Women in Modern Industry

by B. L. Hutchins

INDEX

Abbott, Edith, [151]
Abram, Annie, [13]
Accidents, [59], [125], [129]
Accounts of Hen. VII., [27]
of seventeenth century, [15]
Shuttleworth, [11]
Accrington, [96]
Adam and Eve, [6]
Adaptation of industry in war-time, [248]
Administration of the Factory Act, [53], [181-2], [243], [255], [282-93]
Adolescence, care of, [206]
Aftalion, [72]
Agricultural population, report on, [51]
Aikin, [43], [50]
Aldhelm, [7]
Alfred, King, [5]
Amalgamated Society of Clothiers, [116]
Amalgamation, the, [112]
America, [60]
Women’s Unions in, section, [141]
Ammunition workers’ strike, [130-31]
Anaemia, [188]
Ancren Riwle, [8]
Andrews, [7]
Anglo-Saxon industry, [5], [7]
Anthropology, [2]
Anti-Combination Act, repeal of, [92]
Anti-Socialist Law, [155]
Anti-Sweating League, [125], [133]
Apathy of the governing class, [52]
Apathy of women, [104-7], [113], [115], [209]
Apprentices, factory, [273]
Apprenticeship, section, [15]
Architects, the first, [2]
Arkwright, [33], [35], [36], [47]
Artizans and Machinery, Select Committee on, [53]
Ashley, afterwards Shaftesbury, Lord, [185]
Asses, machines worked by, [43]
Assistance in craft industries by women and girls, [16]
Association, section, [205]
Athenaeum, [52] n.
Attacks on the factory system, [49-51]
Attraction of the family, [83]
Aubrey, [7]
Backwardness of the Factory Act, [184]
Bad conditions in factories, [135], [181], [273], [286]
Bagley, Sarah, [142]
Baines, E., [38], [44]
Bamford, [24]
Barber knotter, the, [294]
Barry, Leonora, [145]
Beam, the, [98]
Beamers, [126]
Beaming, [107]
Bebel, [156]
Berchta, [2]
Berlin, [158], [159]
Bermondsey, [135]
Besant, Mrs., [128]
Betterment, [202]

Bill to raise wages, 1593, [20]
Bilston, [136]
Birmingham, [43], [62], [136]
trades, [29]
Bishopsgate, workhouse in, [21]
Black, Clementina, [122], [128]
Blackburn, [33], [96], [111], [112], [113]
society, [99]
Black Death, [4]
Bondfield, Margaret, [259] n.
Bonwick, [23]
Bookbinders, Society of, [120]
Boot and shoe trade, [63-4]
Unions, [116], [150]
Boston, [151]
Bosworth, Louise, [234]
Bourgeois women’s movement, [162], [163]
Bowley, A. L., [228]
Bradford, [116]
Bradford Dale, [25]
Brass work, [66]
polishing, [191]
Braun, Frau Lily, [69], [161-4], [175]
Brighton, [122]
Bristol, [14], [29], [63], [64], [65], [224]
Weavers’ Gild of, [22]
Britain, Great, what she stands for, [265]
British Association, [64]
Bücher, [9]
Bureau of Labour, enquiry by, [149]
Burnley weavers, [102]
Burslem, [29]
Butler, Elizabeth, [61]
Butler, Josephine, [199]
Button-making, [29]
Cadbury, E., [195] n.
Capitalist employer, the, [185-6]
Card-room operatives, [59], section, [113], [126], [168]
Carpenters’ Company, [17]
Carrying loads, [65], [66]
Cartwright, [35], [42]
Catholic Unions, [161], [164]
Causes of lack of organisation, [115], [139], [151]
Census, [Chap. III.]
Central Commission of German Trade Unions, [156]
Central Committee on Women’s Employment, [247]
Central Strike Fund, [103]
Centralisation needed, [173]
Chain-makers, [131]
Board, first determination of, [132]
Changes effected by industrial revolution, section, [178]
Chapman, Sydney J., [92]
Charles II., [26]
Chaucer, [10]
Chemicals, [63]
Child labour in factories, [272]
report on, [57]
Childbirth, employment after, [290]
Children and machines, [43], [272]
exploitation of, [264]
Children’s clothes, [65]
Employment Commission, [62], [63]
Chorley weavers, [96], [103]
Christian Trade Unions, [160]
Churchill, Winston, [20]
Cigar trade, [117], [118]
Citizenship for women, [190], [196]
Civil conditions, statistics of, [79]
Clarke, Allen, [45]
Class differences and class solidarity, [174]
interest, [166]
selfishness, [186]
Cleft, the, [207]
Clothing trades, [64]
Unions, [116]
wages in, [218]
Clothworkers, [14]
Clubs for working women, [166]
Coal-mining, women in, [29]
Cole, G. D. H., [174], [208]
Collectors, [105]
Collet, Clara, [80], [170]
Combination among rich clothiers, [17], [18]
of Workers, Committee on, [94]
Committees of Weavers’ Union, [108], [176]
Competing Unions, [172], [173]
Competition between men and women, [66]
for employment, [169]
Complexity of weavers’ lists, [99]
Compositors, [116], [117]
Compositors’ Union, [117]

