparous. Producing gemmæ.

Geniculate. Bent abruptly, like a knee.

Gibbous. Protuberant or swollen on one side.

Glabrate. Somewhat glabrous, or becoming glabrous.

Glabrous. Smooth; not rough, pubescent, or hairy.

Gland. A secreting surface or structure; any protuberance or appendage having the appearance of such an organ.

Glandular. Bearing glands or of the nature of a gland.

Glaucous. Covered or whitened with a bloom.

Globose, Globular. Spherical or nearly so.

Glochidiate. Barbed at the tip.

Glomerate. Compactly clustered.

Glumaceous. Furnished with or resembling glumes.

Glume. One of the chaffy bracts of the inflorescence of Grasses.

Granular. Composed of small grains.

Gregarious. Growing in groups or clusters.

Gymnospermous. Bearing naked seeds, without an ovary.

Gynandrous. Having the stamens borne upon the pistil, as in Orchidaceæ.

Gynobase. An enlargement or prolongation of the receptacle bearing the ovary.

Habit. The general appearance of a plant.

Halberd-shaped. The same as Hastate.

Hastate. Like an arrow-head, but with the basal lobes pointing outward nearly at right angles.

Head. A dense cluster of sessile or nearly sessile flowers on a very short axis or receptacle.

Heart-shaped. Ovate with a sinus at base.

Herb. A plant with no persistent woody stem above ground.

Herbaceous. Having the characters of an herb; leaf-like in color and texture.

Heterocarpous. Producing more than one kind of fruit.

Heterogamous. Bearing two kinds of flowers.

Hilum. The scar or point of attachment of the seed.

Hirsute. Pubescent with rather coarse or stiff hairs.

Hispid. Beset with rigid or bristly hairs or with bristles.

Hispidulous. Minutely hispid.

Hoary. Grayish-white with a fine close pubescence.

Homogamous. Bearing but one kind of flowers.

Hooded. Shaped like a hood or cowl.

Hyaline. Transparent or translucent.

Hybrid. A cross-breed of two species.

Hypogynous. Situated on the receptacle beneath the ovary and free from it and from the calyx; having the petals and stamens so situated.

Imbricate. Overlapping, either vertically or spirally, where the lower piece covers the base of the next higher, or laterally, as in the æstivation of a calyx or corolla, where at least one piece must be wholly external and one internal.

Immersed. Growing wholly under water; wholly covered by the involucral leaves, as sometimes the capsule in Hepaticæ.

Incised. Cut sharply and irregularly, more or less deeply.

Included. Not at all protruded from the surrounding envelope.

Incubous (leaf). Having the tip or upper margin overlapping the lower margin of the leaf above.

Incumbent (cotyledons). Lying with the back of one against the radicle.

Indefinite (stamens). Inconstant in number or very numerous.

Indehiscent. Not opening by valves, etc.; remaining persistently closed.

Indigenous. Native and original to the country.

Indurated. Hardened.

Indusium. The proper (often shield-shaped) covering of the sorus or fruit-dot in Ferns.

Inequilateral. Unequal-sided.

Inferior. Lower or below; outer or anterior. Inferior ovary, one that is adnate to the calyx.

Inflated. Bladdery.

Inflorescence. The flowering part of a plant, and especially the mode of its arrangement.

Infra-. In composition, below; as infra-axillary, below the axil.

Innovation. An offshoot from the stem.

Inserted. Attached to or growing out of.

Inter- or intra-. In composition, between.

Interfoliaceous. Between the leaves of a pair as the stipules of many Rubiaceæ.

Internode. The portion of a stem between two nodes.

Intramarginal. Within and near the margin.

Introrse. Turned inward or toward the axis.

Involucel. A secondary involucre, as that of an umbellet in Umbelliferæ.

Involucellate. Having an involucel.

Involucral. Belonging to an involucre.

Involucrate. Having an involucre.

Involucre. A circle or collection of bracts surrounding a flower cluster or head, or a single flower.

Involute. Rolled inward.

Irregular (flower). Showing inequality in the size, form, or union of its similar parts.

Julaceous. Resembling a catkin in appearance.

Keel. A central dorsal ridge, like the keel of a boat; the two anterior united petals of a papilionaceous flower.

Kidney-shaped. Crescentic with the ends broad and rounded; reniform.

Labiate. Lipped; belonging to the Labiatæ.

Lacerate. Irregularly cleft as if torn.

Laciniate. Slashed; cut into narrow pointed lobes.

Lamella. A thin flat plate or laterally flattened ridge.

Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head, broadest above the base and narrowed to the apex.

Lateral. Belonging to or borne on the side.

Lax. Loose and slender.

Leaflet. A single division of a compound leaf.

Legume. The fruit of the Leguminosæ, formed of a simple pistil and usually dehiscent by both sutures.

Leguminous. Pertaining to a legume or to the Leguminosæ.

Lenticular. Lentil-shaped; of the shape of a double-convex lens.

Lepidote. Beset with small scurfy scales.

Ligulate. Furnished with a ligule.

Ligule. A strap-shaped corolla, as in the ray-flowers of Compositæ; a thin scarious projection from the summit of the sheath in Grasses.

Liliaceous. Lily-like; belonging to the Liliaceæ.

Limb. The expanded portion of a gamopetalous corolla, above the throat; the expanded portion of any petal, or of a leaf.

Linear. Long and narrow, with parallel margins.

Lip. Each of the upper and lower divisions of a bilabiate corolla or calyx; the peculiar upper petal in Orchids.

Lobe. Any segment of an organ, especially if rounded.

Lobed. Divided into or bearing lobes.

-locular. In composition, having cells.

Loculicidal. Dehiscent into the cavity of a cell through the dorsal suture.

Lunate. Of the shape of a half-moon or crescent.

Lunulate. Diminutive of Lunate.

Lyrate. Pinnatifid with a large and rounded terminal lobe, and the lower lobes small.

Macrospore. The larger kind of spore in Selaginellaceæ, etc.

Marcescent. Withering but persistent.

Marginal. Along or near the edge.

Marginate. Furnished with a border peculiar in texture or appearance.

Mealy. Farinaceous.

Membranaceous, Membranous. Thin and rather soft and more or less translucent.

Meniscoid. Concavo-convex.

Mericarp. One of the achene-like carpels of Umbelliferæ.

-merous. In composition, having parts, as 2-merous, having two parts of each kind.

Micropyle. The point upon the seed at which was the orifice of the ovule.

Microspore. The smaller kind of spore in Selaginellaceæ, etc.

Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf.

Mitriform. Shaped like a mitre or cap.

Monadelphous (stamens). United by their filaments into a tube or column.

Moniliform. Resembling a string of beads; cylindrical with contractions at intervals.

Monocotyledonous. Having but one cotyledon.

Monœcious. With stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the same plant.

Mucilaginous. Slimy; containing mucilage.

Mucro. A short and small abrupt tip.

Mucronate. Tipped with a mucro.

Multifid. Cleft into many lobes or segments.

Muricate. Rough with short hard points.

Muriculate. Very finely muricate.

Naked. Bare; without the usual covering or appendages.

Nectary. Any place or organ where nectar is secreted.

Nectariferous. Producing nectar.

Nerve. A simple or unbranched vein or slender rib.

