| Every attempt has been made to replicate the original as printed.
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[Contents.] (In certain versions of this etext, in certain browsers, clicking on this symbol will bring up a larger version of the illustration.) [Biographical Notes.] [Index.]: [A], [B], [C], [D], [E], [F], [G], [H], [I], [J], [L], [M], [N], [O], [P], [Q], [R], [S], [T], [U], [V], [W], [Y], [Z] [Footnotes.] (etext transcriber's note) |
THE
EMANCIPATION OF SOUTH AMERICA
“Serás lo que debes ser,
Y sinó, no serás nada.”
San Martin.
THE EMANCIPATION OF
SOUTH AMERICA
BEING A CONDENSED TRANSLATION
BY
WILLIAM PILLING
OF
THE HISTORY OF SAN MARTIN
BY
GENERAL DON BARTOLOMÉ MITRE
FIRST CONSTITUTIONAL PRESIDENT OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC
With Maps
LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, Ltd.
1893
TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.
THE title of this translation is the second title of the original “History of San Martin.” This transposition of title is an index to the relation which the translation bears to the original. This latter is truly a biography of San Martin, whose life could not be understood unless very full account were given of the events in which he took so prominent a part, therefore the biography is also a history.
No man who plays a prominent part in the history of a revolution can escape becoming involved in disputes with his contemporaries, and in many intricate questions which are of interest only to a very small number of their successors. These disputes and these questions greatly affect the career of a man, but have small influence upon the history of a Nation. Of such troubles San Martin had his full share, his biographer has entered fully into them, and with much detail has given proofs of the correctness of the view he takes of them. These details are, for the most part, suppressed in the translation, and all matters concerning San Martin himself are greatly curtailed, while prominence is given to the events of the times in which the scene passes. The translation is thus a history in which enter the biographies of the two principal personages, San Martin and Bolívar.
This translation is intended only for the general mass of English-speaking readers, to whom minute details are wearisome, and is thus in every part a condensation of the copious accounts which are given in the original of the stirring events described. The student of history will not find in it that ample information which he requires, in order fully to understand the subject in all its bearings; for him the original provides a mine of historic wealth, enriched as it is with notes and with a voluminous appendix.
William Pilling.
London, March, 1893.
CONTENTS.
| PAGE | |
| [Translator’s Preface] | [vii] |
| [Prologue] | [xxvii] |
| [CHAPTER I.] HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. | |
|---|---|
The Argument of the Book—Synopsis of the South American Revolution—TheAction of America upon Europe—The Colonizationof Spanish America—The Colonization of North America—ColonialPolicy in both Americas—The Emancipation of NorthAmerica—The Affiliation of the Revolution of South America—TheMoral Revolution of South America—The Precursor of theEmancipation of South America—The Races of South America;the Creole—The First Throes of Revolution—The Growth of theRevolution—Attempts at Monarchy in South America—Retrospection | [1] |
| [CHAPTER II.] SAN MARTIN IN EUROPE AND IN AMERICA. 1778—1812. | |
His Birth and Parentage—Leaves for Spain—His Career in theSpanish Army—Africa—France—St. Vincent—Portugal—Cadiz—Societyof Lautaro—Argonilla—Baylen—Tudela—Albuera—LordMacduff—London—Buenos Ayres—Outbreak of the Revolution—Experimentsin Government—The Influence of SanMartin—Personal Appearance and Character of San Martin | [31] |
