INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF ALLUSIONS
ACBAR, contemporary with Elizabeth, firmly established the Mogul rule in India; Aurungzebe (1659-1707) extended the Mogul Empire over South India.
Aislabie, Chancellor of the Exchequer; forfeited most of his huge profits.
Alexander VI., Pope, father of Lucretia and Caesar Borgia. He obtained his office by bribery and held it by a series of infamous crimes (d. 1503).
Alguazils, “a Spanish adaptation of the Arabic al-wazir, the minister and used in Spanish both for a justiciary and a bailiff.” Here it implies cruel and extortionate treatment.
Allipore, a suburb of Calcutta.
Amadis, the model knight who is the hero of the famous mediaeval prose-romance of the same title. Of Portuguese origin, it was afterwards translated and expanded in Spanish and in French.
Aminta, a pastoral play composed by Tasso in 1581.
Antiochus and Tigranes, overthrown respectively by Pompey, B.C. 65, and Lucullus, B.C. 69.
Atahualpa, King of Peru, captured and put to death by Pizarro in 1532.
Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester and champion of the High Church and Tory party (1662-1732).
Aumils, district governors.
Aurungzebe, dethroned and succeeded Shah Jehan in 1658 (d. 1707).
Austrian Succession, War of (see the Essay on Frederic the Great, vol. v. of this edition).
BABINGTON, Anthony, an English Catholic, executed in 1586 for plotting to assassinate Elizabeth. Everard Digby was concerned in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
Babington, an English Catholic executed in 1586 for plotting to assassinate Elizabeth under the instruction of a Jesuit named Ballard.
Ballard. See Babington.
Barbariccia and Draghignazzo, the fiends who torment the lost with hooks in the lake of boiling pitch in Malebolge, the eighth circle in Dante’s Inferno.
Baretti, Giuseppe, an Italian lexiographer who came to London, was patronised by Johnson and became Secretary of the Royal Academy.
Barillon, the French Ambassador in England.
Barnard, Sir John, an eminent London merchant, and Lord Mayor (1685-1764).
Barras, a member of the Jacobin (q. v.) club; he put an end to Robespierre’s Reign of Terror and was a member of the Directory till Napoleon abolished it (d. 1829).
Batavian liberties, Batavia is an old name for Holland; the Celtic tribe known as Batavii once dwelt there.
Bath, Lord, William Pulteney, Sir R. Walpole’s opponent, and author of a few magazine articles (1684-1764).
Belisarius, Justinian’s great general, who successively repulsed the Persians, Vandals, Goths, and Huns, but who, tradition says, was left to become a beggar (d. 565).
Benevolences, royal demands from individuals not sanctioned by Parliament and supposed to be given willingly; declared illegal by the Bill of Rights, 1689.
Bentinck, Lord William, the Governor. General (1828-1835) under whom suttee was abolished, internal communications opened up, and education considerably furthered.
Bentivoglio, Cardinal, a disciple of Galileo, and one of the Inquisitors who signed his condemnation (1579-1641).
Berkeley and Pomfret, where Edward II. and Richard II. respectively met their deaths.
Bernier, a French traveller who wandered over India, 1656-1668.
Blues, The, Royal Horse Guards.
Board of Control, a body responsible to the Ministry with an authoritative parliamentary head established by Pitt’s India Bill (1784).
Bobadil, the braggart hero in Johnson’s Every Man in his Humour,
Bolingbroke, Viscount, Tory Minister under Anne; brought about the Peace of Utrecht, 1713. His genius and daring were undoubted, but as a party leader he failed utterly.
Bolivar, the Washington of South America, who freed Venezuela, Colombia, and Bolivia from Spain (1783-1830).
Bonner, Bishop of London, served “Bloody” Mary’s anti-Protestant zeal, died in the Marshalsea Prison under Elizabeth.
Bonslas, a Maratha tribe not finally subdued till 1817.
Bradshaw, President of the Court that condemned Charles I.
Braganza, House of, the reigning family of Portugal; Charles II married Catherine of Braganza in 1662.
Breda, Peace of, July 21, 1667. Breda is in North Brabant, Holland.
Brissotines, those moderate republicans in the French Revolution who are often known as the Girondists.
Broghill, Lord, better known as Rope Boyle, author of Parthenissa, etc.
Brooks’s, the great Whig Club in St. James’s Street amongst whose members were Burke, Sheridan, Fox, and Garrick.
Brothers, Richard, a fanatic who held that the English were the lost ten tribes of Israel(1757-1824).
