CONTENTS.

Page
FIRST PUNIC WAR, [1]
Foundation of Carthage, [1]
Earliest history of Carthage, [2]
Extent of the Carthaginian empire at the outbreak of the war, [4]
Constitution of Carthage, [5]
Geographical description of Sicily, [8]
Division of the war, [9]
Siege of Agrigentum, [10]
Conquest of Agrigentum, [11]
A Roman fleet built, [12]
Boarding-bridges, [14]
Naval victory of C. Duilius near Mylæ, [15]
Events of less importance, [16]
New naval force of the Romans, [17]
Seafight near Ecnomus, [19]
Regulus lands in Africa, [20]
Prodigy in Regulus’ camp, [21]
Negotiations for a peace, [21]
Xanthippus, [22]
Regulus defeated, [24]
Shipwreck of the Roman fleet, [24]
Regulus’ death. Criticism on the tales concerning it, [25]
Victory of Metellus near Panormus, [28]
Siege of Lilybæum, [29]
Defeat of P. Claudius near Drepana, [32]
Claudius appoints M. Claudius Glycia as dictator, [33]
Destruction of a merchant fleet, [34]
Eryx surprised and taken, [35]
Hamilcar Barcas, [35]
Seafight near the Ægatian Isles, [38]
End of the war, [40]
SICILY A ROMAN PROVINCE. PRÆTOR PEREGRINUS. WAR WITH THE FALISCANS. MUTINY OF THE MERCENARIES AT CARTHAGE. THE FIRST ILLYRIAN WAR. THE LEX FLAMINIA FOR THE DIVISION OF THE AGER GALLICUS PICENUS. WAR AGAINST THE CISALPINE GAULS. SECOND ILLYRIAN WAR. THE CARTHAGINIANS FOUND AN EMPIRE IN SPAIN, [41]
Sicily a Roman province. Definition of the word province, [41]
Prætor peregrinus, [42]
The public festivals are paid for by the ædiles, [42]
The character of the senate changes, [43]
War with the Faliscans, [43]
Mutiny of the mercenaries at Carthage, [44]
Sardinia rebels against Carthage, [45]
Another peace between Carthage and Rome, [46]
The first Illyrian war, [46]
Embassy of the Romans to Greece, [47]
Greek affairs, [48]
The agrarian law of Flaminius, [50]
War with the Cisalpine Gauls, [52]
Battle near Clastidium, [56]
Second Illyrian war, [57]
A Carthaginian empire founded in Spain, [58]
Peoples of Spain, [59]
Death of Hamilcar, [61]
THE SECOND PUNIC WAR, [61]
Sources and literature, [62]
Hannibal, [64]
P. Cornelius Scipio, [66]
Q. Fabius Maximus, [67]
M. Claudius Marcellus, [68]
Division of the war, [68]
War in Spain, [68]
Siege of Saguntum, [71]
Embassy to Carthage, [72]
March of Hannibal across the Pyrenees, [75]
Hannibal in Gaul, [76]
His passage over the Alps, [77]
Battle on the Ticinus, [83]
Battle on the Trebia, [84]
C. Flaminius, [87]
Hannibal wades through the marshes, [89]
Battle of the Trasimene lake, [91]
Q. Fabius Maximus dictator, [94]
Fabius hems in Hannibal near Mount Callicula, [96]
Minucius defeated by Hannibal, [97]
C. Terentius Varro, [97]
Battle of Cannæ, [99]
Maharbal advises Hannibal to march to Rome,[103]
Hannibal in Capua,[103]
The Italian peoples fall off from Rome,[107]
Efforts made by the Romans,[108]
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus conquers near Beneventum,[110]
Hannibal at the gates of Rome,[112]
Taking of Capua,[113]
Death of Hiero,[114]
Negotiations of Hieronymus,[115]
Disturbances at Syracuse,[115]
Siege of Syracuse,[116]
Archimedes,[117]
Taking of Syracuse. Marcellus’ conduct,[117]
Taking of Agrigentum,[119]
War in Spain,[120]
Death of the two Scipios,[121]
P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus,[122]
Taking of New Carthage,[124]
Hasdrubal goes to Italy,[124]
Battle of Sena,[126]