| [CHAPTER III.] THE LAUTARO LODGE. 1812—1813. | |
The First Triumvirate—Political Parties—The Mounted Grenadiers—MilitarySchool—The Lautaro Lodge—Battle of Tucuman—Revolutionof 8th October—The Second Triumvirate—MilitaryPlans | [43] |
| [CHAPTER IV.] SAN LORENZO. 1813—1814. | |
Battle of the Cerrito—Meeting of the Constituent Assembly—Reforms—SpanishDepredations on the Fluvial Coasts—The Action ofSan Lorenzo—Battle of Salta—Influence of the Lodge—Disastersof Vilcapugio and Ayohuma—Argentine Generals—San Martintakes Command of the Army of the North—Appointment of theSupreme Director | [53] |
| [CHAPTER V.] UPPER PERU. 1814. | |
The Problem of the Argentine Revolution—The Geography andEthnology of Upper Peru—Outbreak and Progress of the Revolutionin Upper Peru—Cruelties of the Spaniards—Compositionof the Royalist Army—Arenales—His campaign from Cochabambato Santa Cruz—Battle of La Florida—Results of theseOperations | [64] |
| [CHAPTER VI.] THE WAR IN THE NORTH. 1814. | |
The Army of Tucuman—Preparations of Pezuela—Plans of SanMartin—The New Military School—Popular Movement inSalta—Martin Güemes—The Gauchos of Salta—Operations ofthe Royalists—The Fall of Monte Video—Retreat of Pezuela—SanMartin’s Secret Plan—His Illness—Is appointed Governorof Cuyo | [72] |
| [CHAPTER VII.] THE CHILENO-ARGENTINE REVOLUTION. 1810—1811. | |
Chilian and Argentine Society compared—Martinez Rozas—PopularExcitement—Loss of Power by Governor Carrasco—The Southof Chile—O’Higgins—Deposition of Carrasco—Establishment ofa Junta—Resemblances of the Two Revolutions—Argentine-ChilianAlliance—Freedom of Commerce—Mutiny in Santiago—Installationof the First General Congress—Defeat of theRadicals—Rozas at Conception | [80] |
| [CHAPTER VIII.] PROGRESS AND FALL OF THE CHILIAN REVOLUTION. 1811—1814. | |
The Three Carreras—A New Junta—Dissolution of Congress—ArmedProtest by Rozas—Valdivia—The First Newspaper—Deathof Rozas—The Chilian Flag—Carrera again Dictator—Abascal—Parejalands at Valdivia—Battle of San Carlos—Siegeof Chillán—O’Higgins made General-in-Chief—ArgentineAuxiliaries—Arrival of Gainza—Lastra named SupremeDirector—Capture of Talca—Mackenna at Membrillar—Defenceof Quecheraguas—Mediation of the British Commodore—Treatyof Lircay—The Carreras again in Power—Invasion ofOsorio—Siege of Rancagua—Flight of O’Higgins and Carrera | [91] |
| [CHAPTER IX.] CUYO. 1814—1815. | |
The District of Cuyo—Policy of San Martin—Reception of ChilianRefugees—Trouble with Carrera—Fall of Alvear—Cuyo becomesan Independent State—Self-sacrifice of the People ofCuyo—Revenues of Cuyo—Characteristics of San Martin—Anecdotesof San Martin—Royalist Successes—The Banquet atMendoza | [108] |
| [CHAPTER X.] THE SPY SYSTEM OF THE PATRIOTS. 1815—1816. | |
The Restoration of Spanish Domination in Chile—Cruelties of theRoyalists—Nationalist Reaction—The Plans of Abascal—SanMartin establishes Secret Agencies in Chile—His Spy System—Preparationsof the Chilian Patriots—Marcó del Pont—ManuelRodriguez—Brown and the Argentine Privateers—Loss of theUribe—Capture of the Consequencia—Blockade of Callao—Attackon Guayaquil—Loss of the Trinidad—Return of theSquadron | [117] |
| [CHAPTER XI.] THE IDEA OF THE PASSAGE OF THE ANDES. 1815—1816. | |
Opposition to the Plans of San Martin—He receives Permission toassume the Offensive—Also Supplies of Guns and War Material—Collectsthe Grenadiers—Balcarce Provisional Director—TheLodge in Mendoza—Tomas Guido | [124] |
| [CHAPTER XII.] THE ARMY OF THE ANDES. 1816—1817. | |