Browne’s Estimate (of the Manners and Principles of the Times), the author was a clergyman noted also for his defence of utilitarianism in answer to Shaftesbury (Lecky, Hist. Eng. in 18th Cent., ii, 89 f.).
Brutus, i. The reputed expeller of the last King of Rome; ii. One of Caesar’s murderers.
Bulicame, the seventh circle in the Inferno, the place of all the violent.
Buller, Sir Francis, English judge, author of Introduction to the Law of Trials at Nisi Prius (1745-1800).
Burger, Gottfried, German poet (1748-1794), author of the fine ballad “The Wild Huntsman.”
Burgoyne, afterwards the General in command of the British troops whose surrender at Saratoga practically settled the American War of Independence.
Burlington, Lord, Richard Boyle, an enthusiastic architect of the Italian school (1695-1753).
Button, Henry, a Puritan divine, pilloried, mutilated, and imprisoned by the Star Chamber (1578-1648).
Busiris, a mythological King of Egypt who used to sacrifice one foreigner yearly in the hope of ending a prolonged famine.
Buxar, between Patna and Benares, where Major Munro defeated Sujah Dowlah and Meer Cossim in 1765.
CALAS, Jean, a tradesman of Toulouse, done to death on the wheel in 1762 on the false charge of murdering his son to prevent his becoming a Romanist. Voltaire took his case up and vindicated his memory.
Camden, Lord, the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas who declared general warrants illegal and released Wilkes in 1763.
Capel, Lord Arthur, at first sided with the Parliament, but afterwards joined the King; executed for attempting to escape from Colchester in 1649.
Caracci, Annibal, an Italian painter of the Elizabethan age.
Carlton House, the residence of George IV. when Prince of Wales.
Cartoons, the, the famous designs by Raphael, originally intended for tapestry.
Cato, Addison’s play, produced in 1713.
Cavendish, Lord, first Duke of Devonshire (d. 1707). He gave evidence in favour of Russell and tried to secure his escape.
Cesare Borgia, son of Pope Alexander VI. and brother of Lucrezia, whose infamous ability, cruelty, and treachery he even surpassed.
Chandernagora, on the Hooghly twenty miles from Calcutta. Pondicherry, in the Carnatic (i.e. the S.E. coast of India) is still a French possession.
Chemnitius, a seventeenth-century German historian who wrote a History of the Swedish War in Germany.
Chicksands, in Bedfordshire.
Childeric or Chilperic, the former was King of the Franks (c460-480), the latter King of Neustria (c. 560-580); both were puppets in the hands of their subjects.
Chorasan, a Persian province.
Chowringhee, still the fashionable quarter of Calcutta.
Chudleigh, Miss, maid of honour to the Princess of Wales (mother of George III.); the original of Beatrix in Thackeray’s Esmond.
Churchill, John, the famous Duke of Marlborough.
Clootz, a French Revolutionary and one of the founders of the Worship of Reason; guillotined 1794.
Cocytus, one of the five rivers of Hades (see Milton’s Paradise Lost, ii. 577ff).
Coleroon, the lower branch of the river Kaveri: it rises in Mysore and flows to the Bay of Bengal.
Colman, the Duke of York’s confessor, in whose rooms were found papers held to support Oates’s story.
Conde, a French general who, fighting for Spain, besieged Arras but had to abandon it after a defeat by Turenne.
Conjeveram, south-west from Madras and east from Arcot.
Conway, Marshal, cousin to Walpole; fought at Fontenoy and Culloden; moved the repeal of the Stamp Act (1766).
Corah, one hundred miles north-west from Allahabad, formerly a town of great importance, now much decayed.
Cornelia, a noble and virtuous Roman matron, daughter of Scipio Africanus and wife of Sempronius Graccus.
Cortes, conqueror of Mexico (1485-1547).
Cosmo di Medici, a great Florentine ruler, who, however, understood the use of assassination.
Cossimbuzar (see the description in the Essay on Hastings).
Court of Requests, instituted under Henry VII. for the recovery of small debts and superseded by the County Courts in 1847.
Covelong and Chingleput, between Madras and Pondicherry.
Craggs. Secretary of State: a man of ability and character, probably innocent in the South Sea affair.
Crevelt, near Cleves, in West Prussia; Minden is in Westphalia.
Cumberland... single victory, at Culloden, over the young Pretender’s forces, in 1745.
Cutler, St. John, a wealthy London merchant (1608?-1693) whose permanent avarice outshone his occasional benefactions (see Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 315).
DAGOBERTS... Charles Martel, nominal and real rulers of France in the seventh and eighth centuries.
D’Aguesseau, a famous French jurist, law reformer, and magistrate (1668-1751).