Comradeship among women, [190]
Confectioners’ Union, [130]
Confectionery works, [67]
Constructive measures, section, [260]
Consumers, women as, [208], [263]
Consumers’ co-operation, [208]
Co-operation with bourgeois movement to be avoided, [163]
Co-operative Guild, Women’s, [208]
Copper works, [29]
Cop-winding, [107]
Core-making, [64], [146]
Corporate action, [175]
women untrained for, [165]
Cotton, bad, [101], [114]
Cotton Factory Times, [145] n.
Cotton trade, [31] et seq., section, [240], [268-82]
Cotton weavers, section, [96], [168], [173]
male, [60]
Cotton-weaving, [58]
Courtney, Janet, [263] n.
Coventry, [64]
ribbon trade, [41]
Cracker factory, strike in, [148]
Cradley, [133-4], [136]
Cradley Heath chain-makers, [131]
Craft Unions, [149], [158], [207-8]
Cunningham, W., D.D., [38]
Curse of the Factory System, [47]
Cycle industry, [64]
Darwen and Ramsbottom, [96]
Death-rates, [77]
of male infants, [257]
Deaths of women in mine explosions, [29]
Decay of hand-spinning, section, [39]
Decline of domestic manufacture, [35]
Decrease of employment in wartime, statistics of, [241], [266]
Deductions, [292]
Deficiencies, educational, [169]
Defoe, Daniel, [24]
Delays in labour legislation, causes of, [186]
Deloney, [6]
Dependents on women-workers, [145-6], [233-4]
Derby, [27], [95]
Derbyshire, [29], [97]
Detroit Free Press, [145]
Development of capitalistic industry, section, [17]
Development of women’s employment, [61]
Devon, [51]
Devotion and self-sacrifice of women, [165]
Difficulties in organising women, [115], [139], [151], [154], [164], [169]
Digby Mysteries, [6]
Dismissal without notice, [125]
Disproportion of women, [77]
Distaff, the, [Chap. I.], section
Textiles, [5]
Divergent views on factory system, [45]
Division among the weavers, [97]
Dock and General Workers’ Union, [126]
Dock Strike, [128]
Doherty, [55]
Domestic workers, statistics of, [84], [86]
little organisation among, [168]
Dorset, [51]
Dover, New Hampshire, strikes at, [141]
Drawers, [126]
Dressmakers, little organisation among, [168]
Dressmaking, [64], [65], [87], [118]
factory, d.-m., [72], [220]
Drudgery a survival, [203-4]
Dundee, [115]
Dunlop, Jocelyn, [15], [16]
Dust-extractor, [59]
Dust in rope-works, [129]
Early civilisation, [1-3]
Early factories, conditions in, [50], [52], [181]
Early manufactures, characteristics of, [47]
Earning power of women, [71-2]
Earnings and Hours Enquiry, [214]
Earnings in 1770, [33]
of women, [Chap. VI.]
insufficient for health, [229]
East End workers, [128]

East Lancashire Amalgamated Society, [96]
East London, [130]
East Meon, Church of, [6]
Economic Independence, [80]
Economic Section of British Association, [64], [253] n.
Economic self-dependence, [81]
Eden, Sir F., [39]
Edmonton, ammunition workers at, [130-31]
Education by Trade Unions, [159]
Educational deficiencies, [169]
Edward VI., [21]
Effects, moral, of Trade Unions among women, [153]
Effects of the War on the employment of women, [Chap. VII.]
Egotistic refinement, [198]
Eight-hour Leagues, [143]
Elements of Statistics, [228]
Elizabeth, [19]
Employers oppose Unionism, [151]
Engineering, [64]
Enlightenment of women, [194]
Ephemeral character of Women’s Unions, [150]
Equal chance, an, [145]
Equal pay for equal work, [144], [152], [172], [255]
Equal rates of pay for women, [93]
Equality of opportunity, [196]
Erdmann, Dr., [167]
Essex, [25] n.
Exclusion of women, section, [189]
from local governing bodies, [198]
Exeter, Justices of, [20]
Expansion of trade, [18]
Experience in sorting wool, [21]
Fachverein der Mäntelnäherinnen, [155]
Factory, the, section, [43]
Factory Act, the first, [185]
of 1833, [45], [181]
of 1844, 1847, 1850, 1864, 1867, 1878, 1901, [182]
prejudice against the, [120]
what it has done, section, [181]
Factory system, beginning of, [21], [22]
disliked, [42]
Fall of prices in weaving, [26], [37], [39]
Fall River, strike at, [143-4]
Family, attraction of the, [83]
women working in the, [178]
Fatigue, [202]
Federation of Trade Unions, [208]
American, [145], [146], [152]
Felkin, [25]
Female Industrial Association, [142]
Female Membership of Trade Unions, [177]
Feminist movement, [175]
Ferrier, Dr., [52]
Fielden, John, [45], [47]
File cutlery, [64]
Fines, unfair, [100-102], [127-8]
Finishing goods, [67]
Fire-escapes, [287]
Five hours’ spell, [183]
Flax, [10], [11], [242]
industry, strike in the, [138]
Fly-shuttle, invention of, [33]
Folklore ceremonies, [1]
Food trades, [63]
Frame-work knitting, section, [25]
Free Unions, German, [156], [160]
Freedom of employment, unrestricted, [193]
Frigga’s Distaff or Rock, [5]
Fruit-picking, [65]
Fuegians, [2]
Future organisation of women, section, [206]
Garment workers, [150]
Gaskell, Mrs., [74]
Gaskell, P., [38] n., [45], [47], [48], [56], [231]
Gas-Workers’ and General Labourers’ Union, [140], [174] n.
General Federation of Trade Unions, [140]
Gentlemen’s Magazine, [39]
German Statistical Year-Book, [157]
Germany, Women’s Unions in, section, [154]
Girls untrained, [16]
Girl-workers, [73]
Glasgow, [94], [122], [224]
spinners, [93]
Glossop, [27]
Gloucester, [30]
Gloucestershire, [18]