Composition of the Army—Freeing the Slaves—Fray Beltran—TheArsenal—Powder Factory—Cloth Factory—Pueyrredón electedPresident—Declaration of Independence—Interview at Córdoba—Condarco—Mapsof the Passes of the Andes—Concentrationof the Army—The Function of the 17th January, 1817—TheFlag of the Army of the Andes | [126] |
| [CHAPTER XIII.] THE PASSAGE OF THE ANDES. 1817. | |
The Southern Andes—Passes of the Andes—Stratagems of SanMartin—The Pehuenche Indians—Preparations of Marcó—Preparationsat Mendoza—Pueyrredón—Detachments flankingthe Main Army—Instructions from Government—The Sierra ofChacabuco—Occupation of Coquimbo by Cabot—Capture ofCopiapó—Capture of Talca—March of the Main Army—TheAffair at Pichueta—Capture of Achupallas—Juan Lavalle—Captureof the Guardia Vieja—Putaendo—Defeat of Atero—Concentrationof the Army at the Foot of Chacabuco—The Judgmentof Posterity | [132] |
| [CHAPTER XIV.] CHACABUCO. 1817. | |
The Sierra of Chacabuco—Atero occupies Chacabuco—Maroto appointedto command the Royalist Army—Moonlight March ofthe Patriots—The Royalist Vanguard driven in—Advance ofthe Main Body—Repulse of O’Higgins—Soler takes the Positionin Flank—Total Rout of the Royalists—Barañao—Occupationof Santiago—O’Higgins elected Supreme Director—Marcótaken Prisoner—San Bruno shot—Reception of the News inBuenos Ayres—San Martin returns to Buenos Ayres | [144] |
| [CHAPTER XV.] THE FIRST CAMPAIGN IN THE SOUTH OF CHILE. 1817. | |
The Mistakes committed by San Martin—Ordoñez—Las Heras marchesto the South—Occupation of Concepcion—The Action of Gavilán—O’Higginstakes Command—Freyre captures the Forts ofArauco—Treaty with the Indians of Arauco—Operationsagainst Talcahuano—French Officers—The Assault of theMorro—Las Heras is withdrawn from the captured Outwork | [151] |
| [CHAPTER XVI.] ARGENTINE-CHILENO ALLIANCE. 1817. | |
Origin and Results of this Alliance—San Martin in Buenos Ayres—Carrera’sTrip to North America—His Return and Arrest byPueyrredón—The Mission of Condarco to London—QuintanaDeputy Director—Coinage of Chilian Money—“The Legion ofMerit”—Guido as Argentine Representative—Irizarri appointedChilian Agent in Europe—Monarchical Ideas—Chilian Jealousyof Argentine Influence—The Conspiracy of the Carreras—Twoof the Brothers imprisoned at Mendoza—Life of San Martin atSantiago—The “Tertulias”—Commodore Bowles takes a SecretAgent to Lima | [157] |
| [CHAPTER XVII.] CANCHA-RAYADA. 1817—1818. | |
The Political State of Chile—Pezuela appointed Viceroy of Peru—HisPolicy—Osorio lands at Talcahuano with Reinforcements—ThePatriot Forces—Retreat of O’Higgins—March of Osorio onSantiago—Proclamation of Independence—Concentration ofthe Patriot Army—Affair on the Lontué—Retreat of Osorio—TheHalt at Talca—The Night Attack at Cancha-rayada—Dispersionof the Patriot Army—O’Higgins wounded—MasterlyRetreat of Las Heras—Panic in the Capital—Return ofO’Higgins and San Martin—Reorganization of the Army—TheCamp on the Plain of Maipó | [165] |
| [CHAPTER XVIII.] MAIPÓ. 1818. | |
Confusion of the Royalists after Cancha-rayada—They march onSantiago—The Plain of Maipó—Position of the Patriots—Desertionof General Brayer—Battle of Maipó—Results of theBattle—Osorio collects a Small Force at Talcahuano—Zapiolatakes Command in the South—Osorio evacuates Talcahuano | [174] |
| [CHAPTER XIX.] AFTER MAIPÓ. 1818. | |
Execution at Mendoza of Don Luis and Don Juan José Carrera—ConstitutionalReform in Chile—Tragic Fate of Dr. Rodriguez—TheSecret Correspondence of Osorio—San Martin leaves for BuenosAyres—His Arrangements with Pueyrredón—Monarchical Illusions—Bolívar—Spain | [181] |
| [CHAPTER XX.] THE FIRST NAVAL CAMPAIGN ON THE PACIFIC. 1818. | |