D’Alembert, a mathematician and philosopher who helped to sow the seeds of the French Revolution. Macaulay quite misrepresents Walpole’s attitude to him (see letter of 6th Nov. 1768).
Damien, the attempted assassinator of Louis XV. in 1757.
Danby, Thomas Osborne, Esq. of, one of Charles II.’s courtiers, impeached for his share in the negotiations by which France was to pension Charles on condition of his refusal to assist the Dutch.
Danes, only had a few trading stations in India, which they sold to the British in 1845.
Demosthenes and Hyperides, the two great orators of Athens who were also contemporaries and friends.
De Pauw, Cornelius, a Dutch canon (1739-99), esteemed by Frederic the Great among others, as one of the freest speculators of his day.
Derby, James Stanley, Earl of, one of Charles I’s supporters, captured at Worcester and beheaded in 1651.
Derwentwater... Cameron, Stuart adherents who suffered for their share in the attempts of 1715 and 1745.
Dido, Queen of Carthage, who after years of mourning for her first husband, vainly sought the love of Aeneas.
Dionysius, the tyrant of Syracuse (367-343 B.C.) who gathered to his court the foremost men of the time in literature and philosophy.
Dodd, Dr., a royal chaplain and fashionable preacher whose extravagance led him to forge a bond of Lord Chesterfield’s, for which he was sentenced to death and duly executed (1729-77).
Dodington, George Bubb, a time-serving and unprincipled politician in the time of George II., afterwards Baron Melcombe.
Dubois, Cardinal, Prime Minister of France. An able statesman and a notorious debauchee (1656-1723).
Duke of Lancaster, Henry IV., the deposer and successor of Richard II.
Dumont, Pierre, a French writer who settled in England and became the translator and exponent of Bentham’s works to Europe (1759-1829).
Dundee, the persecutor of the Scottish Covenanters under Charles II
Dyer, John, author of some descriptive poems, e.g. Grongar Hill (1700-58).
ELDON, John Scott, Earl of, was in turn Solicitor-General, Attorney-General, Lord Chief Justice of Common Pleas and Lord Chancellor, and throughout a staunch Tory (1751-1838).
Empson and Dudley, ministers and tax-raisers under Henry VII, executed by Henry VIII.
Ensign Northerton (see Fielding’s Tom Jones, VII. xii.-xv.).
Escobar, a Spanish Jesuit preacher and writer (1589-1669).
Escurial, the palace and monastery built by Philip II.
Essex, One of the Rye House Conspirators; he was found in the Tower with his throat cut, whether as the result of suicide or murder is not known.
Euston, a late Jacobean house (and park) 10 miles from Bury St. Edmunds.
Faithful Shepherdess, a pastoral by Fletcher which may have suggested the general plan and some of the details of Comus.
Farinata (see Dante’s Inferno, canto 10).
Farmer-general, the tax-gatherers of France, prior to the Revolution: they contracted with the Government for the right to collect or “farm” the taxes.
Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Aragon, who, by marrying Isabella of Castile and taking Granada from the Moors, united Spain under one crown.
Filicaja, a Florentine poet (1642-1707); according to Macaulay (“Essay on Addison”) “the greatest lyric poet of modern times,”.
Filmer, Sir Robert, advocated the doctrine of absolute regal power in his Patriarcha, 1680.
Foigard, Father, a French refugee priest in Farquhar’s Beaux Stratagem.
Fouche, Joseph, duke of Otranto. A member of the National Convention, who voted for the death of Louis XVI., and afterwards served under Napoleon (as Minister of Police) and Louis XVIII.
Fox, Henry F., father of Charles James Fox, and later Lord Holland.
Franche-Comte, that part of France which lies south of Lorraine and west of Switzerland.
French Memoirs, those of Margaret of Valois, daughter of Henry II. Of and wife of Henry (IV.) of Navarre.
Friar Dominic, a character in Dryden’s Spanish Friar designed to ridicule priestly vices.
Fronde, a French party who opposed the power Of Mazarin and the Parliament of Paris during the minority of Louis XIV.
GRERIAH, c. seventy miles south from Bombay.
Ghizni, in Afghanistan, taken by Sir John Keane in 1839.
Gifford, John, the pseudonym of John Richards Green, a voluminous Tory pamphleteer (1758-1818).
Giudecca. In the ninth and lowest circle of the Inferno, the place of those who betray their benefactors.
Glover, a London merchant who wrote some poetry, including Admiral Hosier’s Ghost.
Godfrey, Sir Edmund, this Protestant magistrate who took Titus Oates’s depositions and was next morning found murdered near Primrose Hill.
