Footnotes
[1]. The Bible as Literature. A course of lectures by Dr. Lyman Abbot, in Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, 1896-7. What is here called the "Literary Method," is identical with what is called "Higher Criticism;" the terms are used interchangeably. Higher Criticism may be said to stand in contradistinction to what is called Lower Criticism in this, that it concerns itself with writings as a whole, whereas Lower Criticism concerns itself with the integrity or character of particular passages or parts; and is sometimes called "Textual Criticism." "The term 'Literary' or 'Higher Criticism' designates that type of Biblical criticism which proposes to investigate the separate books of the Bible in their internal peculiarities, and to estimate them historically. It discusses the questions concerning their origin, the time and place, the occasion and object of their composition, and concerning their position and value in the entire body of revelation. . . . . The 'Higher Criticism' has been so often employed for the overthrow of long-cherished beliefs that the epithet 'destructive' has frequently been applied to it; and hence it has become an offense to some orthodox ears." (The Mosaic Authorship of the Pentateuch, Charles Elliott, D. D., pp. 12, 13.)
[2]. Beginning of Christianity (Fisher) p. 392.
[3]. 21, 22, 23 Exodus—The Ten Commandments and amplifications.
[4]. The Bible as Literature, Dr. Lyman Abbot.
[5]. "Truthfulness of Scripture," a paper submitted to The World's Parliament of Religion by Professor Chas. A. Briggs, D. D. See World's Parliament of Religions (Barrows) vol. I, p. 563.
[6]. Rev. A. J. F. Behrends, D. D., Bible Criticism and its Methods, course of lectures, 1897.
[7]. These are the Universities of Berlin, Bonn, Breslau, Griefswald, Halle, Konigsberg, Leipzig and Tubingen.
[8]. This was the condition in 1897.
[9]. These Universities are Boston, Yale, Harvard, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Union, Chicago and Andover.
[10]. Dr. Behrend's, Bible Criticism, Second Lecture, Feb. 28, 1897.
[11]. This is written in 1903, and since the death of Bradlaugh in England in 1891, and the death of Ingersoll in America in 1899, there have appeared no infidel lectures against the Bible of any prominence. The mantle of those noted unbelievers and revilers of the Scriptures seems not to have fallen upon the shoulders of any of their followers.
[12]. Historical criticism and its results were also considered in volume I of New Witnesses, see ch. I.
[13]. The quoted passages in the foregoing are all from the paper of Dr. Chas. A. Briggs, one of the foremost scholars among the Higher Critics, and was read before the World's Parliament of Religions. See Barrows' History of the Parliament of Religions, vol. I, pp. 650-661.
[14]. Professor Sayce's article from which the foregoing quotations are made, is to be found in the Bible Treasury, published in Nelson & Son's addition of the authorized version, p. 43.
[15]. The Witness of Modern Discoveries to the Old Testament Narrative, Oxford Bible Helps.
[16]. Ibid.
[17]. The foregoing statements of monumental testimony to the truth of the Old Testament are condensed from an article of Professor A. H. Sayce, LL. D. The whole article—too long to be inserted here—will be found in the Nelson Illustrated Bible Treasury, pp. 39-44. Those desiring more specific knowledge of the interesting subject will find it in the magnificent work of Herman V. Hilprecht, Explorations in Bible Lands, During the 19th Century (1903). Mr. Hilprecht holds the Professorship of the "Clark Research Professorship of Assyriology" in the University of Pennsylvania; and in his great work of 800 pages is assisted by other specialists.