The Naval Resources of Chile—Ships purchased by Government—Affairof the Esmeralda—Blanco Encalada—Another Convoyfrom Spain—The Mutiny of the Trinidad—The ChilianSquadron leaves Valparaiso—The Capture of the Maria Isabel—Captureof Five Transports—The Return of the Squadron—Cochrane—TheTwo Wives | [186] |
| [CHAPTER XXI.] THE REPASSAGE OF THE ANDES. 1818—1819. | |
The Last Campaign in Chile—Another Conspiracy of Carrera’s—Proclamationto the Peruvian People—Correspondence withBolívar—San Martin withdraws a Division to Mendoza—TheTragedy at San Luis—Definite Arrangements for the Expeditionto Peru—Retirement of Pueyrredón | [194] |
| [CHAPTER XXII.] COCHRANE—CALLAO—VALDIVIA. 1819—1820. | |
The Character of Cochrane—He sails for Callao—The SpanishSquadron—The First Attack on Callao—Loss of a Fireship—Captureof the Montezuma—Return to Valparaiso—Manufactureof War Rockets—Second Attack on Callao—Inefficiency of theRockets—Guise captures Pisco—Death of Colonel Charles—Captureof Transports at Guayaquil—Escape of the Prueba—Cochrane’sNew Scheme—Valdivia—Capture of the Potrillo—Reinforcementsat Talcahuano—Return to Valdivia—Capture ofthe Southern Forts—Evacuation of the Northern Forts—Wreckof the Intrepido—Surrender of the City—Repulse at Chiloe—Return | [200] |
| [CHAPTER XXIII.] THE DISOBEDIENCE OF SAN MARTIN. 1819—1820. | |
The Perplexities of San Martin—Popular Sentiment in Spain—TheExpedition assembling at Cadiz—Discontent among the Troops—O’Donnellcrushes the Conspiracy—San Martin summonedto Buenos Ayres—His Proposal to O’Higgins and Cochrane—TheGaucho Chieftains—San Martin again ordered to BuenosAyres—The Plans of Government—The Duc de Luca—Uprisingof the Argentine People—San Martin still hesitates—Mutiny ofthe Army of the North—San Martin sends in his Resignation—Critiqueon his Behaviour | [210] |
| [CHAPTER XXIV.] THE CONVENTION OF RANCAGUA. 1820. | |
The Spanish Revolution of 1820—Return of San Martin to Chile—Mutinyof the Detachment at San Juan—The Remnant of theDivision crosses the Andes to Chile—Rout of Cepeda—TheReign of Anarchy in the United Provinces—The Convention ofOfficers at Rancagua—The Disobedience of San Martin endorsedby the Army—Cochrane aspires to the Command-in-Chief—SanMartin appointed Generalissimo—The Presence ofthe Army of the Andes a Danger to Chile | [216] |
| [CHAPTER XXV.] PERU. 1820. | |
The Colonial Era in Peru—Lima—The Peruvian People—ViceroyAbascal—The Native Army—Pezuela—La Serna—RevolutionaryOutbreaks—The Insurrection of Cuzco—Secret Societies—Correspondencewith San Martin—Dissolution of the NativeArmy—Olañeta—Camba—Valdés—The Royalist Forces | [223] |
| [CHAPTER XXVI.] THE EXPEDITION TO PERU. 1820. | |
San Martin’s Address to the Argentine People—Composition of theExpedition—Sailing of the Expedition—Disembarkation at Pisco—Occupationof Pisco by Las Heras—Proclamation by SanMartin—Pezuela proposes Peace—The Commissioners meet atMiraflores—Arrange an Armistice—The Terms proposed—Negotiationsbroken off—Expedition of Arenales to the Highlands—Re-embarkationof the Army | [230] |
| [CHAPTER XXVII.] THE OPENING OF THE CAMPAIGN. 1820—1821. | |
The Coming Campaigns—The Pageant at Callao—Expedition fromAncon—Guayaquil—Revolution of Guayaquil—The EsmeraldaFrigate cut out by Cochrane—The Expedition lands at Huacho—Huara—CavalrySkirmish at Chancay—The NumanciaBattalion joins the Patriots—Discontent in Peru—The Independenceof Trujillo—Torre-Tagle—Junction with Arenales—TheGuerillas—The Provisional Regulation | [235] |
| [CHAPTER XXVIII.] THE FIRST CAMPAIGN IN THE HIGHLANDS. 1820—1821. | |
The Natural Division of Peru—The Highlands of Peru—The FlyingColumn under Arenales—Defeat of Quimper—The Invasion ofthe Highlands—The Battle of Pasco—Retreat of Aldao fromIca—Massacres of Indians by Ricafort—The Sack of Cangalloand Huancayo—Aldao establishes himself at Huancayo—Arenalesrejoins San Martin | [245] |
