EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Plate III.
Figs. 1–12 represent larvæ of Macroglossa Stellatarum, all bred from one batch of eggs. Most of the figures are enlarged, but sometimes to a very small extent only; the lines show the natural length.
Fig. 1. Stage I.; a caterpillar immediately after hatching. Natural length, 0.2 centim.
Fig. 2. Stage II.; shortly after the first moult. Natural length, 0.7 centim.
Figs. 3–12. Stage V.; the chief colour-varieties.
Fig. 3. The only lilac-coloured specimen in the whole brood. Natural length, 3.8 centim.
Fig. 4. Light-green form (rare) with subdorsal shading off beneath.
Fig. 5. Green form (rare) with strongly-pronounced dark markings (dorsal and subdorsal lines). Natural length, 4.9 centim.
Fig. 6. Dark-brown form (common). Natural length, 4 centim. In this figure the fine shagreening of the skin is indicated by white dots; in the other figures these are partially or entirely omitted, being represented only in Figs. 8 and 10.
Fig. 7. Light-green form (common). Natural length, 4 centim.
Fig. 8. Light-brown form (common). Natural length, 3.5 centim.
Plate III.
Aug. Weismann pinx.
Lith. J. A. Hofmann, Würzburg.
Plate IV.
Aug. Weismann pinx.
Lith. J. A. Hofmann, Würzburg.
Plate V.
Aug. Weismann pinx.
Lith. J. A. Hofmann, Würzburg.
Plate VI.
Aug. Weismann pinx.
Lith. J. A. Hofmann, Würzburg.
Fig. 9. Parti-coloured specimen, the only one out of the whole brood. Natural length, 5.5 centim.
Fig. 10. Grey-brown form (rare).
Fig. 11. One of the forms intermediate between the dark-brown and green varieties, dorsal aspect.
Fig. 12. Light-green form with very feeble dorsal line (shown too strongly in the figure), dorsal aspect.
Figs. 13–15. Deilephila Vespertilio.
Fig. 13. Stage III.(?); the subdorsal bearing yellow spots. Natural length, 1.5 centim.
Fig. 14. Stage IV.; the subdorsal interrupted throughout by complete ring-spots, the white “mirrors” of which are bordered with black, and contain in their centres a reddish nucleus. Natural length, 3 centim.
Fig. 15. Stage V.; shortly after the fourth moult. Subdorsal line completely vanished; ring-spots somewhat irregular, with broad black borders; natural length, 3.5 centim.
Fig. 16. Sphinx Convolvuli, Stage V., brown form. Subdorsal line retained on segments 1–3, on the other segments present only in small remnants; at the points where the (imaginary) subdorsal crosses the oblique stripes there are large bright spots; natural length, 7.8 centim.
Plate IV.
Figs. 17–22. Development of the markings in Chærocampa Elpenor.
Fig. 17. Stage I.; larva one day after hatching. Natural length, 7.5 millim.
Fig. 18. Stage II.; larva after first moult. Length, 9 millim.
Fig. 19. Stage II.; immediately before the second moult (Fig. 30 belongs here). Length, 13 millim.
Fig. 20. Stage III.; after second moult. Length, 20 millim.
Fig. 21. Stage IV.; after third moult (Figs. 32 and 33 belong here). Length, 4 centim.
Fig. 22. Stage V.; after fourth moult. A feeble indication of an eye-spot can be seen on the third segment besides those on the fourth and fifth. Ocelli absent on segments 6–10.
Fig. 23. Stage VI.; after fifth moult. The subdorsal line is feebly present on segments 6–10, and very distinctly on segments 11 and 1–3. Ocelli repeated as irregular black spots above and below the subdorsal line on segments 6–11; a small light spot near the posterior border of segments 5–10 (dorsal spots) and higher than the subdorsal line. Larva adult.
Figs. 24–28. Development of the markings of Chærocampa Porcellus.
Fig. 24. Stage I.; immediately after emergence from the egg. Length, 3.5 millim.
Fig. 25. Stage II.; after first moult. Length, 10 millim.
Fig. 26. Stage III.; after second moult. Length, 2.6 centim.
Fig. 27. Eye-spots at this last stage; subdorsal much faded, especially on segment 4. Position the same as in last Fig.; magnified.