Godolphin, Lord of the Treasury under Charles II., James II., and William III. Prime Minister 1702-10 when Harley ousted him (d. 1712)
Gooti, north from Mysore in the Bellary district, 589
Goree, near Cape Verde, west coast of Africa, Gaudaloupe, is in West Indies; Ticonderaga and Niagara, frontier forts in Canada.
Gowries, the, Alexander Ruthven and his brother, the Earl of Gowrie, who were killed in a scuffle during the visit of King James to their house in Perth (Aug. 1600).
Grammont, a French count whose Memoirs give a vivid picture of life at Charles II.’s court.
Grandison, Sir Charles... Miss Byron, the title character (and his lady-love) of one of Richardson’s novels.
Granicus, Rocroi, Narva, won respectively by Alexander (aged 22) against the Persians, by Conde (aged 22) against the Spaniards, and by Charles XII. (aged 18) against the Russians.
Great Captain, the, Gonzalvo Hernandez di Cordova, who drove the Moors from Granada and the French from Italy (d. 1515).
Guarini, (see Pastor Fido).
Guicciardini, Florentian statesman and historian; disciple of Macchiavelli secured the restoration of the Medici, (1485-1540).
Guizot and Villemain, in 1829 upheld liberal opinions against Charles X., in 1844 took the part of monarchy and Louis Philippe. Genonde and Jaquelin made the reverse change.
HAFIZ and Ferdusi, famous Persian poets: the former flourished in the eleventh, the latter in the thirteenth century.
Hamilton, Count, friend of James II. and author of the Memoirs of the Count de Grammont, the best picture of the English court of the Restoration (1646-1720)
Hamilton’s Bawn, a tumble-down house in the north of Ireland which inspired Swift to write an amusing Poem.
Hamilton, Gerard, M.P. for Petersfield, a man of somewhat despicable character. The nickname was “Single-speech Hamilton.”
Hammond, Henry, Rector of Penshurst in Kent, and commentator on the New Testament, the Psalms, etc.
Hardwicke, Lord, the Lord Chancellor (1737-56), whose Marriage Act (1753) put an end to Fleet marriages.
Harte, Walter, poet, historian, and tutor to Lord Chesterfield’s son (1709-74).
Hayley and Seward, inferior authors who were at one time very popular.
Hebert, Jacques Rene, editor of the violent revolutionary organ Pere Duchesne; for opposing his colleagues he was arrested and guillotined (1756-94).
Heliogabalus, made emperor of Rome by the army in 218; ruled moderately at first, but soon abandoned himself to excesses of all kinds, and was assassinated.
Helvetius, a French philosopher of the materialist school (1715-71).
Henry the Fourth, the famous French king, “Henry of Navarre”
(?1589-1610).
Hildebrand, Pope Gregory VII., who waged war against the vices of society and the imperial tyranny over the Church.
Hilpa and Shalum, Chinese antediluvians (see Spectator, vol. viii.). Hilpa was a princess and Shalum her lover.
Hoadley, Benjamin, a prelate and keen controversialist on the side of civil and religious liberty (1676-1761).
Holkar, a Mahratta chief whose headquarters were at Indore.
Hosein, the son of Ali Hosein’s mother was Fatima, the favourite daughter of Mahomet.
Houghton, Sir R. Walpole’s Norfolk seat.
Hunt, Mr., a well-to-do Wiltshire farmer, who after many attempts entered Parliament in 1832.
Huntingdon, William, the S.S. = “Sinner Save”; Huntingdon was one of those religious impostors who professed to be the recipient of divine visions and prophetic oracles.
Hydaspes, or Hytaspes, the Greek name for the river Jhelam in the Punjab.
Hyphasis, the Greek name for the river Beds in the Punjab.
ILDEFONSO, ST., a village in Old Castile containing a Spanish royal residence built by Philip V. on the model of Versailles.
JACOBINS, those holding extreme democratic principles. The name is derived from an extreme Party of French Revolutionists who used to meet in the ball of the Jacobin Friars.
Jaghires, landed estates.
Jauts, a fighting Hindoo race inhabiting the North-West Provinces.
Jefferson, Thomas, an American statesman, who took a prominent part in struggle for independence, and became President, 1801 to 1807.
Jenkinson, one of Bute’s supporters, afterwards Earl of Liverpool.
Jomini, a celebrated Swiss military writer, who served in the French army as aide-de-camp to Marshal Ney (1779-1869).
Monsieur Jourdain, the honest but uneducated tradesman of Moliere’s Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, whose sudden wealth lands him in absurd attempts at aristocracy. 539
Justices in Eyre, i.e. in itinere, on circuit. In 1284 such were superseded by judges of assize.