Node. The place upon a stem which normally bears a leaf or whorl of leaves.

Nodose. Knotty or knobby.

Nucleus. The germ-cell of the ovule, which by fertilization becomes the seed; the kernel of a seed.

Numerous. Indefinite in number.

Nut. A hard indehiscent 1-celled and 1-seeded fruit, though usually resulting from a compound ovary.

Nutlet. A diminutive nut.

Ob-. A Latin prefix, usually carrying the idea of inversion.

Obcompressed. Compressed dorso-ventrally instead of laterally.

Obconically. Inversely conical, having the attachment at the apex.

Obcordate. Inverted heart-shaped.

Oblanceolate. Lanceolate with the broadest part toward the apex.

Oblique. Unequal-sided or slanting.

Oblong. Considerably longer than broad and with nearly parallel sides.

Obovate. Inverted ovate.

Obovoid. Having the form of an inverted egg.

Obsolete. Not evident; rudimentary.

Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at the end.

Ocrea. A leggin-shaped or tubular stipule.

Ocreate. Having sheathing stipules.

Ochroleucous. Yellowish-white.

Officinal. Of the shops; used in medicine or the arts.

Oospore. The fertilized nucleus or germ-cell of the archegonium in Cryptogams, from which the new plant is directly developed.

Opaque. Dull; not smooth and shining.

Operculate. Furnished with a lid.

Operculum. A lid; the upper portion of a circumscissile capsule.

Orbicular. Circular.

Orthotropous (ovule or seed). Erect, with the orifice or micropyle at the apex.

Oval., Broadly elliptical.

Ovary. The part of the pistil that contains the ovules.

Ovate. Egg-shaped; having an outline like that of an egg, with the broader end downward.

Ovoid. A solid with an oval outline.

Ovule. The body which after fertilization becomes the seed.

Ovuliferous. Bearing ovules.

Palate. A rounded projection of the lower lip of a personate corolla, closing the throat.

Paleaceous. Chaffy.

Palet. The upper thin chaffy or hyaline bract which with the glume encloses the flower in Grasses.

Palmate (leaf). Radiately lobed or divided.

Palmately. In a palmate manner.

Panicle. A loose irregularly compound inflorescence with pedicellate flowers.

Panicled, Paniculate. Borne in a panicle; resembling a panicle.

Papilionaceous (corolla). Having a standard, wings, and keel, as in the peculiar corolla of many Leguminosæ.

Papillose. Bearing minute nipple-shaped projections.

Pappus. The modified calyx-limb in Compositæ, forming a crown of very various character at the summit of the achene.

Parasitic. Growing on and deriving nourishment from another plant.

Parietal. Borne on or pertaining to the wall or inner surface of a capsule.

Parted. Cleft nearly but not quite to the base.

Partial. Of secondary rank.

Pectinate. Pinnatifid with narrow closely set segments; comb-like.

Pedate. Palmately divided or parted, with the lateral segments 2-cleft.

Pedicel. The support of a single flower.

Pedicellate. Borne on a pedicel.

Peduncle. A primary flower-stalk, supporting either a cluster or a solitary flower.

Pedunculate. Borne upon a peduncle.

Peltate. Shield-formed and attached to the support by the lower surface.

Pendulous. More or less hanging or declined. Pendulous ovule, one that hangs from the side of the cell.

Perennial. Lasting year after year.

Perfect (flower). Having both pistil and stamens.

Perfoliate (leaf). Having the stem apparently passing through it.

Perianth. The floral envelope, consisting of the calyx and corolla (when present), whatever their form; in Hepaticæ, the inner usually sac-like involucre of the archegonium.

Pericarp. The matured ovary.

Perigynium. The inflated sac which encloses the ovary in Carex.

Perigynous. Adnate to the perianth, and therefore around the ovary and not at its base.

Persistent. Long-continuous, as a calyx upon the fruit, leaves through winter, etc.

Personate (corolla). Bilabiate, and the throat closed by a prominent palate.

Petal. A division of the corolla.

Petaloid. Colored and resembling a petal.

Petiolate. Having a petiole.

Petiole. The footstalk of a leaf.

Phænogamous. Having flowers with stamens and pistils and producing seeds.

Phyllodium. A somewhat dilated petiole having the form of and serving as a leaf-blade.

Pilose. Hairy, especially with soft hairs.

Pinna (pl. Pinnæ). One of the primary divisions of a pinnate or compoundly pinnate frond or leaf.

Pinnate (leaf). Compound, with the leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole.

Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft.

Pinnule. A secondary pinna; one of the pinnately disposed divisions of a pinna.

Pistil. The seed-bearing organ of the flower, consisting of the ovary, stigma, and style when present.

Pistillate. Provided with pistils, and, in its more proper sense, without stamens.

Pitted. Marked with small depressions or pits.

Placenta. Any part of the interior of the ovary which bears ovules.

Plane. Flat; with a flat surface or surfaces.

Plicate. Folded into plaits, usually lengthwise.

Plumose. Having fine hairs on each side, like the plume of a feather, as the pappus-bristles of Thistles.

Plumule. The bud or growing point of the embryo.

Pod. Any dry and dehiscent fruit.

Pointed. Acuminate.

Pollen. The fecundating grains contained in the anther.

Polliniferous. Bearing pollen.

Pollinium (pl. Pollinia). A mass of waxy pollen or of coherent pollen-grains, as in Asclepias and Orchids.

Polypetalous. Having separate petals.

Pome. A kind of fleshy fruit of which the apple is the type.

Porose. Pierced with small holes or pores.

Posterior. In an axillary flower, on the side nearest to the axis of inflorescence.

Posticous. On the posterior side; extrorse.

Præmorse. Appearing as if bitten off.

Prickle. A small spine or more or less slender sharp outgrowth from the bark or rind.

Prismatic. Of the shape of a prism, angular, with flat sides, and of nearly uniform size throughout.

Procumbent. Lying on the ground.

Proliferous. Producing offshoots.

Prostrate. Lying flat upon the ground.

Proterogynous. Having the stigma ripe for the pollen before the maturity of the anthers of the same flower.

Prothallus. A cellular usually flat and thallus-like growth, resulting from the germination of a spore, upon which are developed sexual organs or new plants.

Pseudaxillary. Terminal but becoming apparently axillary by the growth of a lateral branch.

Pseudo-costate. False-ribbed, as where a marginal vein or rib is formed by the confluence of the true veins.

Pteridophytes. Fern-plants; Ferns and their allies.

Puberulent. Minutely pubescent.

Pubescent. Covered with hairs, especially if short, soft and downy.

Punctate. Dotted with depressions or with translucent internal glands or colored dots.

Puncticulate. Minutely punctate.

Pungent. Terminating in a rigid sharp point; acrid.

Putamen. The shell of a nut; the bony part of a stone-fruit.

Quadrate. Nearly square in form.

Raceme. A simple inflorescence of pedicelled flowers upon a common more or less elongated axis.

Racemose. In racemes; or resembling a raceme.

Radiate. Spreading from or arranged around a common centre; bearing ray-flowers.

Radical. Belonging to or proceeding from the root or base of the stem near the ground.

Radicle. The portion of the embryo below the cotyledons, more properly called the caudicle.

Radiculose. Bearing rootlets.