Gnauck-Kühne, Elizabeth, [157], [164-166], [207] n.
Goldmark, Josephine, [202]
Governing class, [52], [179], [181]
Graham, [54]
Grand General Union, [93]
Grand National Union,

[95]
Grant, P., [45]
Greenwood, Arthur, [189]
Greig, Mrs. Billington, [209]
Grey or Franciscan Friars, [6]
Guest, [32]
Guild, Women’s Co-operative, [176-177]
Habit of association, lack of, [106]
Half-pay apprentices, [41]
Halifax, [39]
Hamilton, A., [20]
Hammond, J. L. and B, [180] n.
Hand-loom Weavers, Committee on, [42]
Hand-loom weaver’s wife, section, [40]
Hand-wheels thrown aside, [34]
Hargreaves, J., [33], [42]
Haslam, J., [191], [192], [193]
Hat and cap workers, [150]
Healds, [98]
Hebden Bridge, [231]
Henley, Walter of, [10]
Henry VII., accounts of, [27]
Henry VIII., [19]
Hicks, Mrs. Amie, [128], [129], [130]
Hicks, Margaretta, [209]
Hirsch-Duncker Unions, [161]
Holda or Holla, [2]
Hollow-ware workers, strike of, [136-138]
Home, work in the, [44]
Home Workers’ Union, [160]
Horrocks, [36]
Hostility of employers to Unions, [139], [151], [169]
Hotel servants and waitresses, [168]
Houldsworth, [93]
Hours of work, [183-4], [277], [289]
Housewife preparing wool, [11], [14-15]
position of the, [165]
Housing in towns, [50]
Huddersfield, [115]
Hull, [14], [15]
Husbandry, servants in, section, [3]
Hutchins, B. L., [197] n., [207] n.
Hyde, [93]
Ideals of Victorian era, [198-9]
Ignorance of domestic work, [51]
Importation of silk, [26]
Improvements in working conditions, [190], [202]
Increase of women in metal trades, [63]
Increase of women-workers in Germany, [155]
Industrial change, effects of, [42]
revolution, [Chap. II.]
Industrial Workers of the World, [148]
“Industry in bonds,” [49]
Inequality of wages, [123]
Influence of Unions on conditions, [153]
Injury from prolonged standing, [186], [187]
Insanitary conditions in confectioners’ workrooms, [130]
Inspection of factories impossible for women, [197]
Inspectors, factory, [181]
women appointed as, [182]
Instability of status, [152]
Insurance Act, [103], [108], [116], [126], [131], [176], [188], [205]
Interdenominational Unions, [161]
Interests, interlocking of, [173]
“Interkonfessionelle” Unions, [164]
International Association for Labour Legislation, [125]
International Typographical Union, [143]
International Workers’ Congress, [123]
Inventions, [43]
Ipswich, [65]
Christ’s Hospital at, [21]
Ireland, [224]
Irons on apprentices, [274]
Ironworks, a fifteenth-century, [29]
Isolation of women, [164-5]
Jacquard’s loom, [42]
Jam-making, [135]
James, Clara, [128], [130]