| [CHAPTER XXIX.] THE ARMISTICE OF PUNCHAUCA. 1821. | |
Prospects of the Royalists—Spanish Councils of War—Deposition ofPezuela—Proposals of Peace—The Conference at Retes—Stateof the Two Armies—The Royal Commissioner—The PatriotArmy moves to Ancon—Proclamation from King Ferdinand—Effectin Columbia—Effect in Mexico—Course of the Revolutionin Mexico—Iturbide—The “Plan de Iguala”—Success of thePlan—Fate of Iturbide—The Conference of Punchauca—Armisticeof Punchauca—Interview between San Martin and La Serna—MistakenPolicy of San Martin—The Conference renewed atMiraflores—Prolongation of the Armistice—Captain Basil Hall—Canteracmoves to the Highlands—Return of the PatriotArmy to Huacho—La Serna evacuates Lima—Occupation ofLima by the Patriots—Proclamation and Inactivity of SanMartin | [249] |
| [CHAPTER XXX.] THE SECOND CAMPAIGN IN THE HIGHLANDS. 1821. | |
Aldao and his Indian Levies—Gamarra takes Command—Is drivenout by Ricafort—Ricafort returns to Lima—Arenales marchesfrom Huara—The Successes of Arenales cut short by theArmistice—Character of Arenales—His Expostulations againstthe Mistaken Policy of San Martin being unheeded he rejoinshim at Lima—Repulse of La Serna by the Mountaineers ofJauja | [261] |
| [CHAPTER XXXI.] THE EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTH. 1821. | |
Conspiracy to capture Callao—Miller sent South with a small Force—Landsat Pisco—Insurrection at Cuzco—Cochrane applies toChile for Aid—Ravages of Fever at Chincha—Cochrane sails forArica—Capture of Arica—Evacuation of Tacna—Miller marchesInland—Capture of Mirave—Occupation of Moquegua—Millerretreats to Tacna and to Arica—Miller establishes himself atIca—Loss of the San Martin | [265] |
| [CHAPTER XXXII.] PERU INDEPENDENT. 1821. | |
The Continental Campaign—Lack of National Spirit in Peru—Conventionof Notables at Lima—Declaration of Independence—Captureof Ships by Cochrane at Callao—Attempted Surprise byLas Heras—Overtures of Cochrane to La Mar—San Martinappoints himself “Protector of Peru”—Decree against theSpaniards—Banishment of the Archbishop—Tragic Fate of JoséMiguel Carrera | [270] |
| [CHAPTER XXXIII.] THE PROTECTORATE OF PERU. 1821—1822. | |
The Captain of the Army of the Andes—Royalist Expedition for theRelief of Callao—The Defile of Espiritu Santo—Outburst of Enthusiasmin Lima—Manœuvres in Front of Lima—Retreat ofCanterac—Feeble Pursuit of the Royalists—Capitulation ofCallao—Reforms of San Martin—The Order of the Sun—Deteriorationin the Spirit of the Army—Subsidy from the City ofLima—Conspiracy in the Army—Monarchical Ideas of SanMartin—Monteagudo and the “Patriotic Society of Lima”—Missionof Garcia del Rio to Europe | [277] |
| [CHAPTER XXXIV.] SAN MARTIN AND COCHRANE. 1821—1822. | |
Mutual Invectives of Two Heroes—San Martin fails to fulfil hisPromises to the Fleet—A Stormy Interview—Cochrane seizesTreasure—Cochrane pays his Men with Government Funds—Andsails for Guayaquil—Surrender of Two Spanish Frigates toPeruvian Agents—Cochrane attempts to seize the Venganza—Returnsto Callao and Captures the Montezuma—Returns toChile and abandons the Pacific—The New Peruvian Navy | [287] |
| [CHAPTER XXXV.] THE DISASTER AT ICA. 1821—1822. | |
Royalist Headquarters established at Cuzco—Expedition underLoriga against Pasco—Defeat of Otero—Burning of Cangallo—SanMartin sends a Contingent to the Assistance of Bolívar—AndSummons the First Peruvian Congress—Torre-TagleDeputy-Protector—Expedition to Ica—Rout of the Patriots byCanterac—Barbarous Treatment of Spaniards by Monteagudo | [292] |
| [CHAPTER XXXVI.] THE REVOLUTIONS IN QUITO AND VENEZUELA. 1809—1812. | |