Rameal. Belonging to a branch.

Ramification. Branching.

Ray. The branch of an umbel; the marginal flowers of an inflorescence when distinct from the disk.

Receptacle. The more or less expanded or produced portion of an axis which bears the organs of a flower (the torus) or the collected flowers of a head; any similar structure in Cryptogams.

Recurved. Curved downward or backward.

Reflexed. Abruptly bent or turned downward.

Regular. Uniform in shape or structure.

Reniform. Kidney-shaped.

Repand. With a slightly uneven and somewhat sinuate margin.

Resiniferous. Producing resin.

Reticulate. In the form of network; net-veined.

Retrorse. Directed back or downward.

Retuse. With a shallow notch at a rounded apex.

Revolute. Rolled backward from the margins or apex.

Rhachis. The axis of a spike or of a compound leaf.

Rhaphe. The ridge or adnate funicle which in an anatropous ovule connects the two ends.

Rhizome. Any prostrate or subterranean stem, usually rooting at the nodes and becoming erect at the apex. Very variable in character, and including morphologically the tuber, corm, bulb, etc.

Rhombic, Rhomboidal, Somewhat lozenge-shaped; obliquely four-sided.

Rib. A primary or prominent vein of a leaf.

Ringent. Gaping, as the mouth of an open bilabiate corolla.

Root. The underground part of a plant which supplies it with nourishment.

Rootstock. Same as Rhizome.

Rostrate. Having a beak or spur.

Rosulate. In the form of a rosette.

Rotate (corolla). Wheel-shaped; flat and circular in outline.

Rotund. Rounded in outline.

Rudiment. A very partially developed organ; a vestige.

Rudimentary. But slightly developed.

Rufous. Reddish brown.

Rugose. Wrinkled.

Runcinate. Sharply incised, with the segments directed backward.

Runner. A filiform or very slender stolon.

Saccate. Sac-shaped.

Sagittate. Shaped like an arrow-head, the basal lobes directed downward.

Salver-shaped (corolla). Having a slender tube abruptly expanded into a flat limb.

Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit.

Scabrous. Rough to the touch.

Scalariform (vessels). Having transverse markings like the rounds of a ladder.

Scape. A peduncle rising from the ground, naked or without proper foliage.

Scapose. Bearing or resembling a scape.

Scarious. Thin, dry, and membranaceous, not green.

Scorpioid (inflorescence). Circinately coiled while in bud.

Scurf. Small bran-like scales on the epidermis.

Scymitar-shaped (leaf). Curved with a flat-triangular section, the straighter edge the thickest.

Seed. The ripened ovule, consisting of the embryo and its proper coats.

Segment. One of the parts of a leaf or other like organ that is cleft or divided.

Sepal. A division of a calyx.

Septicidal (capsule). Dehiscing through the partitions and between the cells.

Septum. Any kind of partition.

Serrate. Having teeth pointing forward.

Serrulate. Finely serrate.

Sessile. Without footstalk of any kind.

Setaceous. Bristle-like.

Setose. Beset with bristles.

Setulose. Having minute bristles.

Sheath. A tubular envelope, as the lower part of the leaf in Grasses.

Sheathing. Enclosing as by a sheath.

Shrub. A woody perennial, smaller than a tree.

Silicle. A short silique.

Silique. The peculiar pod of Cruciferæ.

Silky. Covered with close-pressed soft and straight pubescence.

Simple. Of one piece; not compound.

Sinuate. With the outline of the margin strongly wavy.

Sinus. The cleft or recess between two lobes.

Smooth. Without roughness or pubescence.

Sorus (pl. Sori). A heap or cluster, applied to the fruit-dots of Ferns.

Spadix. A spike with a fleshy axis.

Spathe. A large bract or pair of bracts enclosing an inflorescence.

Spatulate. Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit.

Spicate. Arranged in or resembling a spike.

Spiciform. Spike-like.

Spike. A form of simple inflorescence with the flowers sessile or nearly so upon a more or less elongated common axis.

Spikelet. A small or secondary spike.

Spindle-shaped. Same as Fusiform.

Spine. A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth from the stem.

Spinose. Spine-like, or having spines.

Sporangium. A spore-case.

Spore. The reproductive organ in Cryptogams which corresponds to a seed.

Sporocarp. The fruit-cases of certain Cryptogams containing sporangia or spores.

Spur. A hollow sac-like or tubular extension of some part of a blossom, usually nectariferous.

Squamula. A reduced scale, as the hypogynous scales in Grasses.

Squarrose. Having spreading and projecting processes, such as the tips of involucral scales.

Squarrulose. Diminutively squarrose.

Stamen. One of the pollen-bearing or fertilizing organs of the flower.

Staminodium. A sterile stamen, or any structure without anther corresponding to a stamen.

Standard. The upper dilated petal of a papilionaceous corolla.

Stellate, Stelliform. Star-shaped.

Stem. The main ascending axis of a plant.

Sterile. Unproductive, as a flower without pistil, or stamen without an anther.

Stigma. That part of a pistil through which fertilization by the pollen is effected.

Stigmatic. Belonging to or characteristic of the stigma.

Stipe. The stalk-like support of a pistil; the leaf-stalk of a Fern.

Stipitate. Having a stipe.

Stipular. Belonging to stipules.

Stipulate. Having stipules.

Stipule. An appendage at the base of a petiole or on each side of its insertion.

Stolon. A runner, or any basal branch that is disposed to root.

Stoloniferous. Producing stolons.

Stoma (pl. Stomata). An orifice in the epidermis of a leaf communicating with internal air-cavities.

Striate. Marked with fine longitudinal lines or ridges.

Strict. Very straight and upright.

Strigose. Beset with appressed sharp straight and stiff hairs.

Strobile. An inflorescence marked by imbricated bracts or scales, as in the Hop and Pine-cone.

Strophiole. An appendage at the hilum of certain seeds.

Style. The usually attenuated portion of the pistil connecting the stigma and ovary.

Stylopodium. A disk-like expansion at the base of a style, as in Umbelliferæ.

Sub-. A Latin prefix, usually signifying somewhat or slightly.

Subulate. Awl-shaped.

Succubous (leaves). Having the upper margin of a leaf covered by the base of the one above.

Succulent. Juicy; fleshy.

Suffrutescent. Slightly or obscurely shrubby.

Suffruticose. Very low and woody; diminutively shrubby.

Sulcate. Grooved or furrowed.

Superior (ovary). Free from the calyx.

Suspended (ovule). Hanging from the apex of the cell.

Suture. A line of dehiscence.

Symmetrical (flower). Regular as to the number of its parts; having the same number of parts in each circle.

Synonym. A superseded or unused name.

Tail. Any slender terminal prolongation.

Terete. Having a circular transverse section.

Terminal. At or belonging to the apex.

Ternary. Consisting of three.

Ternate. In threes.

Tetradynamous. Having four long and two shorter stamens.

Tetragonal. Four-angled.

Thalamiflorous. Having the parts of the flower hypogynous.

Thalloid, Thallose. Resembling a thallus.

Thallus. In Cryptogams, a cellular expansion taking the place of stem and foliage.

Throat. The orifice of a gamopetalous corolla or calyx; the part between the proper tube and the limb.

Thyrse. A contracted or ovate and usually compact panicle.