James, John, [25] n.
James, William, [207]
Jones, Lloyd, [106]
Kaffirs, [2]
Kamtchatdals, [2]
Kay, [33]
Kendal, [39]
Kettering, [224]
King, Mr., [120]
Knights of Labour, [144], [145]
Knitting-machine, [25]
Korrespondenzblatt, [158]
Labour, an important factor in production, [136]
Labour Commission, [61], [63], [129], [170], [197], [198]
Labour League, Women’s, [177], [208]
Labour legislation, weakness of and delays in, [186]
Labour movement, [127]
Labourers, Statute of, [4]
Lacquering, [63]
Lancashire, [61], [74], [96], [97], [102]
cotton spinners of, [93]
Lapsley, [29]
Lassalle, [158]
Laundresses, Union of, [122]
Laundry Workers’ International Union, [147]
Law, Alice, [36]
Lawrence, Mass., [149]
Lead mines, women in, [29]
poisoning, [288]
Lee, inventor of knitting-machine, [25]
Leeds, [23], [39], [116], [224]
Leicester, [92], [224]
Leland’s Itinerary, [21]
Lenience of Magistrate, [293]
Levant Company, [32]
Lighting of work-places, [184], [284]
Linen and jute, [115], [242]
List prices, [99], [100], [114]
Liverpool, [173]
Locked in factory, [129-30]
Lombe, John, [27]
London, [126], [242]
milliners, [168]
Trades Council, [128]
London weavers, [13], [14]
Women’s Trades Council, [123]
Loom, the, [5]
Low wages of women, consolation for, [57]
Lowell, Female Labour Reform Association at, [142]
strikes at, [141]
Union, [142]
Lye, [136], [137]
Lytton, Lady Constance, [200]
Macarthur, Mary, xv, [131]
Macclesfield, [28]
MacDonald, J. R., [195] n.
Machine work, [66]
Machinery and skill, [68-9]
and women’s employment, [69-70]
Mackworth, Sir H., [29]
Maladjustment and Readjustment, section, [245]
Male Weavers’ Union, [143-4]
Malingering, xv, [188]
Malmesbury Abbey, [21-2]
Manchester, [31], [32], [47], [50], [55], [93], [126], [173], [176], [224]
societies, [126-7]
spinners, [92]
Women’s Trade Union Council, [139]
Women’s War Interests Committee, [256], [296]
Mantoux, [23], [41]
Manufactures and Commerce, Select Committee on, [54]
Markham, Gervase, [14]
Marriage, section, [78]
and organisation, [151]
decreasing prospect of, [196], [256]
prospect of, its effects on young men and women, [151], [169-70]
Married women’s work, [89-91]
Marx, Karl, [49]
Mary, Queen, [21]
Match factories, [47]
workers, [183]
makers’ Union, [128]
Match-girls’ strike, [127-8]
Material progress, [51], [265]
Maternity benefit, [103], [259] n.
and child welfare, [258]
care of, [206]

Matheson, M. C., [195] n.
Matthews, Miss, [153]
Mechanical power, [200-201]
progress, [43]
Mellor, [33]
Men and women, division of work between, [53]
numbers of, in cotton spinning, [55]
organised together, [166], [168]
Metal trades, increase of women’s employment in, [63]
Metal-cutting, [66]
Middle-class women’s movement, section, [195]
Mines, an Account of, [29]
Minimum, principle of the, [237-8]
requirements, [227]
Monopoly of trade in clothing, [18]
Moral atmosphere of factories, [50]
effects of Unionism, [153]
Mortality, [76], [77]
Movement of women’s wages, section, [229]
Mule-spinning, [191-2]
Mundella, A. J., [250] n.
Munitions work, [251-2]
National Federation of Women Workers, [131], [133], section, [140], [296]
Nature of Woman, [2]
Neath, [29]
Needlewomen, [154]
Nelson and District Weavers’ Association, [101] n.
New demand for women’s labour, section, [250]
New England cotton mills, [142]
New spirit among women, section, [199]
New Unionism, [127], [149], [174]
New York, [141], [142]
Nightingale, Florence, [199], [200]
Non-textile trades, [28-30]
industrial revolution in, section, [61]
Nordverein der Berliner Arbeiterinnen, [155]
Northampton, [224]
N.E. Lancashire Amalgamated Society, [96]
Norwich, [23], [224]
Oakeshott, G., [118] n.
Oastler, Thomas, [185]
Occupational statistics, [81-8]
Oldham, [95]
and district, [96]
Opposition of landowners to Liberals, [46]
to factory legislation, [121-3]
to women’s employment, [42], [43], [93], [94]
Oppression by employers, [19]
Ordinances of Worcester, [18]
Organisation, early efforts at, section, [92]
in different trades, [171]
of German Unions, [157-60]
of women, need for, [107], [255]
of women, together with men, [172]
of young persons, difficulty of, [113]
Outlook, the, section, [167]
Overcrowding in towns, [52]
Overstrain, [110]
in cotton industry, [59], [281], [287]
Overtime, [184], [289]
Owen, Robert, [44], [47], [53], [95], [106]
Padiham, [96], [113]
Paper and stationery, [63]
Paper-sorting or overlooking, [67], [168]
Paris, [123]
Paterson, Emma, [119-22]
Pay-stewards, [176]
Pearson, Karl, [1], [206]
Peel, the elder, [53]
Peel’s Committee (1816), [41]
Pen trade, [63]
Percival, Dr. Thomas, [52], [185]
Personality in Union officials, [174]
Petition against importation of silk, [26], [27]
of weavers, [17]
Philanthropy, [163], [166]
Phosphorus, white, prohibition of, [183]
Phossy jaw, [183]
Picks, [98]
Pictet, [5]
Piece rates, [97-102]