KLOPSTOCK, author of the German epic Messiah, and one of the pioneers of modern German literature (1724-1803).
Knight of Malta, a play by Fletcher, Massinger, and another, produced before 1619.
Knipperdoling, one of the leading German Anabaptists, stadtholder of Munster, 1534-35, beheaded there in Jan. 1536.
LALLY, Baron de Tollendal, a distinguished French general in India who, however, could not work harmoniously with his brother officers or with his native troops, and was defeated by Eyre Coote at Wandewash in January 1760. He was imprisoned in the Bastille and executed (1766) on a charge of betraying French interests.
Las Casas, a Catholic bishop who laboured among the aborigines of South America, interposing himself between them and the cruelty of the Spaniards. Clarkson (ib.) was Wilberforce’s fellow-worker in the abolition of slavery.
Latitudinarians, the school of Cudworth and Henry More (end of seventeenth century), who sought to affiliate the dogmas of the Church to a rational philosophy.
Law Mr., afterwards Edward (first) Lord Ellenborough.
Lee, Nathaniel, a minor play-writer (1653-92).
Legge, son of the Earl of Dartmouth. Lord Of the Admiralty 1746, of the Treasury 1747, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1754 (1708-64).
Lennox, Charlotte, friend of Johnson and Richardson, wrote The Female Don Quixote and Shakespeare Illustrated.
Lenthal, Speaker, who presided at the trial of Charles I.
Leo, tenth pope (1513-21) of the name, Giovanni de Medici, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, and patron of art, science, and letters.
Lingard, Dr. Job., a Roman Catholic priest who wrote a history of England to the Accession of William and Mary (d. 1851).
Locusta, a famous female poisoner employed by Agrippina and Nero.
Lothario, a loose character in Rowe’s tragedy of The Fair Penitent.
Lucan, the Roman epic Poet whose Pharsalia describes the struggle between Caesar and Pompey and breathes freedom throughout.
Ludlow, Edmund, a member of the Court that condemned Charles I. An ardent republican, he went into exile when Cromwell was appointed Protector.
MACKENZIE, HENRY, author of The Man of Feeling and other sentimental writings.
Maccaroni, an eighteenth-century term for a dandy or fop.
Maecenas, patron of literature in the Augustan age of Rome. Virgil and Horace were largely favoured by him.
Malebolge, i.e. the place of darkness and horror—the eighth Of the ten circles or pits in Dante’s Inferno, and the abode of barterers, hypocrites, evil counsellors, etc.
Malwa, about 100 miles east from Baroda and nearly 350 miles north-cast from Bombay.
Marat, Jean Paul, a fanatical democrat whose one fixed idea was wholesale slaughter of the aristocracy; assassinated by Charlotte Corday (1743-93).
Mariendal, in Germany. Turenne’s defeat here was an incident in the Thirty Years’ War.
Marlborough, Nelson, Wellington, the first was made Prince of Mindelheim by Emperor Joseph I, the second Duke of Bronte by Ferdinand IV., the third Duke of Vittoria by Ferdinand VII.
Marli, a forest and village ten miles west from Paris, seat of a royal (now presidential) country-house.
Marten, Henry, one of the most extreme and most conspicuous members of the Parliamentary Party. Charles I insulted him in public and ordered him to be turned out of Hyde Park (1602-80). The Marten mentioned on p.4 as guilty of judicial misfeasance was his father (1562?-41).
Mason, William, friend and biographer of Gray; wrote Caractacus and some odes (1725-97).
Mathias, a noted Anabaptist who, with John of Leyden, committed great excesses in the endeavour to set up a Kingdom of Mount Zion in Munster, Westphalia (1535).
Maurice, Elector of Saxony (1521-23) and leader of the Protestants of Germany against the Emperor Charles V.
Mayor of the Palace, the chief minister of the Kings of France between 638 and 742.
Mayor of the Palace, the name given to the comptroller of the household of the Frankish kings. By successive encroachments these officials became at length more powerful than the monarchs, whom they finally ousted.
Mazarin(e) Cardinal, chief minister of France during the first eighteen years of Louis XIV.’s reign.
Memmius, Roman Governor of Bithynia, distinguished for his rhetorical and literary gifts, 270.
Merovingian line, a dynasty of Frankish kings in the sixth and seventh centuries A.D. They were gradually superseded in power by their “Mayors of the Palace,” and were succeeded by the Carolingians.
Middleton, Conyers, a Cambridge theologian who had some controversy with Bentley; distinguished for his “absolutely plain style” of writing (1683-50).