Thyrsoid. Resembling a thyrse.

Tomentose. Densely pubescent with matted wool.

Tooth. Any small marginal lobe.

Torose. Cylindrical with contractions at intervals.

Torulose. Diminutive of Torose.

Torus. The receptacle of a flower.

Transverse. Across; in a right and left direction.

Tri-. In composition, three or thrice.

Triandrous. Having three stamens.

Trifoliolate. Having three leaflets.

Trigonous. Three-angled.

Trimorphous. Occurring under three forms.

Triquetrous. Having three salient angles, the sides concave or channelled.

Truncate. Ending abruptly, as if cut off transversely.

Tuber. A thickened and short subterranean branch, having numerous buds or eyes.

Tubercle. A small tuber or tuber-like body.

Tuberiferous. Bearing tubers.

Tuberous. Having the character of a tuber; tuber-like in appearance.

Tumid. Swollen.

Tunicated. Having concentric coats, as an onion.

Turbinate. Top-shaped; inversely conical.

Twining. Winding spirally about a support.

Umbel. An inflorescence in which a cluster of peduncles or pedicels spring from the same point.

Umbellate. In or like an umbel.

Umbellet. A secondary umbel.

Umbonate. Bearing a stout projection in the centre; bossed.

Underleaves. The small accessory leaves or stipules on the under side of the stem in Hepaticæ.

Undulate. With a wavy surface; repand.

Unguiculate. Contracted at base into a claw.

Uni-. In composition, one.

Unisexual. Of one sex, either staminate or pistillate only.

Urceolate. Hollow and cylindrical or ovoid, and contracted at or below the mouth, like an urn.

Utricle. A small bladdery 1-seeded fruit; any small bladder-like body.

Valvate. Opening by valves, as a capsule; in æstivation, meeting by the edges without overlapping.

Valve. One of the pieces into which a capsule splits.

Vascular. Furnished with vessels or ducts.

Veins. Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in a leaf or other organ, especially those which branch (as distinguished from nerves).

Ventral. Belonging to the anterior or inner face of an organ; the opposite of dorsal.

Ventricose. Swelling unequally, or inflated on one side.

Vernation. The arrangement of leaves in the bud.

Verrucose. Covered with wart-like elevations.

Versatile (anther). Attached near the middle and turning freely on its support.

Vertical. Perpendicular to the horizon; longitudinal.

Verticillate. Disposed in a whorl.

Vesicle. A small bladder or air-cavity.

Vesicular, Vesiculose. Composed of or covered with vesicles.

Villous. Bearing long and soft hairs.

Virgate. Wand-shaped; slender, straight and erect.

Viscid. Glutinous; sticky.

Whorl. An arrangement of leaves, etc., in a circle round the stem.

Wing. Any membranous or thin expansion bordering or surrounding an organ; the lateral petal of a papilionaceous corolla.

Woolly. Clothed with long and tortuous or matted hairs.

INDEX.

[Synonyms in Italics.]

PLATES
WITH EXPLANATIONS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

CYPERUS.—(1) Small plant of C. diandrus; (2) a spikelet magnified; (3) a piece of the rhachis with one scale enclosing its flower; (4) a separate flower more magnified.—(5) C. erythrorhizos, a spikelet magnified; the lower scales and flowers have fallen, showing the small internal scales of the section Papyrus, formed of the winged margins of the joints of the rhachis detached; (6) a separate one, more enlarged; (7) a flower; (8) an achene, cut in two.—(9) C. dentatus, a piece of the rhachis of a spike with the lower part of one scale, showing how it is decurrent on the joint beneath (cut across) to form scale-like wings.

DULICHIUM.—(1) Upper part of a plant of D. spathaceum; (2) part of a spikelet somewhat enlarged; (3) piece of rhachis, and one scale decurrent on the joint beneath; (4) magnified flower.

KYLLINGA.—(1) Plant of K. pumila; (2) one-flowered spikelet on a piece of the rhachis, enlarged; (3) the same, more enlarged and open; (4) achene; and (5) section of same magnified.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

HEMICARPHA.—(1) Plant of H. subsquarrosa, natural size; (2) a spikelet enlarged, with its bract; (3) magnified scale of the same; (5) a flower, with its single stamen and minute internal scale, magnified; (6) achene, magnified.

LIPOCARPHA.—(1) Upper part of plants of L. maculata, with spikelets; (2) diagram of a flower, representing the ovary between the two internal scales, a single stamen, the scale of the spikelet on one side, and the axis of the spikelet on the other; (3) scale of spikelet detached; (4) a flower with its two inner scales; (5) achene, magnified.

FUIRENA.—(1) Upper portion of plant of F. squarrosa, var. pumila; (2) scale of spike enclosing a flower; (3) open scale of same; (4) flower; (5) one of the scales and one of the bristles of the perianth; (6) achene, and (7) section of same.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

ELEOCHARIS.—(1) Small plant of E. olivacea; (2) the spikelet enlarged; (3) detached scale; (4) flower; (5) achene and bristles.—(6) E. quadrangulata, spikelet; (7) a scale; (8) flower; (9) achene and bristles.—(10) E. tuberculosa; the achene with its great tubercle, and bristles.

SCIRPUS.—(1) Summit of plant of small S. debilis; (2) a spikelet; (3) a scale of the same, and (4) flower; (5) achene with its bristles.

ERIOPHORUM.—(1) Small plant of E. alpinum, in flower; (2) spikelet; (3) a scale, and (4) a flower from the same; (5) the spikelet, in fruit, the bristles forming a cottony tuft; (6) achene and its bristles.—(6, under Scirpus) a small portion of the inflorescence of E. cyperinum; (7) a flower; (8) a spikelet in fruit; (9) achene from the same, with the tortuous bristles; (10) section of the achene.

FIMBRISTYLIS.—(1) Summit of a small flowering stem of F. laxa; (2) a spikelet of the same; (3) a detached scale, and (4) a flower of the same; (5) achene.—F. autumnalis, (6), a spikelet, enlarged; (7) flower; (8) achene, and (9) section of the same.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

DICHROMENA.—(1) Head and involucre of D. latifolia; (2) a scale from one of the spikelets, and (3) the same cut across; (4) a flower; (5) achene with its tubercle.

PSILOCARYA.—(1) Part of plant, (2) enlarged spikelet, (3) detached scale, (4) flower, and (5) achene with its beak, of P. scirpoides.

RHYNCHOSPORA.—(1) Upper part of flowering stem of R. Torreyana; (2) a spikelet; (3) detached flower; (4) achene, with short bristles at its base; (5) one of these bristles more magnified.

R. (§ CERATOSCHŒNUS).—(1) Upper part of fruiting plant, (2) detached spikelet, (3) flower, and (4) beaked achene, with its bristles, of R. macrostachya.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

CLADIUM.—(1) Summit of a plant of C. mariscoides; (2) detached spikelet; (3) same, open, showing a staminate and a perfect flower; (4) the nut-like achene, and (5) the longitudinal section of the same.

SCLERIA.—(6) Summit of a flowering stem of S. reticularis; (7) three spikelets from a cluster, the middle one pistillate, the lateral ones staminate; (8) staminate spikelet displaying four male flowers, the filaments of two of them having lost their anthers; (9) pistillate spikelet displaying a single pistillate flower; (10) achene with the 3-lobed double cup underneath.