Piecers to replace spinners, [54]
women as, [192]
Piers Plowman, [8]
Pin manufacture, [30]
Pittsburgh, U.S.A., [61]
Plague, the, [4]
Plated ware trade, [30]
Policy, a coherent, [173]
Polish women weavers, strike of, [149]
Polynesians, [2]
Poor Law, its effect on wages, [21]
of Elizabeth, [32]
Possibilities of modern industry, [204]
of State control, section, [204]
Potential changes of the industrial revolution, section, [200]
Potteries, [29]
Potters, [146]
Power sewing-machine, [63]
Power-loom, [35]
introduction of the, [55]
Premature employment, effects of, [62]
Preparing material, [65]
Present position of the woman worker, section, [183]
Press-work, [66]
Preston, [96]
Primitive industries, [2], [3]
Printing, [66], [116]
Professional women, scope for, [263] n.
Professions for women, [80]
Prohibition to combine, [80]
of women’s employment, [14]
Proportion of women in Unions, [147]
Prosperity of spinners, [38]
Protective and Provident League, [119-24]
Psychological difficulties in organising women, [164]
Public spirit, lack of, [170]
Queen, the, [247]
Radcliffe Society, [96]
Radcliffe, William, [33]
Rag-cutting, [65]
Ramsay, Isle of Man, [93]
Reaction in war-time, [264]
Reciprocal movement between spinners and weavers, [40]
Reed, [97]
Reeling, [107]
Reforms started by industrial employers, [53]
Registrar-General, [75], [76]
Relative wages of men and women, [231-6]
Replacement of men by women, [55-56], [252], [255]
Results the War may have, section, [256]
Richards, factory inspector, [49]
Rights and privileges of women, [105]
Ring-room doffers, [113]
Ring-spinners, [114]
Ring-winders, [111]
Ring-winding, [107]
Roberts, Lewis, [32]
Rock, Maria, [5]
Rogers, Thorold, [4], [5]
Rope-makers, [129]
Sadler, M. T., [185]
St. Crispin, Daughters of, [142], [144]
San Francisco, [147], [153]
Sanitary conditions in non-textile trades, [62]
Sanitation in town and country, [50], [51]
Schreiner, Olive, [69]
Schultze-Gävernitz, [44], [157]
Screw manufactories, [62]
Seamstresses, [146]
Segregation of women from affairs, [109]
Sewing women, [143]
Shaftesbury, Lord, [185], [186]
Shakespeare quoted, [19], [25] n.
Shann, G., [195] n.
Sheffield, [64]
plated ware trade, [30]
Shifting of industrial processes, [44]
Shirt-making, [223]
Shock of War, section, [239]
Shop Assistants’ Union, [140], [176]
Shortage of women’s labour, [245]
Shorter hours, effects of, [202]
movement for, [109-10]
Shuttleworth Accounts,

[11]
Shyness of women, [109]
Sick benefit, [119], [131], [188]
Sick visitors, [108], [176]

Sickness Benefit Claims, Committee on, [xv]
Silk, section, [26]
Simcox, Edith, [123]
Sisterhood, the, [92], [271] n.
Slater, G., [180] n.
Small-ware weavers, [92]
Snowden, Keighley, [136] n.
Soap, [63]
“Social and Economic History,” [36]
Social Democratic Party, [156]
Social England, [29]
Social influences, [163], [166], [170]
Social strata in the factory, [67]
Socialism and women, [163-4]
Solidarity between men and women, [196]
Sorting clothes in laundries, [65]
Southey, [50]
“Spear-half,” [5]
Speeding up, [58-9], [110], [281]
Spell of work, [183]
“Spindle-half,” [5]
Spinning, a family occupation, [24]
by young women, [9]
for the unemployed, [21]
jennies, [34], [42]
machine invented by Hargreaves, [33]
parties, [9]
Squire, Miss Rose, [184]
Stages in the woman’s career, [207]
Standard of life in Lancashire, [60], [105], [107], [187]
of immigrants, [142]
Standing, effects of persistent, [186], [275]
Statistics of domestic workers, [84], [86]
of German women in Unions, [167]
of textile workers, [87]
of unemployment in war-time, [241], [266]
of wages, [Chap. VI.]
of women in Unions, [177]
of women’s life and employment, [Chap. III.]
Statutory rights of workers, [186], [204]
Stay-making, [65]
Steam laundry workers, [147]
Steam power, introduction of, [35]
Stockport, [36], [108], [113]
strike at, [96]
Strain of modern industry, section, [186]
of work, [184], [281]
Strike-breakers, [93]
Strikes, see various industries
in 1911, [135]
Struggle of the crafts, [19]
Stumpe, [21]
Suffolk clothiers, petition of, [18]
Surats, [101], [280]
Surplus of women, section, [75]
Survival of previous standards and conditions, section, [179]
Swabia, [2]
Syndicalism, [197]
Tailoresses, increase of, [87]
Union of, [122]
Tailoring, [64], [221]
Tailors, Amalgamated Society of, [122]
Tapestry, [8]
Tayler, Dr. L., [2]
Taylor, Cooke, the elder, [48], [49], [52] n.
Temple, Sir William, [11]
Textile work, as adjunct to farming, [24], [33]
societies, [126]
workers, [150]
workers, statistics of, [87]
workers, wages of, [216]
Textiles, section, [5]
Theodore, St., [8]
Thüringen, [2]
Times, the, [127], [128]
Timidity of social legislation, [185]
Timmins, S., [63]
Tobacco, [63]
workers in, [127]
Toynbee Hall, [127]
Tracey, Anna, [188]
Trade Boards Act, 1909, [20], [116], [126], [131], [132], [138], [183], [224], [226], [245]
Trade Union Congress, [119], [120], [122], [123]
Traill’s Social England, [29]
Transformation of some womanly trades, [61-2]