Spain in the power of the Romans,[128]
Mutiny of the troops in the camp of Scipio in Spain,[128]
Scipio goes to Africa to Syphax,[131]
Scipio is appointed consul,[132]
Voluntary armaments of the Italians,[133]
Scipio lands in Africa,[135]
Masinissa,[135]
Syphax made prisoner,[137]
Offers of peace by the Carthaginians,[137]
Hannibal and Mago summoned to Africa,[139]
Battle of Zama,[140]
Peace,[141]
MACEDONIAN WAR,[143]
Treaty of Philip with Hannibal,[143]
Philip,[144]
Affairs of the Greek states,[144]
Peace of the Romans with the Ætolians,[146]
Peace of the Romans with Philip,[146]
Attacks of Philip and Antiochus on the Egyptian empire,[147]
Causes of the second Macedonian war,[148]
Its outbreak,[150]
State of Greece,[150]
T. Quinctius Flamininus,[153]
Victory of the Romans near the fauces Antigoneæ,[155]
Battle of Cynoscephalæ,[157]
Quarrels of the Romans and Ætolians,[159]
Peace with Philip,[161]
Peace with Greece,[161]
THE INSUBRIANS AND BOIANS VANQUISHED. WAR WITH ANTIOCHUS. WAR WITH THE GALATIANS,[164]
War with the Insubrians,[164]
War with the Boians,[164]
Antiochus,[165]
Hannibal in Syria,[167]
Battle of Thermopylæ,[173]
Siege of Ambracia,[174]
Peace with the Ætolians,[175]
Battle of Myonnesus,[175]
Battle of Magnesia,[178]
Peace with Antiochus,[179]
War with the Galatians,[180]
Earlier history of the Galatians,[181]
Cn. Manlius conquers the Galatians,[182]
IMPEACHMENT OF L. SCIPIO. END OF P. SCIPIO AFRICANUS AND OF HANNIBAL. DOMESTIC AFFAIRS. M. PORCIUS CATO,[184]
Impeachment of the Scipios,[184]
Increase of the tribes,[185]
Increase of the number of prætors,[185]
Fate of the Italians,[186]
Changes at home,[187]
Corruption of morals,[188]
Embellishment of the city,[190]
M. Porcius Cato,[190]
Influence of moneyed property,[192]
Hannibal’s death,[193]
LITERATURE OF THE ROMANS AT THIS PERIOD. ATELLANÆ, PRÆTEXTATÆ; LIVIUS ANDRONICUS; NÆVIUS; ENNIUS; PLAUTUS. ROMAN HISTORIANS IN GREEK,[194]
Native Roman civilization,[194]
Atellan plays,[195]
Translation of Greek literature. Livius Andronicus,[195]
Nævius, Plautus,[196]
Ennius,[198]
Pacuvius,[199]
Q. Fabius Pictor. L. Cincius Alimentus,[199]
WARS WITH THE LIGURIANS; WITH THE CELTIBERIANS. THE THIRD MACEDONIAN WAR. PEACE WITH THE RHODIANS. FURTHER WARS IN SPAIN. STATE OF AFFAIRS AT HOME,[199]
War with the Ligurians,[200]
Standing armies,[201]
Campaign of Cato in Spain,[202]
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus concludes the war with the Celtiberians,[203]
Third Macedonian war,[203]
Negotiations with the Bastarnians,[204]
Perseus, Demetrius,[205]
Character of Perseus,[206]
State of affairs in Greece and Asia,[206]
Murderous attack on Eumenes at Delphi,[206]
Outbreak of the war,[208]
The neighbouring countries inclined in favour of Perseus,[211]
L. Æmilius Paullus, general of the Romans,[212]
Battle of Pydna,[213]
Perseus, a prisoner of the Romans,[215]
Fate of the Greek states,[216]
Macedon newly constituted,[217]
Moral condition of Rome,[218]
Peace with Rhodes,[219]
Wars in Gaul and Dalmatia,[220]
Prusias, Eumenes,[221]
Events in Egypt. The Parthians,[221]
War in Spain,[222]
M. Claudius Marcellus,[222]
Treachery of Sulpicius Galba to the Lusitanians,[224]
Lex Voconia,[225]
Lex Ælia et Fusia,[225]
Changes in the system of enlistment,[226]
Law against the ambitus,[227]
THE THIRD PUNIC WAR,[227]