CAREX.—(11) Plant of C. pauciflora; (12) a staminate flower with its scale; (13) scale, and (14) mature pistillate flower, in its perigynium; (15) cross section of perigynium and of the contained achene; (16) achene on its stalk, style and stigmas.—(17) C. Jamesii, upper part of flowering plant; (18) the spike enlarged; (19) a staminate flower and its scale; (20) pistillate flower in its perigynium; (21) the same with half the perigynium cut away to show the contained achene and style.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

CAREX.—(1) C. trisperma, upper part of a stem in fruit; (2) enlarged spike displayed, with three staminate and two pistillate flowers; (3) a scale, and (4) a ripe perigynium, of the latter; with (5) a section of the perigynium near the base, and of the contained achene.—(6) C. straminea, var. brevior, summit of a fruiting plant; (7) a spike enlarged; (8) scale of a pistillate flower; (9) the winged perigynium and the contained achene cut across; (10) detached achene with persistent style and stigmas.—(11) C. umbellata, whole plant; (12) a perigynium and its scale; (13) cross-section toward the base of perigynium and its contained achene; (14) detached achene with its persistent style and stigmas.—C. bullata; (15) upper part of plant in fruit, with one pistillate and two staminate spikes; (16) one of its staminate flowers with the scale; (17) a pistillate scale, and (18) mature perigynium; (19) longitudinal section of the latter, showing the achene and its style, and (20) cross-section of the same.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

LEERSIA.—(1) Panicle of L. oryzoides, reduced in size; (2) a branchlet of the same, with its spikelets, of the natural size; and (3) an open spikelet in flower, enlarged.

ZIZANIA.—(1) A staminate, and (2) a pistillate flower or spikelet of Z. aquatica; (3) a magnified pistil with a pair of squamulæ or hypogynous scales; (4) a grain, and a magnified longitudinal section of the lower part of the same, showing the embryo at the outside of the base of the albumen.

ALOPECURUS.—(1) Part of a plant of A. geniculatus, in flower; (2) a few spikelets from the spike-like inflorescence, moderately magnified; (3) an open spikelet in flower, more magnified, and (4) the single flowering glume detached.

PHLEUM.—A detached spikelet of P. pratense, having the flower with its glume and palet raised above the empty glumes, magnified.

HELEOCHLOA.—(1) Inflorescence of H. schœnoides; (2) a separate enlarged spikelet; and (3) the same open, in flower.

SPOROBOLUS.—(1) A spikelet of S. cryptandrus, magnified; (2) the same, with the flower open, raised above the empty glumes; and (3) the fruit, more magnified, showing the seed loose in the pericarp (utricle).—(4) An enlarged spikelet of E. vaginæflora; and (5) the same displayed.

AGROSTIS.—(1) Panicle of A. alba, var. vulgaris, with (2) an enlarged open spikelet of the same; also (3) the rough pedicel and glumes of A. scabra, with the flower separated, the latter having no palet.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

POLYPOGON.—(1) Spike-like contracted panicle of P. Monspeliensis; (2) an enlarged detached spikelet, showing the long awns to the empty glumes; (3) the same open in flower; and (4) a separate flower without the empty glumes.

CINNA.—(1) A magnified spikelet of C. arundinacea; and (2) the same open, displaying the flowering glume and palet, the single stamen, and the pistil.

MUHLENBERGIA.—(1) A magnified closed spikelet of M. sylvatica; (2) the same with the open flower raised out of the empty glumes.—(3) A magnified spikelet of M. diffusa; (4) its minute and unequal empty glumes more magnified; and (5) an open spikelet of the same.

BRACHYELYTRUM.—(1) A spikelet of B. aristatum enlarged; (2) the same displayed.

CALAMAGROSTIS.—(1) An open spikelet of C. Canadensis, enlarged, displaying all the parts; (2) the same with the flower raised out of the empty glumes, showing the hairy rudiment behind the palet.

ORYZOPSIS.—(1) An open magnified spikelet of O. asperifolia; and (2) the flower of the same removed from the empty glumes. Notice the remarkably long squamulæ or hypogynous scales, which here nearly equal the glume in length.

STIPA.—Empty glumes and flower (a little separated) of S. avenacea, enlarged.

ARISTIDA.—A spikelet of A. purpurascens, enlarged.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

SPARTINA.—(1) Portion of the inflorescence of S. stricta, of the natural size; (2) a spikelet enlarged; and (3) the same displaced, the flower raised above the empty glumes.

CTENIUM.—(1) Spike of C. Americanum; (2) a single spikelet magnified; and (3) the same displayed, the empty glumes separated.

BOUTELOUA.—(1) A portion of the compound spike of B. racemosa, of the natural size; and (2) a spikelet displayed and magnified, the flowers raised out of the empty glumes.

GYMNOPOGON.—(1) Inflorescence of G. racemosus, reduced in size; and (2) a magnified spikelet with the parts displayed.

CYNODON.—(1) Inflorescence of C. Dactylon, of digitate spikes; (2) a spikelet magnified and displayed, showing a perfect flower and a rudiment.

ELEUSINE.—(1) One of the spikes from the digitate inflorescence of E. Indica; (2) a magnified spikelet; (3) the same with the flowers more displayed; (4) a flower from the last, showing its parts; (5) the fruit magnified, showing the seed loose in the utricle; and (6) the wrinkled seed detached.—(1, under Dactyloctenium) Inflorescence of E. Ægyptiaca, of digitate spikes; (2) one of the spikelets magnified; (3) the fruit magnified, showing the seed loose in the thin pericarp (utricle); and (4) the wrinkled seed more magnified.

DIPLACHNE.—(1) Small portion of the inflorescence of D. fascicularis; (2) one of its spikelets displayed and magnified; (3) an open flower of the same.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

TRIODIA.—(1) Magnified spikelet of T. seslerioides; (2) the same displayed and the lowest flower open; (3) back view of the flowering glume spread out.

GRAPHEPHORUM.—(1) A magnified spikelet of G. melicoides, displayed; (2) a part of the hairy rhachis and one flower of the same.

DIARRHENA.—(1) A spikelet of D. Americana, enlarged; (2) the grain in its glume and palet.

DACTYLIS.—A spikelet of D. glomerata magnified and displayed.

KŒLERIA.—(1) A magnified spikelet of K. cristata, expanded, showing the empty glumes, the three flowers, and a rudiment; (2) lower half of a flowering glume, partly spread open; it is much more folded and keeled in its natural condition.

EATONIA.—A magnified spikelet of E. obtusata, expanded, showing the empty glumes, the two flowers, and a rudiment.

MELICA.—A magnified spikelet of M. mutica, expanded, showing the empty glumes, two perfect flowers, and an abortive one.

GLYCERIA.—(1) A magnified spikelet of G. nervata; (2) a separate flower with one joint of the rhachis; and (3) the lower half of a flowering glume, showing its form (rounded on the back, not keeled).

DISTICHLIS—(1) A pistillate spikelet of D. maritima, enlarged; (2) a flower from the same; and (3) a flower from a staminate spikelet.

POA.—(1) Panicle of P. compressa, reduced in size; (2) a magnified spikelet; (3) a separate flower more magnified; (4) a flowering glume cut across and somewhat outspread.