Fig. 28. Stage IV.; after third moult; corresponds exactly with Stage VI. of C. Elpenor. Dorsal view, with front segments partly retracted (attitude of alarm). Ocelli on segment 5 less developed than in Elpenor; repetitions of ocelli as diffused black spots on all the following segments to the 11th; two light spots on each segment from the 5th to the 11th, exactly as in Elpenor; subdorsal line visible only on segments 1–3. Length, 4.3 centim.
Fig. 29. Chærocampa Syriaca. From a blown specimen in Lederer’s collection, now in the possession of Dr. Staudinger. Length, 5.3 centim.
Fig. 30. First rudiments of the eye-spots of Chærocampa Elpenor, Stage II. (corresponding also with Fig. 19 in position, the head of the caterpillar being to the left). Subdorsal line slightly curved on segments 4 and 5.
Fig. 31. Eye-spots at Stage III. of the larva Fig. 20 somewhat further developed (larva immediately before third moult). Position as in Fig. 20.
Fig. 32. Eye-spots at Stage IV. corresponding to Fig. 21, A being the eye-spot of the fourth and B that of the fifth segment.
Fig. 33. Eye-spot at Stage V. of the larva of C. Elpenor; fourth segment.
Figs. 30–33 are free-hand drawings from magnified specimens.
Fig. 34. Darapsa Chærilus from N. America. Adult larva with front segments retracted. Copied from Abbot and Smith.
Fig. 35. Chærocampa Tersa, from N. America. Adult larva copied from Abbot and Smith.
Plate V.
Fig. 36. Sixth segment of adult Papilio-larvæ; A, P. Hospiton, Corsica; B, P. Alexanor, South France; C, P. Machaon, Germany; D, P. Zolicaon, California.
Figs. 37–44. Development of the markings of Deilephila Euphorbiæ.
Fig. 37. Stage I.; young caterpillar shortly after emergence. Natural length, 5 millim.
Fig. 38. Similar to the last, more strongly magnified. Natural length, 4 millim.
Fig. 39. Stage II.; larva immediately after first moult. The row of spots distinctly connected by a light stripe (residue of the subdorsal line). Natural length, 17 millim.
Fig. 40. Stage III.; after second moult; magnified drawing of the last five segments. Only one row of large white spots on a black ground (ring-spots); subdorsal completely vanished; the shagreen-dots formerly absent now appear in vertical rows interrupted only by the ring-spots. Below the latter are some enlarged shagreen-dots which subsequently become the second ring-spots. Natural length of the entire caterpillar, 21 millim.
Fig. 41. Stage IV.; the same larva after the third moult. Transformation of the ground-colour from green to black, owing to the spread of the black patches proceeding from the ring-spots in Fig. 40 in such a manner as to leave between them only a narrow green triangle. The shagreen dots below the ring-spots have increased in size, but have not yet coalesced.
Fig. 42. Stage III.; larva, same age as Fig. 40, but with two rows of ring-spots. Natural length of the whole caterpillar, 32 millim.
Fig. 43. Stage V.; larva from Kaiserstuhl. Variety with only one row of ring-spots, and with red nuclei in the mirror-spots. Natural length, 5 centim.
Fig. 44. Stage V.; larva from Kaiserstuhl (like the three preceding). The green triangles on the posterior edges of the segments in Fig. 42 have become changed into red. Natural length, 7.5 centim.
Fig. 45. Deilephila Galii; Stage IV. Subdorsal with open ring-spots. Natural length, 3.4 centim.
Fig. 46. D. Galii; adult larva; Stage V. Brown variety with feeble shagreening; subdorsal completely vanished. Natural length, 6 centim.
Plate VI.
Fig. 47. The same species at the same stage. Black variety strongly shagreened; similar to Deil. Euphorbiæ.
Fig. 48. Similar to the last. Yellow var. without any trace of shagreening.
Fig. 49. Deilephila Vespertilio. Three stages in the life of the species, representing three phyletic stages of the genus. A, life-stage III.=phyletic stage 3 (subdorsal with open ring-spots); B, life-stage IV.=phyletic stage 4 (subdorsal with closed ring-spots); C, life-stage V.=phyletic stage 5 (subdorsal vanished, only one row of ring-spots).
Fig. 50. Deilephila Zygophylli, from S. Russia; stage V. From a blown specimen in Staudinger’s collection. In this specimen the ring-spots are difficult to distinguish on account of the extremely dark ground-colour; they are nevertheless present, and would probably be more distinct in the living insect. A, open ring-spot from another specimen of this species in the same collection.
