FOOTNOTES:
[1] It will be seen from our last chapter that we have used by preference the word Soul to represent that which survives death both in the righteous and the wicked.
[2] See also Job xxi. 14, 15.
[3] See Westminster Sermons, by the Rev. Charles Kingsley.
[4] Wilkinson.
[5] Wilkinson.
[6] Exod. vi. 2.
[7] Gen. xix. 12.
[8] Lectures on the Jewish Church.
[9] Dan. xii. 2.
[10] Dan. xii. 13.
[11] 2 Macc. vii. 14.
[12] Wars of the Jews, II. viii. 14.
[13] Essays on some of the Peculiarities of the Christian Religion.
[14] Phædrus, quoted by Wilkinson.
[15] Chips from a German Workshop.
[16] 1 Cor. xv. 35.
[17] Ps. cii. 25.
[18] 2 Cor. iv. 18.
[19] 2 Pet. iii. 10.
[20] Rev. xx. 11.
[21] See [footnote to Art. 224].
[22] John v. 30.
[23] Gal. iv. 4.
[24] John viii. 28.
[25] See Professor Huxley’s Birmingham Lecture.
[26] Life and Writings of Swedenborg by William White.
[27] We are aware that a certain class of thinkers regard all matter and combinations of matter as in some unexplained sense alive. We will discuss this doctrine in another place; meanwhile it must be understood that we do not here allude to this peculiar life, which from its very conception must exist as truly in a dead body as in a living one; what we are discussing at present is individual consciousness of the ordinary recognised type.
[28] As will be seen in [Chap. III.], the more important half of the realities of the physical world are forms of Energy, which cannot exist except when associated with Matter. We mention this merely in a footnote now, as we do not wish to diverge too far from our present line of argument.
[29] A very striking analogy to this will be found in [Chapter III.], where it is shown that energy of visible motion often disappears by transformation into the dormant or latent energy of position.
[30] See Essay on this subject by the Hon. Sir W. R. Grove, in his book on The Correlation of Physical Forces.
[31] See Contributions to Solar Physics, by De la Rue, Stewart, and Loewy.
[32] In [Chap. IV.] the reader will see that the only attempt to explain the mechanism of gravitation, which can be called even hopeful, does not give rigorously the law of the inverse square of the distance.
[33] ‘I hope all will be well. And, as for the gate you talk of, all the world knows that it is a great way off our country. I cannot think that any man in all our parts doth so much as know the way to it; nor need they matter whether they do or no, since we have, as you see, a fine, pleasant, green lane, that comes down from our country, the next way into the way.’
[34] This is discussed in [Chapter IV.] below.
[35] It is hardly needful to inform our readers that the word substance is used in this chapter in the ordinary sense.
[36] See Thomson and Tait’s Natural Philosophy, § 269; or Tait’s Thermodynamics, § 91.
[37] Thus paraphrased for us:—
Nature, bewildering in diversity,
Of marvels Marvel most inscrutable,
Like Proteus, altereth her shape and mould;
But Fate remaineth ever immovable,
And, changeless in persistency, outwears
The Time of men, the gods’ Eternity.
[38] For a more complete statement of Carnot’s work see Tait, Recent Advances in Physical Science, 1876.
[39] They virtually showed that in a perfect steam-engine with pressure equal to ‘one atmosphere’ in its boiler, and with its condenser at the temperature of melting ice, the ratio of the heat taken in to the heat given out is 1·365 to 1. Hence if the difference between the numbers is to be 100, these must be 374, 274.—Phil. Trans., 1854.
[40] See Tait, Phil. Mag., 1872, I. 338, 516; II. 240.
[41] Thomson and Tait’s Natural Philosophy, § 300; or Tait and Steele’s Dynamics of a Particle, 3d ed. § 299.
[42] Stewart and Tait on the Heating of a Disk by Rotation in vacuo (Proceedings of the Royal Society). See also Stewart’s Elementary Treatise on Heat, 3d edition, Art. 387 (Clarendon Press Series).
[43] If the visible universe be imagined to be infinite, we should have (following out our line of thought) infinitely large masses separated from each other by infinite distances, appearing for infinite ages in the liquid and solid states, and thence transformed by means of infinite collisions into the gaseous condition in which they will remain for another infinite series of ages. Is there much gained by this conception?
[44] i. 641. Thus rendered by Munro:—‘For fools admire and like all things the more which they perceive to be concealed under involved language, and determine things to be true which can prettily tickle the ears and are varnished over with finely sounding phrase.’
[45] This has been spoken of as an exaggeration. We hope it may be so; but when it was written (in the winter of 1874) the newspapers were full of the sickening details of the gouging of an old man by a gang of miners, who afterwards filled the sockets with quicklime! These human fiends are probably already at liberty, having had their few months of simple imprisonment!
[46] Tait, Proc. R.S.E., 1874-5.
[47] See also the extremely interesting article Atom, by Clerk-Maxwell, in the 9th ed. of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
[48] Here it is important to observe that the speculations of Sir W. Thomson with regard to the density of the Ether assign only the inferior limit of that density. The real density may possibly be very much greater.