Treasure of Traffike, [32]
Truck Act, [184-5], [290]
in Germany, [155]
Twisters, [126]
Typographical Societies, [116]
Umbrella Sewers’ Union, [142]
Underclothing, [65]
Underground, women working, [194]
Unemployment and short time, [228]
Unemployment among women in war-time, [240-43]
Unions, women in, [Chaps. IV.] and [IVa.]
U.S.A., Labour Commission of, [234]
Unorganised trades, [102], [126]
Unorganised workers, movement among, section, [127], [256]
Unsuitable work, [194], [236]
Unwin, Professor, [14], [18], [19], [22]
Upholsterers, [146]
Ure, [44], [47]
Variety of conditions, [46], [47]
Ventilation, [276]
Verein zur Vertretung der Interessen der Arbeiterinnen, [155]
Victimisation, [96], [97], [105], [139], [169]
Wage census, 1906, [Chap. VI.]
Wage contract, [73]
Wages in seventeenth century, [20]
in miscellaneous trades, [225-6]
of women, [Chap. VI.]
raised in low-class industries, [135]
Wagner, R., quoted, [31]
War, effects of, on employment of women, [Chap. VII.]
War, the, results it may have, section, [256]
Warden, [7]
Warehouse work, [67]
Warner, Townsend, [23]
Warping, [112]
Watch-making, [64]
Water-power, [18]
Weavers’ Amalgamation, [97], [103], [205]
Weavers become clothiers, [17]
become wage-earners, [17]
Weavers’ Committees, [104-7], [108]
Company, [13]
Gild, [13]
secretaries, [101-2], [104], [106]
Union, [96], [111], [126]
Weavers in Scotland, General Association of, [92]
of Edinburgh, [14]
Weaving as a woman’s trade, section, [12]
Weaving, operation of, [97-8]
Webb’s History of Trade Unionism, [93] n.
Weft, [98]
Wells, H. G., [207]
West Riding Fancy Union, [92]
What is and what might be, [200]
What the Factory Act has done, section, [181]
Wider views of Union officials, [205]
Widows, employment of, [90-91]
carry on husbands’ business, [17]
Wigan, [108]
Wilson, Mrs. C. M., [23] n.
Wiltshire, [21], [51]
Winders, [111], [126], [294]
Winter’s Tale, [6]
Winterton, [29]
Witch, the, [1]
Woman wage-earner, section, [53], and [Chap. VI.]
“Women and the Trades,” [61]
Women bakers, carders, brewers, spinners, workers of wool, etc., [13]
bookbinders, [123]
chain-makers, [134]
Women exempt from craft restriction, [12]
Women, an important factor in industry, [21]
as individual earners, [25]
as subordinate helpers, [178]
Women Factory Inspectors, [xiv], [109], [182], [183], [282-93]
appointment of, opposed, [197]
reinforcement of, needed, [xvi]
Women in an inferior position, [16]
in industrial transition, [19]
in the great industry, [203]
Women only, Unions of, [118], [162], [171-2]

Women weavers displacing men, [13]
Women’s employment, Central Committee on, [247]
Women’s movement and the labour movement, [199]
Women’s Rights Party in Germany, [154]
Women’s secretariat in German Commission of Trade Unions, [158]
Women’s Trade Union League, [118], section, [119], [175]
Women’s Trade Union League in America, [153]
Women’s wages, [Chap. VI.]
Wood, G. H., [229]
Wool and worsted, [115]
Wool, section textiles, [5]
Woollen and clothing trades, section, [243]
Work done by women, three classes of, [65]
Work done for wages outside the home, [22], [23]
Workers’ Educational Association, [74]
Workers’ Union, [140]
Workrooms for unemployed women, [249]
Workshop and factory, wages in, compared, [219]
Worsted, History of, [25] n.
Wright, Thomas, [7], [9]
Wyatt, Paul, [33]
Yarn, demand for, [32], [248]
York, [23]
Yorkshire, [18], [97]
women, [115]
Young, Arthur, [23], [29]
Zimmern, A. E., [265] n.

THE END

Printed by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh.

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Footnotes:

[1] I.e. Cots or cottages.

[2] Departmental Committee on Sickness Benefit Claims, Evidence 40446, Bondfield.

[3] Ibid. 40462, Bondfield.

[4] 37 Edw. III. c. 6, quoted in Cunningham’s Growth of Industry and Commerce, I. 353 n. (5th ed.).

[5] See a volume of tracts at the British Museum numbered 1851, c. 10.