Fig. 51. Deilephila Nicæa, from South France; Stage V. Copied from Duponchel.
Fig. 52. Sphinx Convolvuli; Stage V., segments 10–8. Brown variety, with distinct white spots at the points of intercrossing of the vanished subdorsal with the oblique stripes.
Fig. 53. Anceyrx Pinastri; A and B, larvæ immediately after hatching. Natural length, 6 millim.
Fig. 54. Same species; Stage II. Subdorsal, supra- and infra-spiracular lines developed. Natural length, 15 millim.
Fig. 55. Smerinthus Populi; Stage I. Immediately after hatching; free from all marking. Length, 6 millim.
Fig. 56. Same species at the end of first stage; lateral aspect. Length, 1.3 centim.
Fig. 57. Same species; Stage II. Subdorsal indistinct; the first and last oblique stripes more pronounced than the others. Length, 1.4 centim.
Fig. 58. Deilephila Hippophaës; Stage III. Subdorsal with open ring-spot on the 11th segment. A, segment 11 somewhat enlarged. Length, 3 centim.
Plate VII.
Fig. 59. Deilephila Hippophaës; Stage V. Secondary ring-spots on six segments (10–5).
Fig. 60. Same species; Stage V. One or two red shagreen dots on segments 10–4 in the position of the ring-spots of Fig. 59. Length, 6.5 centim.
Fig. 61. Same species; Stage V. Segments 9–6 of another specimen, more strongly magnified. A ring-spot on segments 9 and 8 showing its origin from two shagreen-dots; two red shagreen-dots on segment 7, on segment 6 only one.
Fig. 62. Deilephila Livornica (Europe) in the last stage. Green form. Copied from Boisduval.
Fig. 63. Pterogon Œnotheræ; Stage IV. Length, 3.7 centim.
Fig. 64. The same species at the same stage; dorsal view of the last segment.
Fig. 65. The same segment in Stage V. Eye-spot completely developed.
Fig. 66. Saturnia Carpini, larva from Freiburg; Stage III. Natural length, 15 millim.
Fig. 67. Same species; larva from Genoa; Stage IV. Length, 20 millim.
Fig. 68. Same species; larva from Freiburg; Stage III. Segments 8 and 9 in dorsal aspect. Length, 15 millim.
Fig. 69. The same caterpillar; lateral view of segment 8.
Fig. 70. Smerinthus Ocellatus; adult larva with distinct subdorsal on the six foremost segments. The shagreening is only shown in the contour, elsewhere omitted. Length, 7 centim.
Plate VII.
Aug. Weismann pinx.
Lith. J. A. Hofmann, Würzburg.
Plate VIII.
Aug. Weismann pinx.
Lith. J. A. Hofmann, Würzburg.
Plate VIII.
Figs. 71–75 represent segments 8 and 9 of the larva of Saturnia Carpini (German form) in dorsal aspect, all at the fourth stage. The head of the caterpillar is supposed to be above, so that the top segment is the eighth.
Fig. 71. Saturnia Carpini. Darkest variety.
Fig. 72. Lighter variety.
Fig. 73. Still lighter variety.
Fig. 74. One of the lightest varieties; the black extends further on segments 9 and 10 than on the 8th.
Fig. 75. Lightest variety.
Figs. 76–80 are only represented on a smaller scale than the remaining Figs. in order to save space; were they enlarged to the same scale they would be larger than the other figures.
Fig. 76. Saturnia Carpini (Ligurian form); Segment 8; Stage V.
Fig. 77. Same form; same segment in stage VI.
Figs. 78, 79, and 80. Saturnia Carpini (German form); dorsal aspect of 8th segment in Stage V. (the last of this form).
Fig. 78. Darkest variety.
Fig. 79. Lighter variety.
Fig. 80. Lightest variety.
Figs. 81–86. Saturnia Carpini (German form); Stage IV. Side view of the 8th segment in six different varieties. Fig. 81 shows only two small green spots at the bases of the upper warts besides the green spiracular stripes. Fig. 82 shows the spots enlarged and increased by a third behind the warts; the pro-legs have also become green.
Fig. 83. Two of the three green spots, which have become still more enlarged, are coalescent.
Fig. 84. All three spots coalescent; but here, as also in
Fig. 85, various residues of the original black colour are left as boundary-marks.
Fig. 86. Lightest variety.
END OF PART II.