Miguel, Don, King of Portugal, whose usurpation of the throne, refusal to marry Maria, daughter of Don Pedro of Brazil, and general conduct of affairs, led to a civil war, as a result of which he had to withdraw to Italy (1802-66).
Mississippi Scheme, a plan for reducing the French National Debt, similar in folly and in downfall to the South Sea Bubble.
Mite, Sir Matthew (see Foote’s comedy, The Nabob).
Montague, Charles, Earl of Halifax, Chancellor of the Exchequer 1694; First Lord of Treasury 1697; impeached by the Tories for peculation and acquitted; Prime Minister 1714; reformed the currency.
Montezuma and Guatemozin, two of the native rulers of Mexico prior to its conquest by Cortez in 1519.
Montezuma, Emperor of Mexico, seized by Cortez in 1519.
Moro, the, a strong fort at the entrance to the harbour of Havana, taken after a hard struggle by the English under Admiral Sir George Pocock and General the Earl of Albemarle in July 1762.
Moore, Dr., father of Sir John Moore, European traveller, and author of the novel Zeluco.
Moorish Envoy, Algerine in Humphrey Clinker.
Mountain of Light, the Koh-i-noor, which after many adventures is now one of the English crown jewels.
Mucius, a Roman, who, when condemned to the stake, thrust his right hand unflinchingly into a fire lit for a sacrifice. He was spared and given the name Scaevola, i. e. left-handed.
Murray, orator; afterwards Earl of Mansfield, and Lord Chief Justice (1705-93).
NAPIER, COLONEL, served under Sir John Moore. Like Southey he wrote a History of the Peninsular War.
Nimeguen, treaty of; by this it was agreed that France should restore all her Dutch conquests, but should keep the Spanish conquest of Franche-Comte, a clause which naturally incensed the Emperor and the King of Spain.
Nollekens, Joseph, the eminent English sculptor, and friend of George III. (1737-1823).
Nuzzurs, presents to persons in authority.
OATES, Bedloe, Dangerfield, in 1678 pretended to have discovered a “Popish Plot” which aimed at overthrowing the King and Protestantism.
Odoacer, a Hun, who became emperor in 476 and was assassinated by his colleague, Theodoric (ib.) the Ostrogoth in 493.
O’Meara, Barry Edward, Napoleon’s physician in St. Helena, and author of A Voice from St. Helena; or, Napoleon in Exile.
Onomasticon, a Greek dictionary of antiquities, in ten books, arranged according to subject-matter.
Onslow, Arthur, Speaker of the House of Commons from 1728 to 1761.
Oromasdes and Arimanes, Ormuzd and Ahriman, the embodiments of the principles of good and evil respectively, in the Zoroastrian religion.
Oxenstiern, Chancellor to Gustavus Adolphus and the director of the negotiations which led to the Peace of Westphalia and the close of the Thirty Years’ War.
PAGE, SIR FRANCIS, a judge whose “reputation for coarseness and brutality (e.g. Pope, Dunciad, iv. 2730) is hardly warranted by the few reported cases in which he took part.” (1661?-1741).
Palais Royal, in Paris, formerly very magnificent.
Pannonia, roughly equivalent to the modern Hungary.
Pasquin, Anthony, a fifteenth-century Italian tailor, noted for his caustic wit.
Pastor Fido, a pastoral play, composed in 1585 by Guarini on the model of Aminta.
Patna, massacre of.
Peacock Throne, a gilded and jewelled couch with a canopy, described by a French jeweller named Tavernier, who saw it in 1665, and possibly the present throne of the Shah of Persia.
Perceval, Spencer, supported the Tory party, and became its leader in 1809; assassinated in the Commons Lobby, 1812.
Perwannahs, magisterial documents containing instructions or orders.
Peters, Hugh, a famous Independent divine and chaplain to the Parliamentary forces, executed in 1660 for his alleged share in the death of Charles 1. He was an upright and genial man, but somewhat lacking in moderation and taste.
Petit Trianon, a chateau built for Madame du Barry by Louis XV, and afterwards the favourite resort of Marie Antoinette. In a subsequent edition Macaulay substituted Versailles.
Phalaris, a tyrant of Agrigentum in Sicily (sixth century).
Pigot, Governor of Madras when Clive was in Bengal, and also, as Lord Pigot, in the time of Warren Hastings.
Pinto, Fernandez Mendez, a Portuguese traveller (d. 1583), who visited the Far East and possibly landed in the Gulf of Pekin.
Politian, one of the early scholars of the Renaissance; patronized by Lorenzo de Medici (1454-94).