[6] S.P. Dom. Eliz. 1593, vol. 244. Reprinted in English Economic History, Bland, Brown and Tanney, p. 336.

[7] Cf. a report of a workhouse in 1701 (catalogued as 816. m. 15. 48 in the Brit. Mus. Library), where ten poor women were employed to teach the children to spin.

[8] Tour in East of England, vol. ii. pp. 75, 81. I am indebted to Mrs. C. M. Wilson for drawing my attention to these passages and for suggesting the remarks immediately following.

[9] Defoe in his Plan of English Commerce says that after the great plague in France and the peace in Spain the run for goods was so great in England, and the prices so high that poor women in Essex could earn 1s. or 1s. 6d. a day by spinning, and the farmers could hardly get dairymaids. This was, however, only for a time; demand slackened, and the spinners were reduced to misery.

[10] James, History of Worsted, p. 289. This pleasant custom may remind us of lines in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, i. 4:

“The spinsters and the knitters in the sun
And the free maids that weave their thread with bones.”

[11] Philip Gaskell, who was, however, so prejudiced against the factory system that his views must be taken with caution, says that the wives of manufacturers who had risen from poverty to affluence were “an epitome of everything that is odious in manners,” their only redeeming point being a profuse hospitality, which however, Grant attributes to “a sense of vain-glory.”—Manufacturing Population, p. 60.

[12] Growth of English Industry and Commerce, Modern Times, p. 654 (ed. 1907).

[13] History of Cotton Manufacture, p. 446.

[14] Factory Inspector’s Report dated August 1835, quoted in Fielden’s Curse of the Factory System, 1836, p. 43.

[15] Country round Manchester, p. 192. Compare Mrs. Gaskell’s descriptions in Mary Barton, fifty years later, for a very similar account.

[16] Athenaeum, August 20 (probably 1842), quoted in W. C. Taylor, Factories and the Factory System, pp. 3, 4, London, 1842.

[17] L. Braun, Die Frauenfrage, p. 209. Cf. E. Gnauck-Kühne, Die Arbeiterinnenfrage 23.

[18] Woman and Labour, p. 50.

[19] Registrar-General’s Report for 1912, p. xxxvii.

[20] “Prospects of Marriage for Women,” by Clara Collet, Nineteenth Century, April 1892, reprinted in Educated Working Women, P. S. King, 1902.

[21] The servant-keeping class often shows a tendency to regard social questions mainly from the point of view of maintaining the supply of domestic servants.

[22] See Appendix, [p. 270].

[23] Webb, History of Trade Unionism, pp. 104-5.

[24] Parliamentary Papers, 1838, viii. qq. 360, 1341-2.

[25] “Select Committee on Manufactures,” Parliamentary Papers, 1833, vol. vi. p. 323, q. 5412-3.

[26] Rules of the Nelson and District Power-Loom Weavers’ Association, 1904, p. 13, “Advice to Members, etc.”

[27] Report of N.C. Amalgamation, June 1906.

[28] Evidence is not unanimous on this point.

[29] Report of S.E. Lancashire Provincial Association, Dec. 1912.

[30] See Women in the Printing Trade (edited by J. R. MacDonald) for an excellent study of the whole circumstances and conditions of the trade.

[31] G. Oakeshott, “Women in the Cigar Trade in London,” in the Economic Journal, 1900, p. 562.

[32] Second Report of the W.T.U.L.

[33] In Mr. Keighley Snowden’s words, from which this account is taken (Daily Citizen, 12, xi. 1912): “If foreign competition at last threatens us, it is in consequence of this heartless folly.”

[34] Space does not permit us to give a full account of the efforts for co-operative action for social purposes made by working women at this period, or of the interesting study of social conditions made by Leonora Barry, the investigator of women’s work under the Knights of Labour. See Report on Women’s Unions, [Chapter IVa.]

[35] Quoted in the Cotton Factory Times, September 18, 1885.

[36] Report of the Strike of Textile Workers in Lawrence, Mass., p. 63.

[37] This chapter was written before the outbreak of war.

[38] It is a curious reflection on the tardiness of our Government statistical work, that figures for German Trade Unions are here actually accessible for a more recent date than those of English Unions. [Written early in 1914.]

[39] A. Erdmann, Church and Trade Union in Germany, 1913.

[40] Report of Gas-workers’ and General Labourers’ Association, March 1897.

[41] This chapter was written before the outbreak of war.

[42] Many worthy folk to this day even show by the use of the phrase “giving employment” that they suppose themselves to be conferring a benefit on persons who work for them, irrespective of wages paid, and it is unlikely that our ancestors were more enlightened on this point than ourselves.

[43] G. Slater, English Peasantry and the Enclosure of Common Fields, Constable, 1907, p. 266. Compare Hammond, J. L. and B, The Village Labourer, chap. v.

[44] See, e.g., the cases mentioned in the Factory Inspectors’ Report for 1912, p. 142, and compare the case reported by Miss Vines in the Report for 1913, p. 97. In a Christmas-card factory the women were being employed two days a week from 8 to 8, three days a week from 8 A.M. to 10 P.M., and Saturdays 8 to 4. “The whole staff of workers and foremen looked absolutely worn out.”

