Footnotes
[1]. February, 1070, A. D.
[2]. Subsequently Henry IV made war upon Gregory, drove him from the papal chair into exile, and placed Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna, upon the papal throne. Guibert took the name of Innocent III, at his consecration, 1084, A. D.
[3]. It was invented by Schwartz in 1320.
[4]. Guizot Hist. Civilization.
[5]. Smith's Eng. Inst., pages 8,9.
[6]. It is only fair to Catholics to say that such is their explanation of indulgences now.
[7]. Maclain's note in Mosheim, vol. II, Ch. ii.
[8]. The account here given of the rise and character of indulgences is condensed chiefly from Schlegel, quoted by Murdock in the latter's translation of Mosheim, vol. III, book iv, cent. xvi, ch. i.
[9]. The canon law consists of the enactments of the councils and decrees of the popes.
[10]. Peter Lombard, who in the 12th century collected and arranged systematically the theological opinions and decisions of the Latin fathers.
[11]. In the church of Rome it may be said there were two parties, one of which held that the pope's power was supreme—superior to all other authority in the church; the other maintained that the pope's authority was subordinate to that of a general council of the whole church. The latter party was quite strong in Germany, so that a great many sustained Luther in his appeal to a general council. Even Duke George of Saxony favored the calling of such a council. Said he:—"The scandalous conduct of the clergy is a very fruitful source of the destruction of poor souls. There must be a universal reformation; and this cannot be better effected than by a general council. It is therefore the most earnest wish of us all, that such a measure be adopted."—Milner's Church Hist. vol. iv, ch. v, (Note.)
[12]. Milner's Church Hist., vol. IV, p. 405.
[13]. Milner's Church Hist., vol. IV, ch. iv.
[14]. The diet was a great council of the German empire, consisting of the princes, provincial rulers and the chief dignitaries of the church. The diet from the 10th century had assumed the right of electing the emperor of Germany, subject to confirmation by the pope, by whom alone he could be crowned. The diet was also usually assembled for the consideration of very important matters pertaining to the empire.
[15]. Mosheim (Murdock) vol. iii, bk. iv, cent. xvi, sec. i, ch. ii.
[16]. The Emperor was not present at this second diet at Spire. He was absent in Spain. "They appealed to the emperor, to a future council of the German nation, and lastly to every impartial judge. For they believed that a majority of votes in a diet could decide a secular question, but not a spiritual or religious question; they appealed to the emperor, not as recognizing him as their judge in a matter of religion, but merely that he might allow their appeal to a council to be valid."—Schlegel.
[17]. Before the diet rose the cities Kempten, Heilbronn Windsheim, and Weisenburg also subscribed; and afterwards many more. It was immediately printed and soon spread all over Europe, and was translated into various languages. It thus became of great service to the Protestant cause; for it was a very able document and was drawn up in a most judicious manner.—Murdock.
[18]. The Protestant princes had held that the election of Ferdinand to be king of the Romans was contrary to the laws of the empire.
[19]. Luther himself testifies to this. In the Latin preface to the first volume of his works, the Reformer says: "In the year 1517, when I was a young preacher, and dissuaded the people from purchasing indulgences. * * * I felt assured I should have the pope on my side: for he himself, in his public decrees had condemned the excesses of his agents in this business."
[20]. The foregoing six statements of fact I have summarized from M. Guizot's excellent work on the Civilization of Europe.
[21]. D'Aubigne's Hist. Ref., vol. I, pages 82, 83.
[22]. D'Aubigne's Hist. Ref., vol. I; book III, page 119.
[23]. Ibid, page 122.
[24]. Milner's Ch. Hist., vol. IV; page 514.
[25]. Men desire to do good works before their sins are forgiven, whilst it is necessary for sin to be forgiven before men can perform good works. It is not the works that expel sin; but the sin being expelled good works follow. For good works must be performed with a joyful heart, with a good conscience towards God, that is, with remission of sins.—D'Aubigne's Hist. Ref., vol. 1, page 117. "The works of the righteous themselves would be mortal sins, unless being filled with holy reverence for the Lord, they feared that their works might in truth be mortal sins."—Ibid, page 119.
[26]. Milner's Ch. Hist., vol. IV., page 379.
[27]. D'Aubigne's Hist. Ref., vol. III, page 340.
[28]. Ibid.
[29]. Mosheim's Eccl. Hist. (Murdock,) vol. III., page 147 (second edition.)
[30]. This doctrine was called Antinomianism; many believed it and followed it to its very extremes.
[31]. From Luther's Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, quoted by Milner, vol. IV., page 520.
[32]. D'Aubigne's Hist. Ref., vol. I., page 15.
[33]. End of Religious Controversy, p. 80.
[34]. Ibid.
[35]. Milner's Church Hist., vol. iv, page 500.
[36]. Such is the cause assigned for the Reformation by Catholics: John Milner, the noted Catholic divine, author of The End of Religious Controversy, p. 105, says: "As to Martin Luther, he testifies, and calls God to witness the truth of his testimony that it was not willingly (that is, not from a previous discovery of the falsehood of his religion,) but from accident, (namely, a quarrel with the Dominican friars, and afterwards with the pope) that he fell into his broils about religion."
[37]. See preceding section.
[38]. Archdeacon Blackburn's Confessional, p. 16.
[39]. End of Religious Controversy, p. 100.
[40]. I Nephi xiii: 26, 28, 32. See also Part I, Section VI, note 3.
[41]. Ibid.
[42]. Bancroft.
[43]. It must appear remarkable that such an idea could become prevalent since it is provided in the law of God to ancient Israel that the brother should marry the deceased brother's widow.—Deut. xxv:5, 6, 9, 10.
[44]. Hume's Hist. of England vol. iii, ch. xxx.
[45]. On one occasion he declared the pope to be "The proud, worldly priest, Rome, the most cursed of clippers and purse-kervers (cut-purses)."
[46]. Knox was born in the year 1505, near Haddington, Scotland. Died at Edinburgh, 1572.
[47]. Daughter of Henry VIII, and Catherine of Aragon. She was a bigoted Catholic; married Philip of Spain, also a Catholic.
[48]. Hallam's Const. Hist. England, p. 812.
[49]. Ibid.
[50]. Page 253.
[51]. Precedents for such an immunity it would not have been difficult to find; but they must have been sought in the archives of the enemy. It was rather early for the new republic to emulate the despotism she had overthrown.—Hallam, Hist. of England.
[52]. Book of Mormon, Ether, ch. 11:7-13.