Pontiff, that inglorious, Peter Marone (Celestine V.), who was tricked into abdicating the papacy for Boniface VIII, and died in prison.
Porto Novo and Pollilore, where Coote defeated Hyder Ali in July and August 1781, and so finished a long campaign in the Carnatic.
Powis, Lord, Edward Clive, created Earl of Powis in 1804.
Powle, a leading Politician and lawyer in the events connected with the accession Of William III.
Prynne, William, a Puritan, who attacked the stage and the Queen’s virtue, and suffered by order of the Star Chamber. In late life he changed his opinions, was imprisoned by Cromwell, and favoured by Charles II.
Pyrenees, treaty of the, closed the war between France and Spain (1660), which had continued twelve years after the Peace of Westphalia was signed. For the other treaties mentioned here see the essay on “The War of the Spanish Succession,” in vol. ii.
RAPIN, a Huguenot who joined the army of William of Orange, and wrote a Histoire d’Angleterre which surpassed all its predecessors.
Ricimer, a fifth-century Swabian soldier who deposed the Emperor Avitus, and then set up and deposed Majorian, Libius Severus and Anthemius, and finally set up Olybrius.
Rix dollar, a Scandinavian coin worth between three and four shillings.
Roe, Sir Thomas, an English traveller who, in 1615, went on an embassy to Jehangir at Agra.
Rohilcund, north-west of Oude.
Rohillas, Mussulman mountaineers inhabiting Rohilcund (q.v.).
Russell, Lord William, the Hampden of the Restoration period. Fought hard for the exclusion of James II. from the crown; unjustly executed for alleged share in the “Rye House Plot” (1639-83). Algernon Sydney (1621-83) was a fellow-worker and sufferer.
SACHEVERELL, Henry, a famous divine of Queen Anne’s reign, who was impeached by the Whigs for forwardly preaching the doctrine of non-resistance.
Sackville, Lord George, the general commanding the British cavalry at Minden. Nervousness led to his disobeying a critical order to charge, which would have completed the French rout, and he was court-martialled and degraded.
Saint Cecilia, Mrs. Sheridan, painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds in this character because of her love of, and skill in, music.
Salmacius, the Latin name of Claude de Saumaise an eminent French scholar and linguist (1588-1653), whose Defence of Charles 1. provoked Milton’s crushing reply, Defensio Pro populo Anglicano.
Sandys, Samuel, opposed Sir R. Walpole, on whose retirement he became Chancellor of the Exchequer, and afterwards a peer.
Sattara, a fortified town c. one hundred miles southeast from Bombay.
Saxe, the foremost French general in the War of the Austrian Succession (1696-1750.)
Scaligers, Julius Caesar S., a learned Italian writer and classical scholar (1484-1558) and his son Joseph Justus S., who lived in France and was also an eminent scholar.
Schedules A and B. In the Reform Act Of 1832 Schedule A comprised those boroughs which were no longer to be represented, B those which were to send one member instead of two.
Scroggs, the infamous Chief-Justice of the King’s Bench in the reign of Charles II., impeached in 680, and pensioned by Charles.
Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1758 to 1768.
Seigneur Oreste and Madame Andromaque. See Racine’s Andromaque.
Settle, Elkanah. See Flecknoe and Settle.
Sidney, Algernon, condemned and executed on scanty and illegal evidence on a charge of implication in the Rye House Plot of 1683.
Somers, President of the Council (1708-10) a great Whig leader (he had defended the Seven Bishops) and patron of literature (1650-1716).
Spinola, Spanish marquis and general who served his country with all his genius and fortune for naught (1571-1630).
Sporus, a favourite of Nero. Owing to his resemblance to that emperor’s wife he was, after her death, dressed as a woman, and went through a marriage ceremony with Nero.
Stafford, Lord, executed in 1680, on a false charge of complicity in Oates’s Popish Plot.
Stanley, Mr., fourth Earl of Derby, the “Rupert of Debate.”
Stella, Esther Johnson, the daughter of one of Lady Giffard’s friends.
St. Martin’s Church, the site of the present G. P. 0., formerly a monastery, church, and “sanctuary.”
Sudbury and Old Sarum, rotten boroughs, the one in Suffolk disfranchised in 1844, the other near Salisbury in 1832.
Sudder Courts, courts of criminal and civil jurisdiction which, in Macaulay’s day, existed alongside the Supreme Court, but which, since 1858, have with the Supreme Court, been merged in the “High Courts.”
Sunnuds, certificates of possession.
Surajah Dowlah, better Suraj-ud-daulah.