Masinissa,[228]
War of the Carthaginians against Masinissa,[229]
Opinions in Rome with regard to Carthage,[230]
War against Carthage resolved upon at Rome,[231]
Conditions of the Romans,[232]
Outbreak of the war,[233]
Masinissa tries to connect himself with Carthage,[236]
P. Cornelius Scipio Paulli f.,[237]
Typography of Carthage,[239]
Scipio’s attack on the town,[241]
The Carthaginian fleet destroyed,[242]
Conquest of the town,[243]
Destruction of Carthage,[244]
THE PSEUDO-PHILIP. THE ACHÆAN WAR. DESTRUCTION OF CORINTH,[244]
Andriscus,[245]
Victory of Metellus,[247]
The Achæan war,[248]
Its causes,[249]
Successes of Metellus,[254]
Mummius takes the command,[255]
Destruction of Corinth,[256]
Polybius,[256]
WARS IN SPAIN. VIRIATHUS. DESTRUCTION OF NUMANTIA,[257]
Viriathus,[257]
War with the Celtiberians,[260]
War with Numantia,[260]
Q. Pompeius A. f.,[261]
C. Hostilius Mancinus conquered and hemmed in,[262]
Ti. Gracchus,[262]
Scipio conquers Numantia,[263]
Destruction of Numantia,[264]
SERVILE WAR IN SICILY. ACQUISITION OF THE KINGDOM OF PERGAMUS. ARISTONICUS. DOMESTIC AFFAIRS,[264]
State of Sicily,[264]
Servile war,[265]
Death of Attalus,[266]
Aristonicus,[267]
The consulate for the first time filled by two plebeians,[268]
TIBERIUS SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS,[269]
Ager publicus and the Licinian law,[271]
Agrarian law of Tib. Gracchus,[277]
Opposition to this law,[279]
Dismissal of the tribune M. Octavius,[281]
Opposition of the Latins,[282]
Distribution of the inheritance of Attalus,[283]
Comitia for elections; murder of Tib. Gracchus,[284]
Tyranny of the victorious party,[287]
C. Papirius Carbo,[288]
Death of P. Cornelius Scipio,[289]
Rebellion of Fregellæ,[291]
CAIUS SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS,[291]
C. Gracchus in Sardinia,[293]
His tribuneship,[293]
Laws against the adversaries of his brother,[294]
Corn law,[295]
Relief of the soldiers,[296]
The dispensation of justice transferred from the senate to the knights,[296]
Plan for the extension of the franchise,[299]
Distribution of the provinces,[300]
Counter operations of M. Livius Drusus,[301]
Reaction against C. Gracchus. His death,[303]
Persecutions of his partizans,[306]
FOREIGN CONQUESTS DOWN TO THE WAR WITH JUGURTHA,[307]
Conquest of the Balearic isles and of Dalmatia,[307]
War against the Allobroges,[307]
The Cimbri and Scordiscans,[308]
THE WAR AGAINST JUGURTHA. Q. CÆCILIUS METELLUS NUMIDICUS. C. MARIUS,[309]
Sallust,[309]
State of Numidia after Masinissa’s death,[309]
Division of the empire. Jugurtha,[310]
M. Æmilius Scaurus,[312]
Horace’s want of historical lore,[312]
L. Calpurnius Bestia goes to Africa,[314]
Jugurtha in Rome,[315]
An inquiry instituted in Rome,[316]
Metellus goes to Africa,[316]
His success against Jugurtha,[317]
C. Marius,[318]
Marius elected consul,[319]
End of the war of Jugurtha,[321]
WAR WITH THE CIMBRI AND TEUTONES,[322]
Ethnography of the Cimbri,[322]
The Teutones,[323]
Their victories over the Romans,[323]
Marius changes the Roman tactics,[325]
The Cimbri march into northern Italy,[328]
Q. Lutatius Catulus,[328]
Victory of the Romans over the Ambrones,[329]
Victory over the Teutones near Aquæ Sextiæ,[330]
Victory over the Cimbri near Vercellæ (campi Raudii),[332]
Triumph of Marius,[333]
MARIUS’ SIXTH CONSULSHIP. L. APULEIUS SATURNINUS. C. SERVILIUS GLAUCIA,[334]