[49] Études d’Astronomie Stellaire, 1847.
[50] In [Art. 148] we made a suggestion that gravitation might be the visible result of a tendency to a minimum of some affection of the fluid in which atoms are immersed. The exertion of gravitating force might thus be associated with a change in the constitution of visible things, and might perhaps point to an ultimate dying out, just as the radiation from the sun, which obeys the same formal law as that of gravity, points to a dying out of our luminary.
If this be conceivable, the really trivial nature of gravitating force ([Art. 139]) might come to be associated with the extraordinary persistence of the present state of things.
[51] The words ‘left to its own laws’ must not be taken too literally. We ought perhaps rather to say, the procedure of the Governor of the visible universe is at present such as to indicate uniformity of physical laws, while, on the other hand, His procedure when producing the universe indicated an intelligent agent designing uniformity of product.
[52] Lay Sermons, Essays, and Reviews.
[53] Stewart on the Conservation of Energy.
[54] Stewart on the Conservation of Energy.
[55] Stewart on the Conservation of Energy.
[56] See Meldrum on the Periodicity of Rainfall.
[57] Principles of Science, vol. ii. p. 455.
[58] So-called Ninth Bridgewater Treatise.
[59] It is surely unnecessary to inform our readers that we adopt this hypothesis, not because we imagine it to have any inherent probability, but simply as a concrete mode of bringing development before the understanding.
[60] We are not here opposing the theological doctrine that the Universe is in the Son of God. In fact, when we contemplate any past phase of the Universe, we are driven to look upon this as having been previously developed by the Son of God, who doubtless also sustains it. This therefore represents the theological doctrine, nevertheless it will at once be acknowledged that we may speak of Christ as being in the Universe.
[61] Heb. x. 7.
[62] See a specially interesting and exhaustive paper by Lister (Trans. R. S. E., 1874-5). A very clear analysis of it is given by Crum Brown (Proc. R. S. E., 1875).
[63] Nature, January 14, 1875.
[64] The Rev. James Martineau has, we perceive, taken up a similar line of argument. (See Art. on ‘Modern Materialism,’ Contemporary Review, February 1876.)
[65] See Sermon preached at Belfast by Dr. Reichel, August 23, 1874.
[66] [Those who believe that the New Testament asserts the annihilation of the wicked in Gehenna, of course hold that only the just obtain the spiritual body. But we have no definite term for the body as it shall be (in the Hades of the New Testament) between death and the resurrection. It is probable that the want of such a term is due to the fact that the authors of our recognised version have unfortunately rendered both Hades and Gehenna indifferently by the word Hell, itself a term from Scandinavian mythology.]
[67] ‘As the word went out of the king’s mouth, they covered Haman’s face.’—Esther vii. 8.
[68] St. Matthew xxii. 11-13. [See, however, also Luke xiii. 28, where the true meaning obviously is ‘while ye are being cast out.’ There are other obvious mistranslations in our version; such as for instance that of Mark ix. 43, where for ‘the fire that cannot be put out’ we have ‘the fire that never shall be quenched.’ It is to be hoped that the revised version will be such as to give readers ignorant of Greek a thoroughly correct idea of the meaning of the original, most especially on points of such awful importance as this.]
[69] The extent of our knowledge, or rather of our ignorance, on this subject has been happily rendered by the Rev. Dr. Irons, when he states that all we are authorised to infer is that retribution will be morally complete.
[70] The sense is as follows:—Master, said I, will these torments increase after the great judgment, will they be less, or equally severe? He replied—Go back to your scholastic learning, which tells you that the more perfect the being the more he feels both pleasure and pain. And, although these accursed ones can never reach full perfection, they expect to be more perfect after than before (the judgment).
[71] [We ought perhaps to inform our readers that what we have here said refers to that particular state after the present—the dying out of which, in consequence of voluntary separation from its centre of life and energy, has been called the second death. Whether this dying out is equivalent to absolute annihilation is a point which we do not pretend to discuss.]
[72] Including in it a state of things like the present physical universe; not, however, the very things that now exist, these being evanescent in energy at least, if not also in material.
[73] Cambridge, Macmillan, 1855.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.
Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a predominant preference was found in the original book.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
[Pg 78]: ‘tell us’ replaced by ‘tells us’.
[Pg 115]: ‘τρισμυριόις’ replaced by ‘τρισμυρίοις’.
[Pg 118]: ‘first to recal’ replaced by ‘first to recall’.
[Pg 150]: ‘The griding sword’ replaced by ‘The grinding sword’.
[Pg 205]: ‘in the charracter’ replaced by ‘in the character’.
[Pg 213]: ‘its continous energy’ replaced by ‘its continuous energy’.
[Pg 227]: ‘John iii. 16’ replaced by ‘John iii. 13’.
[Pg 243]: ‘school of thought are’ replaced by ‘school of thought is’.
[Footnote 44], Pg 131: ‘tickle the the ears’ replaced by‘tickle the ears’.