FOOTNOTES
[1] Censo da População de Portugal. No 1ᵒ de Dezembro de 1911. Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, 1913.
[2] The only towns with over 20,000 inhabitants are Lisbon (435,359), Oporto (194,009), Setubal (30,346), Braga (24,647), and Coimbra (20,581).
[3] 11th February, 1913.
[4] 12th February, 1913.
[5] Sertorio do Monte Pereira. A producção agricola (in Notas sobre Portugal).
[6] Ambassade en Espagne et en Portugal (en 1552). Par Philippe de Caverel. Arras, 1860.
[7] Milreis, duro, dollar, or roughly 4s., but varying from 3s. to 4s., according to the exchange.
[8] Manuel Teles, A Contribuição Predial. Porto, 1914.
[9] The hectare = two and a half acres.
[10] They yield resin, are used for building throughout Portugal, and are exported for various purposes, including that of props in mines.
[11] A cork-tree is stripped once in ten years, yielding about £2.
[12] Notas sobre Portugal. Lisbon, 1908.
[13] Chiefly pine and oak, but also including ash, elm, poplar, nut, eucalyptus, acacia, etc.
[14] Joaquim Ferreira Borges, A Silvicultura em Portugal (in Notas sobre Portugal).
[15] Trees, as well as fish and game, suffered severely from the decree of King Manoel I, throwing open the private coutadas.
[16] In 1907 the roads in existence are given as 11,754 kilomètres (6,058 main, 5,180 secondary, and 516 by-roads).
[17] 15th April, 1914.
[18] The posts and telegraphs in Portugal yield the State a steady yearly surplus of several hundred contos.
[19] See Joaquim de Vasconcellos, A Ceramica portuguesa. Porto, 1894. In 1905 the export of azulejos was 53 tons (of which 37 went to Brazil).
[20] In an old chronicle a British force having landed to help a Portuguese army in the siege of a town, one of the besiegers, to inform the besieged of the fact, asks sarcastically if they are in need of cloth from England.
[21] Commerce is not more flourishing than industry. The percentage of merchant ships entering the Tagus has recently (i.e., just before the war) been given as follows: 34 German, 33 British, 9 French, 9 Dutch, 7 Portuguese, and 8 of other nations.
[22] Some English wine companies at Oporto date from the seventeenth century.
[23] An acre of vines may cost about £35 to plant, and will not really repay the planter till after its sixth year.
[24] The cork is exported partly in a raw state, owing to the higher Customs duty on manufactured cork in Germany and some other countries. In Alemtejo it is so common that it is used to make articles of the most various kinds, taking the place of wood or tin.
[25] Joaquim José Ventura da Silva: Descripção topografica da nobilissima cidade de Lisboa. Lisboa, 1835.
[26] Memoria sobre Chafarizes, Bicas, Fontes e Poços publicos. Lisboa, 1851.
[27] By the Rev. William Bradford (London, 1814).
[28] See Dr. J. Leite de Vasconcellos’ fascinating Ensaios Ethnographicos, 4 vols. (1896-1910).
[29] For the description of a romaria (pilgrimage) see Snr. Teixeira de Queiroz’ novel, A Cantadeira. Lisboa, 1913.
[30] See Dr. Alves dos Santos: O Ensino primario em Portugal, in Notas sobre Portugal.
[31] O Ensino. Por Bernardino Machado. Coimbra, 1898.
[32] Ibid., p. 242.
[33] See A Instrucção secundaria em Portugal. Por Dr. José Maria Rodrigues, in Notas sobre Portugal.
[34] Eça de Queiroz: Ultimas Paginas. Porto, 1912.
[35] Miscellanea de Miguel Leitão de Andrade, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1867.
[36] Livro das Grandezas de Lisboa. 1620.
[37] Mendes dos Remedios: Historia da Litteratura Portuguêsa desde as origens até á actualidade. 4a edição. Coimbra, 1914.
[38] Obras, 6 vols., Lisbon, 1853, with biography by Rebello da Silva; 8 vols., Porto, 1875-6, with biography by Theophilo Braga.
[39] Philéas Lebesgue: Le Portugal littéraire d’aujourd’hui. Paris, 1904.
[40] Fidelino de Figueiredo: Historia da Litteratura Realista (1871-1900). Lisboa, 1914.
[41] That is, nearly thrice the pension (15,000 réis) given by King Sebastian to the poet Camões.
[42] Obras, vol. ii, p. 143-6. Floresta de Enganos.
[43] Obras, I, pp. 167-71. Auto da Feira.
[44] Obras, II, pp. 498-502. Romagem de Aggravados.
[45] Obras, II, pp. 496-7. Rom. de Agg.
[46] Obras, II, pp. 520-2. Rom. de Aggr.
[47] Obras, I, pp. 115-6. Auto de Mofina Mendes.
[48] Obras, III, pp. 244-5. O Clerigo da Beira.
[49] Obras, III, pp. 5-7. Quem tem farelos?
[50] Obras, III, pp. 179-80. O Juiz da Beira.