The Northern Zone of South America—The First Outbreak at Quito—TheRevolution at Caracas—Commencement of the Reaction—SimonBolívar—His Appearance and Character—His Education—HisFirst Visit to Europe—His Second Visit to Europe—HisLife at Caracas—Reception of the Envoys by the BritishGovernment—Bolívar meets Miranda in London—Brings himback with him to Venezuela—Action of the Regency of Cadiz—ThePatriot Junta sends an Army against Coro—Reception ofMiranda—His Plan for a Constitution—First Congress ofVenezuela—Declaration of Independence—Revolt of theCanarians—Revolt at Valencia—Capture of Valencia by Miranda—Adoptionof a Federal Constitution—General Discontent—Carorasacked by Monteverde—The Royalists of Guayana—Destructionof the Patriot Flotilla—The Great Earthquake—SanCarlos burned by Monteverde—Miranda is appointedDictator—Successes of the Royalists—Monteverde is repulsedin an Attack on the Entrenched Camp at Victoria—Insurrectionof the Slaves—Loss of Puerto-Cabello—Miranda treats for Peace—TheCapitulation—Miranda is imprisoned by his Officers—Crueltiesof Monteverde—Death of Miranda | [296] |
| [CHAPTER XXXVII.] THE REVOLUTIONS IN NEW GRANADA AND QUITO. 1809—1813. | |
Excitement in New Granada—Expedition against Quito—Reinstallationof the late Captain-General of Quito—Massacres by theRoyalist Soldiery—Revolution at Cartagena—Outbreak on thePlains of Casanare—A Junta established at Pamplona—And atSocorro—Pacific Revolution at Bogotá—Establishment of aJunta—Social Anarchy—Proposals to summon a Congress—TheState of Cundinamarca—Nariño appointed Dictator—Congressadopts the Federal System of Government and retires to Ibague—TheProvince of Cartagena declares itself an IndependentState—Preparations of the Royalists—Torices named Dictatorof Cartagena—Operations against Santa Marta—Arrival of aNew Viceroy—The First Victory of the Patriots—Another Insurrectionin Quito—Successes of Montufar and Macaulay—Treacheryof the Pastusos—La Vendée of the Revolution—Installationof a Junta at Quito—Operations in the South—Quitodeclares itself an Independent State—Murder of Ruiz de Castillo—Victoryof the Royalists at Mocha—Capture of Quito—Massacresat Popayán—The Policy of Nariño—The Congress atLeiva—Dr. Camilo Torres named President—Civil War—Arrivalof another Viceroy—Cundinamarca and Antioquia declarethemselves Independent States—Congress places Nariño inCommand of the Army—Successes of Nariño—His Passage ofthe River Juanambú—Dispersion of his Army—He is sent inIrons to Spain—Operations of Bolívar against Santa Marta—Defeatof an Expedition from Cartagena—Bolívar conceives theIdea of Reconquering Venezuela—He crosses the Cordillera—HisMemorial to the People of New Granada—President Torresadopts his Idea | [312] |
| [CHAPTER XXXVIII.] THE RECONQUEST OF VENEZUELA. 1813. | |
“Pacification” by Monteverde—The Signal for Revolt—Triste—TheExpedition to the Mainland—Cruelties of Zuazola—Defeatof the Royalists at Maturin—The Island of Margarita—Arismendi—Siegeof Cumaná—Cajigal retreats to Guayana—Mariñonamed Dictator of the Eastern Provinces—The Expedition ofBriceño—Defeat of Correa by Castillo—Bolívar’s Commissionfrom the Congress of Granada—Capture of Mérida and Trujillo—Bolívarfulminates a Decree of Extermination against allRoyalists—Marti Defeated by Rivas—Rout of Izquierdo—Valenciaand Caracas evacuated by Royalists—The Genius of Bolívar—HisTriumphant Entry into Caracas—He proclaims HimselfDictator—Lays Siege to Puerto Cabello—The Reaction—SecondDecree of Bolívar—Arrival of Reinforcements at Puerto Cabello—Deathof Girardot—Victory of Las Trincheras—Honours toBolívar at Caracas—The Order of the “Liberators”—Boves,Morales, and Yañez—They rouse the Llaneros—Campo-Elias—Defeatof Boves at Mosquitero—Massacre of Royalists at Calabozo—Repulseof Patriots at Barquisimeto—Battle of Araure—Effectsof the Dual Dictatorship—Reappearance of Boves on theScene—The Patriots are driven from the Plains—General Revulsionof Feeling | [324] |