ERAGROSTIS.—(1) A spikelet of E. pilosa, enlarged; (2) the same, from which the glumes and all of six lower flowers except the palets have fallen away; (3) a magnified flower, open; (4) the flowering glume of the same outspread.

BRIZA.—(1) A spikelet of B. media, enlarged; (2) a separate flower.

FESTUCA.—(1) A spikelet of F. elatior, enlarged; (2) a separate flower; (3) lower part of a flowering glume, outspread.

BROMUS.—(1) A spikelet of B. secalinus, or Chess; and (2) a separate flower, enlarged.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

UNIOLA.—(1) A spikelet of U. latifolia, of about the natural size; (2) a flower, enlarged; (3) empty flowering glume of the lowest (sterile) flower.

PHRAGMITES—(1) A spikelet of P. communis, enlarged; (2) one of the perfect flowers, enlarged; and (3) the lowest flower, which has stamens only.

ARUNDINARIA.—(1) A spikelet of A. macrosperma; and (2) a separate flower, magnified.

SCHEDONNARDUS.—(1) Portion of the spike of S. Texanus, enlarged; and (2) a flower, magnified.

LOLIUM.—(1) Portion of the spike of L. temulentum; and (2) a separate flower, magnified.

AGROPYRUM.—(1) Portion of the spike of A. repens, or Couch-Grass, of about the natural size; (2) a flower, magnified.

HORDEUM.—(1) The three one flowered spikelets from one joint of the spike of H. jubatum, with their awn-like empty glumes, the lateral flowers abortive and neutral, the middle one alone perfect; (2) this perfect flower (with an awn-like rudiment) open and enlarged.

ELYMUS.—(1) The two spikelets of one joint of the spike of E. Virginicus, about the natural size; (2) the empty glumes and the flowers of one spikelet, enlarged and displayed; and (3) an open flower, more magnified.

GYMNOSTICHUM.—(1) A spikelet of G. Hystrix; and (2) an expanded flower, magnified.

ASPRELLA.—(1) A spikelet of A. Hystrix; and (2) an expanded flower, magnified.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

DESCHAMPSIA.—(1) Panicle of D. flexuosa; (2) a spikelet, magnified, the parts displayed; and (3) one of the flowers detached and open.

DANTRONIA.—(1) Panicle of D. spicata; (2) a spikelet enlarged; and (3) a separate flower from the same.

TRISETUM.—(1) A spikelet of T. subspicatum, var. molle, expanded and magnified; and (2) a separate open flower.

AVENA.—(1) A spikelet of A. striata, displayed and magnified; and (2) a separate flower.

ARRHENATHERUM.—A spikelet of A. avenaceum, displayed and magnified; (1) the empty glumes; (2) the flowers, the lower one staminate only, the next perfect, and the third a rudiment.

HOLCUS.—(1) A spikelet of H. lanatus, magnified; (2) the same displayed to show the two flowers, the lower perfect and awnless, the upper staminate and awned.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

HIEROCHLOA.—(1) A spikelet of H. borealis, enlarged; (2) the same displayed, the flowers separated from the empty glumes, the two lateral ones with 3 stamens and no pistil, the middle or terminal one with a pistil and only 2 stamens.

ANTHOXANTHUM—(1) The spike-like inflorescence of A. odoratum; (2) a spikelet magnified; (3) another with the parts displayed, the flowers raised from the lower empty glumes, the lateral glumes empty and awned, the terminal flower perfect and diandrous.

PHALARIS.—(1) A spikelet of P. arundinacea, enlarged, (2) the empty glumes, and a perfect flower with a hairy rudiment on each side of it.

MILIUM.—(1) Portion of the panicle of M. effusum; (2) a closed spikelet, magnified; and (3) the same displayed.

AMPHICARPUM.—(1) A spikelet from the panicle of A. Purshii, magnified; (2) the same, with the parts displayed; and (3) a radical (fertile) spikelet, enlarged.

PASPALUM.—(1) Inflorescence of P. læve; (2) a closed spikelet, enlarged; (3) the same with the parts displayed.

PANICUM.—(1) Part of a spike of P. sanguinale; (2) one of its spikelets, magnified; (3) the same with its parts displayed, the three lower glumes empty.—(4) A spikelet of P. capillare, magnified; (5) the same displayed, the three lower glumes empty.—(6) A spikelet of P. clandestinum, magnified, (7) the same displayed, the lower flower represented by a glume and palet only.—(8) A spikelet of P. virgatum, magnified; (9) the same displayed, the lower flower staminate.

SETARIA.—(1) A magnified spikelet of S. glauca, with the accompanying cluster of bristles, (2) the spikelet displayed, showing the neutral lower flower, of a glume and palet only, and the perfect flower.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

CENCHRUS.—(1) Involucre of C. tribuloides, in flower, enlarged; (2) longitudinal section of the same; (3) a spikelet displayed (the stigmas should belong to the right-hand flower; the left-hand or lower flower is only staminate).

TRIPSACUM.—(1) Piece of the spike (of the natural size), pistillate below, staminate above; (2) a longitudinal section of one of the pistillate spikelets; (3) a pistillate spikelet with its parts displayed; (4) a staminate (two-flowered) spikelet, with its parts displayed.

ERIANTHUS.—(1) Part of the hairy inflorescence with two spikelets of E. saccharoides, enlarged; (2) one of the spikelets displayed.

ANDROPOGON.—(1) Small portion of the spike of A. furcatus, enlarged, with one fertile and awned spikelet, and one staminate and awnless spikelet; (2) the fertile spikelet, and (3) the staminate spikelet, displayed.

CHRYSOPOGON.—(1) A fertile spikelet of C. nutans, enlarged, with a sterile pedicel on each side; (2) the spikelet displayed.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

BECKMANNIA.—(1) Inflorescence of B. erucæformis, var., reduced in size; (2) a spike, enlarged; (3) a spikelet, and (4) the same opened; (5) the flower.

ERIOCHLOA.—(1) Inflorescence of E. polystachya, reduced; (2) a spikelet, enlarged, and (3) the same opened; (4) the flower opened.

ROTTBŒLLIA.—(1) Portion of the spike of R. rugosa, somewhat reduced, and (2) a portion enlarged, with (3) the fertile spikelet and (4) the pedicelled sterile spikelet of the middle joint displaced; (5) the fertile spikelet opened; (6) the third empty glume, and (7) the flower.

AMMOPHILA.—(1) Inflorescence of A. arundinacea, reduced; (2) a spikelet, enlarged, and (3) the flower, with a hairy rudiment at the base of the palet.

LEPTOCHLOA.—(1) Inflorescence of L. mucronata, reduced; (2) portion of rhachis of a spike, bearing two spikelets; (3) a 3-flowered spikelet; and (4) a flower removed.

BUCHLOË.—(1) Staminate and (2) pistillate inflorescence of B. dactyloides; (3) a staminate spikelet, and (4) one of its flowers removed; (5) a pistil late spikelet, enlarged; (6) vertical section of same; and (7) the outer empty glume removed.

MUNROA.—(1) Inflorescence of M. squarrosa; (2) a spikelet, enlarged; and (3) a flower, opened.