L. Apuleius Saturninus,[334]
C. Servilius Glaucia,[336]
Legislation of Saturninus,[336]
Agrarian law,[337]
Opposition of Metellus,[338]
Defeat of Saturninus and Glaucia,[339]
M. LIVIUS DRUSUS,[340]
Split between the different orders,[341]
Position of the allies,[342]
M. Livius tries to reform the courts of law,[344]
He tries to procure the franchise for the Italians,[346]
Opposition to his plans,[347]
Murder of Livius Drusus,[348]
His laws repealed,[349]
THE SOCIAL WAR. MITHRIDATES. CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE PARTIES OF MARIUS AND SYLLA. L. CORNELIUS CINNA,[350]
The Roman proconsul in Ascalum murdered,[351]
The Italians establish an independent state,[352]
Lex Julia,[354]
General view of the war,[355]
Victory of C. Pompeius Strabo,[356]
Single Italian peoples receive the Roman franchise,[357]
New tribes,[357]
The Umbrians and Etruscans participate in the war, but soon receive the Roman franchise,[358]
L. Cornelius Sylla,[359]
Earlier history of Pontus,[361]
Mithridates,[361]
Massacre of the Roman citizens in Asia Minor,[363]
Sylla is appointed general against Mithridates,[364]
P. Sulpicius,[366]
Sylla marches with his army against Rome,[367]
Marius’ flight,[368]
Q. Pompeius murdered,[369]
L. Cornelius Cinna,[370]
Civil war,[370]
Cinna deposed from the consulate,[370]
Q. Sertorius,[371]
Cinna marches against Rome,[372]
Marius consul for the seventh time,[373]
The Samnites receive the franchise,[374]
Cinna murdered,[375]
THE FIRST MITHRIDATIC WAR. SYLLA RETURNS TO ROME. HIS DICTATORSHIP AND DEATH,[375]
Taking of Athens,[376]
Peace with Mithridates,[376]
Sylla returns to Italy,[378]
Civil war,[379]
Battle of Sacriportus,[381]
Pontius Telesinus marches against Rome; battle at the Colline gate,[382]
Sylla’s cruelty,[383]
Proscriptions,[384]
Military colonies,[384]
Sylla’s laws,[384]
The senate remodelled,[384]
Limitation of the tribuneship,[387]
The senate recovers the jurisdiction,[388]
Increase of the sacerdotal offices,[388]
Increase of the number of prætors and quæstors,[389]
The Cornelians,[390]
Sylla resigns the dictatorship,[390]
His death,[391]
LITERATURE. MANNERS AND MODE OF LIVING,[391]
Sallust’s histories. Sisenna,[391]
Claudius Quadrigarius,[392]
Pacuvius, Terentius, Cæcilius Statius,[392]
Attius Lucilius, Lævius,[393]
Prose. Manners and mode of living,[394]
Cicero. Hortensius,[394]
COUNTER-REVOLUTION. LEPIDUS. SERTORIUS. POMPEY,[395]
Designs of M. Æmilius Lepidus,[395]
Catulus,[396]
Elements for a commotion,[396]
Lepidus’ undertaking against Rome miscarries. He and M. Brutus die,[397]
The war of Sertorius,[397]
Sallust’s histories,[397]
Sertorius. Character of the people of the Val di Norcia,[397]
Sertorius, abandoned in Spain by his troops, wanders about,[399]
He is recalled to Spain. His measures,[400]
Cn. Pompey,[401]
His character,[402]
Sertorius conquers,[403]
His murder,[404]
M. Peperna executed,[404]
SERVILE WAR. SPARTACUS. M. LICINIUS CRASSUS,[404]
Pompey and Crassus consuls,[404]
Spartacus assembles about him the gladiators and slaves,[405]
Germans. Crixus, Oenomaus,[406]
Victory of Crassus,[406]
Atrocities of the war,[406]
SECOND AND THIRD WAR AGAINST MITHRIDATES,[407]
Mithridates fulfils the stipulations of the peace,[407]
L. Murena,[407]
Sertorius concludes an alliance with Mithridates,[408]