[51] Obras, III, pp. 203-5. Farça dos Almocreves.
[52] Ibid., pp. 208-9.
[53] Born at Ponta Delgada on 24th February, 1843. He took his degree at Coimbra in 1868, and four years later became and for over forty years has remained Professor of Literature at Lisbon. His untiring studies in Portuguese literature have brought him a wide celebrity.
[54] Born at Valle da Vinha in 1866. He studied medicine at Coimbra and took his degree in 1895. He wrote an article entitled “The Last Bragança,” in a Coimbra newspaper in 1890, and was imprisoned for three months. After his release he took part in the unsuccessful Republican rising of 1891. He subsequently worked as a doctor in São Thomé for nearly ten years.
[55] Born at Rio de Janeiro in 1851, the son of the first Baron Joanne. He studied at Oporto, and was appointed Professor of Philosophy in 1879. In 1882 he was elected deputy for Lamego, and in 1893 became Minister of Public Works under Snr. Hintze Ribeiro. Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1910, he was then appointed Portuguese Minister at Rio de Janeiro, and returned to become Portuguese Premier in February, 1914. In 1915 he was elected President of the Republic by the Democrats.
[56] Born at Aljustrel. He studied medicine at Lisbon, and became an army doctor. He succeeded the first Minister of Fomento, Snr. Antonio Luiz Gomes, on 23rd November, 1910.
[57] Born at Ceia in the Serra da Estrella in 1871. He took his degree at Coimbra in 1895, and practised as an advocate with success. In 1900 he was returned as Republican deputy for Oporto, and took a prominent part in opposing successive governments till the fall of the Monarchy. From January, 1913, to January, 1914, he was Premier.
[58] Born at Lisbon in 1875. He was a lieutenant in the Navy at the time of the Revolution, in preparing which (and in organising the Carbonarios) he had taken a principal part. After the Revolution he was raised to the rank of captain and granted a pension of 3 contos (£600).
[59] Joaquim Pereira Pimenta de Castro, born at Pias, near Vianna do Castello, in the province of Minho, in 1846. He entered the Army (Engineers) in October, 1867, and became captain in 1874, major in 1883, lieut.-colonel in 1887, colonel in 1892, general in 1900. He has published various works, all of a practical character, including “A Rational and Practical Solution of the Electoral Problem,” written in 1890, and translated into French and English in 1904.
[60] João Chagas, Cartas politicas (December, 1908).
[61] The decentralisation was to be less than that granted in 1878, which over-reached itself. Each Junta Geral was to be composed of twenty-five procuradores (proctors), whose duty it would be to look after the general interests and finance of the district, the State conceding part of its revenues to the local treasuries.
[62] Republican Ministers of Finance have taken up this project. On the 22nd of March, 1912, Snr. Sidonio Paes introduced a Bill, proposing that all duties, excepting those on corn, rice, sugar and colonial products, should be paid in gold. The idea, however, meets with opposition in the Lisbon commercial world. Snr. Anselmo de Andrade’s project referred to payment in gold of one half of the duty only.
[63] “Legislation for the moon,” according to the Republican O Intransigente.
[64] The President only receives 18 contos, under £4,000, a year.
[65] Dr. Manoel de Arriaga 121 votes, Dr. Bernardino Machado 86 votes (24th August, 1911). The first President of the Portuguese Republic comes of an ancient family and has a Basque name (“the place of stones,” or “a heap of stones,” arri being probably the same word as in Biarritz: two rocks). He was born at Horta on the 8th of July, 1840, and studied at Coimbra. For some years he was professor of English at the Lisbon Lycée. He was elected deputy for Madeira. Besides some well-known volumes of poems it may be noted that he published in 1889 an essay condemning the penitentiary system. Although Dr. Arriaga has never, during the last forty years or more, swerved from his Republican principles, he has done his utmost as President to moderate the action of the extremists, and to secure for the Republic that respect and affection which are universally felt towards himself.
[66] Snr. Chagas, more pamphleteer than statesman, is, like many educated Portuguese, intimately acquainted with Paris and with modern French literature. In English literature his interest is slight, if we may judge from his remark that “Hamlet is very boring.” Yet he admires that modern Hamlet, M. Anatole France.
[67] Dr. Brito Camacho regarded his party as a kind of make-weight between the Radical and Conservative tendencies.
[68] It must be remembered that these are the words of a party organ anxious to overthrow Dr. Costa’s influence. When Dr. Costa fell in 1914 the Evolutionists found themselves quite incapable of forming a Ministry.
[69] The Minister of Public Works was Snr. Antonio Maria da Silva, a member of the Alta Venda of the Carbonaria.
[70] A Alliança Inglesa. Processo da Monarchia em Portugal. Por Affonso Ferreira. Coimbra, 1910.
[71] Le Portugal et ses Colonies. Par Angel Marvaud. Paris, 1912.
[72] Madeira and the Azores are considered as districts of Portugal proper.
Transcriber’s Note: Map is clickable for a larger version.
PORTUGAL.