SCOLOCHLOA.—(1) Inflorescence of S. festucacea, reduced; (2) a spikelet, enlarged; and (3) a flower.

PUCCINELLIA.—(1) Inflorescence of P. maritima, reduced; (2) a spikelet, enlarged; and (3) a flower.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.

POLYPODIUM.—Plant of P. vulgare; piece of the frond; a magnified sporangium with its stalk, and another bursting and discharging spores.

ONOCLEA.—(1) Pinna of the sterile frond of O. Struthiopteris; (2) portion of a fertile frond; (3) a piece of one pinna cut off to show the manner in which it is rolled up; and (4) a portion of the last, magnified, with one side unrolled; toward the base the sporangia all removed, to show how the fruit-dots are borne each on the middle of a vein.

PELLÆA.—Sterile and fertile plants of P. gracilis, and (1) a portion of the fertile frond enlarged, with a piece of the marginal indusium turned back to display the fruit; the sporangia are all removed from the fruit-bearing tips of the two forks of the lower vein.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.

PTERIS.—A pinnule of P. aquilina, and (2) a piece of one of the lobes, enlarged, the marginal indusium rolled back on one side, displaying the fruit; the sporangia all removed from the lower part to show the receptacle that bears them, viz. a cross-line connecting the tips of the veins.

ADIANTUM.—(1) Piece of the frond of A. pedatum; (2) a pinnule somewhat enlarged; and (3) a piece of one more enlarged, with the indusium of one fruit dot turned back to show the attachment of the fruit.

CHEILANTHES.—(1) Small plant of C. vestita; and (2) a fruit-bearing pinnule, enlarged.

WOODWARDIA.—(1) Portion of the sterile and (2) of the fertile frond of W. augustifolia; (3) a piece of the latter, enlarged; (4) piece of the frond of W. Virginica; and (5) part of a fruiting lobe, enlarged.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.

CAMPTOSORUS.—Plant of C. rhizophyllus, and (1) a portion of a frond, with fruit dots, enlarged.

SCOLOPENDRIUM.—Tip of a fertile frond of S. vulgare, and (2) a piece enlarged, with two fruit-dots.

ASPLENIUM.—(1) A pinna of A. thelypteroides; and (2) part of a lobe in fruit, enlarged.

DICKSONIA.—(1) Pinna of D. pilosiuscula; (2) portion of a pinnule, enlarged; and (3) a fruit-dot in its cup shaped indusium.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.

CYSTOPTERIS.—(1) Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera; (2) a lobe in fruit, enlarged; and (3) a small portion more magnified, bearing a fruit-dot with its indusium thrown back.

WOODSIA.—(1) Small frond of W. glabella; (2) a part of a fruiting pinna of the same, magnified; and (3) a separate indusium, more magnified; (4) a piece of a fruitful pinnule of W. obtusa, enlarged; and (5) a fruit with the opened indusium beneath, more magnified.

ASPIDIUM.—(1) Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale; and (2) a magnified fruiting portion; (3) piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides; and (4) a small fruiting portion, magnified.

ONOCLEA.—Sterile and fertile frond of O. sensibilis; (1) front view of a fruiting contracted pinnule, enlarged; and (2) the same laid open and viewed from the other side; on one lobe the sporangia are removed from the veins.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

SCHIZÆA.—Plant of S. pusilla, of the natural size; (1) a fertile pinna with eleven sporangia, magnified, and (2) a separate sporangium, more magnified.

LYGODIUM.—(1) Summit of frond of L. palmatum, with fertile and sterile divisions; (2) a fruiting lobe enlarged, with two of the lower scales, or indusia, removed, displaying a sporangium under each; and (3) a sporangium more magnified.

OSMUNDA.—(1) Small piece of the frond of O. Claytoniana, with a fertile and a sterile pinna; (2) a portion of the fruit magnified; and (3) one sporangium more magnified.

BOTRYCHIUM.—Plant of B. ternatum, and (1) a portion of the fruit, with six sporangia, magnified.

OPHIOGLOSSUM.—Frond of O. vulgatum, and (1) a portion of the fruiting spike enlarged.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.

EQUISETUM.—(1) Upper part of fertile plant of E. limosum; (2) one of the shield shaped scales or receptacles of the spike, with the six sporangia underneath, enlarged; (3) same seen from below, discharging the spores; (4) a magnified spore with the club shaped filaments spreading; and (5) the same with the filaments coiled up.

LYCOPODIUM.—Plant of L. Carolinianum, and (1) a magnified scale of the spike removed, with the sporangium in its axil, discharging powdery spores.

SELAGINELLA.—Plant of S. rupestris; (1) part of a fertile spike, enlarged; (2) scale from the upper part of it, with its sporangium, containing innumerable powdery spores; (3) scale from the base, with its sporangium containing few large spores; and (4) three large spores.

ISOETES.—(1) Plant of I. lacustris; (2) sporocarp containing the minute spores, cut across, enlarged; (5) same divided lengthwise; (3) sporocarp with the large spores, divided lengthwise; and (4) three large spores more magnified.

AZOLLA.—(1) Plant; (2) a portion magnified, with conceptacles of both kinds; (3) the macrosporic one, more magnified; (4) the microsporic one, more magnified; (5) the same burst open, showing the stalked microsporangia; (6) one of the latter more magnified; (7) another bursting; and (8) three masses of microspores beset with glochidiate or barbed bristles.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.

RICCIA.—Plant of R. natans; section of thallus, showing two imbedded capsules and numerous air cavities; spores enclosed in a mother cell; three free spores; and calyptra with style.

ANTHOCEROS.—Plant of A. lævis; portion of the columella and valves of the capsule, with spores and elaters; two spores and two elaters.

NOTOTHYLAS.—Plants of N. orbicularis; section of the thallus through the involucre; apex of protruding capsule; lower half of capsule showing the columella; upper half of capsule; a gemma, an antheridium; twelve free spores, and two clusters of spores (4 in each).

ASTERELLA.—Plant of A. hemisphærica; ♀ receptacle viewed from above, the same from below; capsule dehiscing, with remains of calyptra at base; section of ♂ disk; an elater, a portion of same, and spores.

SPHIEROCARPUS.—Plant of S. terrestris, cluster of five involucres; involucre enclosing a capsule; capsule filled with spores; and three spores.

DUMORTIERA.—Portions of ♂ and ♀ plants of D. hirsuta; ♀ receptacle showing three involucres, two with capsules; capsule with calyptra; section of ♂ disk; elater and portion of same; spores.

AITONIA.—Plant of A. Wrightii; upper view of ♀ receptacle with three involucres; side view of same, involucre partly cut away showing capsule and remains of calyptra; a capsule closed, and dehiscent; an elater, a piece of same, and spores.

CONOCEPHALUS.—Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of C. conicus; section of ♀ receptacle, showing two involucres and capsules; capsule with ruptured calyptra; section of ♂ disk; elaters, a portion of one, and spores.

PREISSIA.—Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of P. commutata; section of ♀ receptacle; perianth opened showing calyptra and capsule, section of part of ♂ disk; elaters, a part of one, and spores.

MARCHANTIA.—Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of M. polymorpha; section of receptacle; perianth, calyptra, and capsule; section of part of ♂ disk; an elater, part of same, and spores.