[45] School Child in Industry, by A. Greenwood, p. 7. Workers’ Educational Association, Manchester, price 1d.

[46] See the Englishwoman for June 1914.

[47] The work of a “big piecer” is practically identical with that of a spinner, only that responsibility rests with the latter.

[48] See Cadbury Matheson and Shann, Women’s Work and Wages, p. 212; Macdonald, Women in the Printing Trades, p. 53.

[49] See in [Chapter IVa.] pp. 162-3. Frau Lily Braun’s views on the subject.

[50] See an article by the present writer in the Englishwoman, April 1911.

[51] Northern Counties Amalgamation of Weavers, etc. Report for July 1913.

[52] I owe the suggestion of a “cleft” (Spalte) in the woman-worker’s career to Madame E. Gnauck-Kühne, who developed it in her book, Die deutsche Frau. Compare “Statistics of Women’s Life and Employment,” Journal of the Statistical Society, 1909.

[53] Earnings and Hours Enquiry: Textile Industries, Cd. 4545, 1909; Clothing Trades, Cd. 4844, 1909.

[54] Raised to 3½d. on 19th July 1915.

[55] Elements of Statistics, 2nd edition, pp. 37, 38, and 39.

[56] 1,091,202 out of a total of 4,830,734.

[57] Women’s Industrial News, July 1912, p. 56; compare The War, Women and Unemployment, published by the Fabian Society.

[58] This chapter was prepared during the first year and the early part of the second year of war. It is necessarily incomplete, as war is still raging; but it is hoped that a brief summary of the position of women-workers in war time, and of the expedients adopted to ease and improve it, may not be without interest.

[59] Article by G. H. Carter, Economic Journal, March 1915; see also Notes in the Women’s Trades Union League Review, January 1915.

[60] Article by Jas. Haslam, Englishwoman, March 1915, and information given privately.

[61] See article by C. Black in the Common Cause, February 12, 1915.

[62] Westminster Gazette, October 16, 1914.

[63] See a letter by Mr. A. J. Mundella, L.C.C., in the School Child for December 1914.

[64] New Statesman, November 7, 1914.

[65] Report on Outlets for Labour after the War, British Association, Section F., Manchester, 1915.

[66] See The National Care of Maternity, by Margaret Bondfield, published by the Women’s Co-operative Guild. The proposals include the administration of Maternity Benefit by the Public Health authorities in lieu of the approved societies, the raising of maternity benefit to £5, and other changes.

[67] B. Kirkman Gray, History of Philanthropy.

[68] Daily News and Leader, June 24, 1915. It may be remarked here parenthetically, though not strictly germane to the subject, that not only the local authorities, but the Departments, even the War Office itself, might utilise the services of professional women more freely than they do, with great advantage to themselves. Women have among other things a very sharp eye for the detection of fraud and corruption. It was to the initiative and energy of one woman that the greatest improvements in the organisation of the Army Hospital Service in the nineteenth century were due. It is admitted that no change in the administration of the Factory Department has been so fruitful for good as the appointment of women factory inspectors. Why, then, are not professional women called in to aid in the organisation of commissariat, the inspection of clothing stores, the “housekeeping” of the Army, especially in the case of the needs of raw recruits? Incalculable waste, diversified here and there by actual lack of food, is reported from the camps. The help of expert women might here be of enormous value, and not only avoid waste, but ensure the provision of more wholesome food and more comfortable clothing. Some valuable hints on this subject are to be derived from an article by Mrs. Janet Courtney in the Fortnightly Review, February 1915, “The War and Women’s Employment.”

[69] The War and Democracy. Introduction by A. E. Zimmern, p. 14. London, 1914.

[70] It should be observed that the first proprietors of some cotton mills, alarmed by the consequences of obliging their servants to work incessantly, have shut up their mills in the night.

[71] A certain manufacturer of worsted threatened a sister of ours, whom he employed, that he would send all his jersey to be spun at the mill; and further insulted her with the pretended superiority of that work. She having more spirit than discretion, stirred up the sisterhood, and they stirred up all the men they could influence (not a few) to go and destroy the mills erected in and near Leicester, and this is the origin of the late riots there.

[72] It is, however, important to mention that cotton mills are materially improved of late years in most of these particulars, and that in some mills they exist in a much less degree than others, which shows them not to be essential and inherent.

[73] It is a curious circumstance, and one which amply merits attentive consideration, that the fecundity of females employed in manufactories seems to be considerably diminished by their occupation and habits; for not only are their families generally smaller than those of agricultural labourers, but their children are born at more distant intervals. Thus the average interval which elapses between the birth of each child in the former case is two years and one month, as we have found upon minute enquiry, while, in country districts, we believe, it seldom exceeds eighteen months. The causes of these facts we have at present no space to enlarge upon.

[74] The extracts are slightly compressed in transcription.

[75] The barber knotter is a small appliance worn on the hand to assist the work of winding.