Swan River, in the S.W. of Australia, to which country the name of New Holland was at first given.
Switzer, that brave, Ulrich Zwingli, the Swiss reformer, who fell at Cappel in 1531.
TALLEYRAND, French diplomatist (1754-1831), rendered good service to the Revolution, was influential under Buonaparte and Louis Philippe’s ambassador to England.
Talma, Francis Joseph, a famous French actor of tragic parts, who passed part of his life in England (1763-1826).
Talus, Sir Artegal’s iron man, who in Spenser’s Faery Queen, Book v., represents the executive power of State Justice.
Tamerlane, the Tartar who invaded India in 1398, and whose descendant, Baber, founded the Mogul dynasty.
Tanjore, a district of Madras, noted for its fertility; ceded to the East India Company by the Marathas in 1799. The town of Tanjore is about 300 miles south from Madras.
Temple, Lord Pitt’s brother-in-law. Cf. Macaulay’s severe description of him in the second “Essay on Chatham.” (vol. v. of this edition).
Themis, Justice.
Theodosius, emperor of the East 378-395, and for a short time of the West also. He partly checked the Goths’ advance.
Theramenes, Athenian philosopher and general (third century B.C.), unjustly accused and condemned to drink hemlock.
Theseus, the, one of the most perfect statues in the “Elgin marbles,” of the British Museum.
Thurtell, John, a notorious boxer and gambler (b. 1794), who was hanged at Hertford on January 9th, 1824, for the brutal murder of William Weare, one of his boon-companions.
Thirty-Ninth, i.e. the Dorsets.
Thyrsis, a herdsman in the Idylls of Theocritus; similarly a shepherd in Virgil’s Eclogues; hence a rustic or shepherd.
Timoleon, the Corinthian who expelled the tyrants from the Greek cities of Sicily (415-337 B.C.).
Tindal, Nicholas, clergyman and miscellaneous author (1687-1774).
Topehall, Smollett’s drunken fox-hunter in Roderick Random.
Torso, lit. “trunk,” a statue which has lost its head and members.
Torstenson, Bernard, pupil of Gustavus Adolphus, and General-in-Chief of the Swedish army from 1641. He carried the Thirty Years’ War into the heart of Austria.
Trapbois, the usurer in Scott’s Fortunes of Nigel ch. xvii.-xxv.
Trissotin, a literary fop in Moliere’s Les Femmes Savantes.
Turcaret, the title-character in one of Le Sage’s comedies.
Turgot, the French statesman (1727-81) who for two years managed the national finances under Louis XVI., and whose reforms, had they not been thwarted by the nobility and the king’s indecision, would have considerably mitigated the violence of the Revolution.
Turk’s Head. The most famous coffeehouse of this name was in the Strand, and was one of Johnson’s frequent resorts.
UGOLINO See Dante’s Inferno, xxxii., xxxiii.,
VANSITTART, was governor of Bengal in the interval between Clive’s first and second administrations.
Vattel, the great jurist whose Droit des Gens, a work on Natural Law and its relation to International Law, appeared in 1758.
Vellore, west of Arcot.
Verres, the Roman governor of Sicily (73-77 B.C.), for plundering which island he was brought to trial and prosecuted by Cicero.
Virgil’s foot race. In Aeneid v. 325 ff it is told how Nisus, who was leading, tripped Salius, his second, that his, friend Euryalus might gain the prize.
WALDEGRAVE, Lord, Governor to George III. before the latter’s accession; married Walpole’s niece.
Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland, the ablest commander on the Catholic side in the Thirty Years’ War.
Warburg, like Minden 1759, a victory gained by Ferdinand of Brunswick over the French (1760).
Watson, Admiral, made no protest against his name being signed, and claimed his share of the profits.
Western, Mrs. See Fielding’s Tom Jones.
Whithed, Mr. W., Poet-laureate from 1757 to 1785; author of the School for Lovers, etc.
Wild, Jonathan, a detective who turned villain and was executed for burglary in 1725; the hero of one of Fielding s stories.
Williams, Sir Charles Hanbury, Ambassador to Berlin (1746-49), His satires against Walpole’s opponents are easy and humorous (d. 1759).
Winnington. In turn Lord of the Admiralty, Lord of the Treasury, And Paymaster of the Forces. He had infinitely more wit than principle.
Wood’s patent the permission granted to Wood of Wolverhampton to mint copper coin for Ireland, which called forth Swift’s Drapier Letters.
YORKE, Attorney-General; Earl of Hardwicke (q.v.).
ZEMINDARS, landholders,
Zincke and Petitot, eighteenth and seventeenth century enamel painters who came to England from the Continent.