FIMBRIARIA—Plant of F. tenella; ♀ receptacle, and section of same; capsule dehiscing; elaters and spores.

PALLAVICINIA.—Plant of P. Lyellii, part of thallus with involucre, perianth, and calyptra; perianth cut away showing young calyptra; capsule closed, and dehiscent, antheridium enclosed in a leaf, elater and spores.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.

PELLIA.—Plant of P. epiphylla; calyptra with base of pedicel; capsule; an elater, part of same, two spores, and two antheridia.

BLASIA.—Plants of B. pusilla; section of cavity at the end of the midrib showing young perianth and calyptra; end of thallus with calyptra and protruding capsule; capsule dehiscing; elaters and spores; part of elater and two spores; ♂ thallus with two antheridia; gemmiparous thallus with two receptacles; section of a receptacle showing enclosed gemmæ and the protruded orifice.

METZGERIA.—Plants (♂, ♀, and gemmiparous) of M. furcata, and parts of same enlarged; hispid perianth with 2-lobed involucral leaf and base of pedicel; a gemma; an antheridium; elaters and spores.

ANEURA.—Plants (♂ and ♀) of A. sessilis; section of fleshy calyptra with base of pedicel; dehiscing capsule bearded by persistent elaters; elater, part of same, and spores; part of thallus with long deflexed ♂ receptacles, and one cut transversely showing antheridia.

FOSSOMBRONIA.—Plant of F. pusilla, and a part enlarged; capsule dehiscing, with perianth and involucral leaves; part of stem with two leaves and dorsal antheridia; an antheridium, elaters, and spores.

GEOCALYX.—Plant of G. graveolens; two pairs of leaves with underleaves; part of stem with an underleaf; section of involucre showing calyptra and base of pedicel; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.

GRIMALDIA.—Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of G. barbifrons; section of ♂ disk; ♀ receptacle and section of same; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.

CHILOSCYPHUS.—Plant of C. ascendens; a leaf with underleaf; a pair of leaves with antheridia; a part of stem with involucral leaves, perianth, and calyptra; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.

HARPANTHUS.—Plant of H. Flotovianus, and same enlarged; a pair of leaves with underleaf; perianth with involucral leaves, and section showing calyptra; elaters, a part of one, and spores.

LOPHOCOLEA.—Plant of L. heterophylla; a part enlarged with involucral leaves and perianth; cross section of perianth; three pairs of leaves with underleaves; a leaf and antheridium; an underleaf; an elater and spores.

CEPHALOZIA.—Plant of C. multiflora; two pairs of leaves; perianth with involucral leaves; an involucral leaf; calyptra; capsule closed, and dehiscent; an elater and spores.

GYMNOMITRIUM.—Plants of G. concinnatum; three pairs of leaves; apex of stem with involucral leaves and dehiscent capsule; two involucral leaves; calyptra.

MARSUPELLA.—Plant of M. emarginata; part of same with involucral leaves; involucre and perianth opened showing calyptra and base of pedicel; capsule; elater and spores.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.

SCAPANIA.—Plant of S. undulata; apex of stem with involucral leaves and perianth enclosing calyptra; three pairs, of leaves, a capsule, elater and spores.

PLAGIOCHILA.—Plant of P. interrupta; five leaves; an underleaf; perianth enclosing calyptra; antheridia, capsule, elaters, and spores.

ODONTOSCHISMA.—Plant of O. Sphagni; parts of stems, one bearing gemmæ, the other a perianth with involucral leaves; an involucral leaf; a capsule, elaters, and spores.

LEJEUNEA.—Plant of L. clypeata; perianth with capsule and involucral leaves; cross section of perianth; part of stein with ♂ branch; leaves with underleaves; elaters and spores.

FRULLANIA.—Plant of F. Asagrayana; two pairs of leaves seen from above, and from below with underleaves and ventral lobes; perianth with involucral leaves; cross-section of perianth, involucral leaf; capsule, elaters, and spores.

PORELLA.—Plant of P. platyphylla; a pair of leaves with underleaves; part of stem with ♂ spikes; an antheridium in its leaf; perianth with involucral leaves and capsule; an elater, and spores.

RADULA.—Plant of R. obconica; end of branch with perianth and capsule and lateral ♂ branches; a ♂ branch; an antheridium; leaves seen from above and below; a capsule, elater, and spores.

PTILIDIUM.—Plant of P. ciliare; a pair of leaves; an underleaf; perianth with involucral leaves; capsule, elater, and spores.

BAZZANIA.—Plant of B. trilobata; two pairs of leaves with underleaves and ♂ spike; portion of ♂ spike, and antheridium; capsule, elaters, and spores.

TRICHOCOLEA.—Plant of T. tomentella; leaf and underleaf; capsule; elater and spores.

HERBERTA.—Plant of H. adunca; portion with leaves and underleaves; perianth; capsules; elater and spores.

LEPIDOZIA.—Plant of L. reptans; portion with leaves and underleaves; antheridium in its leaf and free, perianth with involucre; capsule, elater, and spores.

KANTIA.—Plant of K. Trichomanis; leaves and underleaves; hairy involucre, and section showing calyptra; capsule with spiral valves; elater and spores.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.

JUBULA.—Plant of typical J. Hutchinsiæ, enlarged; two pairs of leaves seen from below; a lower lobe separate and divided; a perianth with its outer involucre and the dehiscent capsule; an elater.

BLEPHAROSTOMA.—Plant of B. trichophylla, and same enlarged; perianth with the outer involucre, ventral side; two cross sections of perianth; portion of the margin of its orifice, expanded.

LIOCHLÆNA.—Plant of L. lanceolata; end of fertile branch, with two leaves, two involucral leaves, and young perianth; summit of perianth, perianth and involucre, the capsule protruding; capsule on its pedicel, with remains of calyptra; capsule dehiscent.

MYLIA.—Plants of M. Taylori, enlarged; portion of stem, seen from beneath, a cauline leaf (below); an underleaf; an involucral leaf (above); perianth partly cut away, showing the calyptra and exserted dehiscent capsule.

DYPLOPHYLLUM.—Plant of typical D. albicans, enlarged; a folded leaf; a leaf with the upper lobe expanded to show the nerve; an involucral leaf seen from without, and from within; perianth, cut longitudinally; calyptra.

NARDIA.—Plant of N. crenulata (a slender small leaved form), enlarged; portion of upper stem with leaves; perianth; calyptra; elater and spores.

JUNGERMANNIA.—§ 1. Plants of J. Schraderi, natural size and enlarged; two leaves; two underleaves; involucre; summit of perianth.—§ 2. Plant of J. barbata, enlarged; portion of stem with leaves and underleaves; perianth with involucre; involucre.—§ 3. Plant of J. Helleriana, enlarged; summit of stem with leaves, involucre, and perianth; involucral leaves, margin of perianth unfolded—§ 4. Plants of J. inflata, natural size and enlarged; cauline leaves; involucral leaf.

LUNULARIA.—Sterile and fruiting plants of L. vulgaris, enlarged; section of involucre, showing calyptra and capsule; lunate receptacle of sterile plant, with gemmæ.

MARSILIA.—Portion of plant of M. quadrifolia, a sporocarp; sporocarp burst in water and extruding the gelatinous ring with compartments attached.