| [CHAPTER XXXIX.] THE SECOND FALL OF VENEZUELA. 1814. | |
Bolívar discloses a New Phase of his Character—The Assembly ofCaracas—His Treaty with Mariño—Defeat and Death of Yañez—Actionat La Puerta—Repulse of Morales at Victoria—Successesof Rivas—The Massacres of Caracas and La Guayra—Preparationsof Bolívar—His Defence of the Entrenchments ofSan Mateo—Heroism of Recaurte—Defence of Caracas by Rivas—OfValencia by Urdaneta—Action at Boca Chica—Mariñodefeated at San Carlos—First Battle at Carabobo—Rout of thePatriots at La Puerta—Capitulation of Valencia—D’Eluyarraises the Siege of Puerto-Cabello—Bolívar evacuates Caracas—EntrenchesHimself at Aragua—Retreats to Barcelona—Captureof Aragua by Morales—Bolívar is accused of Treachery—Retiresto Curaçoa—Repulse of Morales at Maturin—Massacreat Cumaná—Rout of the Patriots at Urica—Death of Boves—Captureof Maturin by Morales—Death of Rivas—The LastPatriot Army under Urdaneta seeks Refuge in New Granada | [343] |
| [CHAPTER XL.] THE DISSOLUTION OF NEW GRANADA. 1815—1817. | |
The Fall of Constitutional Government in Spain—Jealousy of NativeTroops—Bolívar takes Command of the Army of New Granada—Captureof Bogotá—Fresh Honours to Bolívar—Bolívar makesWar on Cartagena—And retires to Jamaica—His Memorials—Morilloarrives from Spain with a Powerful Squadron, and takesCommand of the Royalists—Miyares secures the Isthmus ofPanamá—Morillo’s Instructions—Reduction of the Island of Margarita—Lossof the San Pedro—Morillo occupies Caracas—Andsails thence for Cartagena—Cartagena—The Siege ofCartagena—The Fortress and City are evacuated by the Patriots—Repulse of Calzada from the Plains of Casanare—Defeat ofthe Patriots at Balaga—Further Successes of Calzada—Madridis defeated by Sámano in the South—Fresh Disturbances inVenezuela—Offers of Amnesty—Establishment of Military Ruleat Bogotá—Executions—Morillo returns to Venezuela—Crueltiesof Sámano—Death of La Pola—Sámano is appointed Viceroyby Morillo | [353] |
| [CHAPTER XLI.] THE THIRD WAR IN VENEZUELA. 1815—1817. | |
Position of Affairs in Venezuela—The Fresh Outbreak on the Islandof Margarita—Paez—His First Action—Revulsion of Opinionamong the Llaneros—The Army of the Apure—Successes ofCedeño—Attempt to assassinate Bolívar—Bolívar goes to Haití—TheExpedition from Cayos—The Landing at Margarita—Bolívaris named Supreme Chief—The Expedition proceeds to Carúpano—Bolívarproceeds to Ocumare—Defeat of Bolívar byMorales—Bolívar’s Flight from Ocumare—Successes of MacGregor—TheArmy of the Centre—Bolívar returns to Haiti—Defeatof Lopez by MacGregor—Piar defeats Morales at Juncal—Paezlays Siege to San Fernando—The Spaniards evacuatethe Island of Margarita—Bolívar leaves Haití with aSecond Expedition—Piar marches on Guayana—Forces the Passageof the Cauca—Occupies the Missions of Coroní—Bolívaragain defeated—And leaves for Guayana—Capture of Barcelonaby the Royalists—The True Base of Operations—Advanceof La Torre from New Granada—Is totally defeated by Paez—Anddescends the River to Angostura—Is again defeated byPiar at San Felix—Mariño summons a Congress—Morillo putsan End to the Farce—Brion forces his Way up the Orinoco—Flightof La Torre—Conspiracy of Piar and Mariño—Executionof Piar—Banishment of Mariño | [365] |
| [CHAPTER XLII.] THE REORGANIZATION OF VENEZUELA. 1817—1819. | |
The Expedition of Morillo and Canterac against the Island of Margarita—TheAction at Matasiete—The Massacre at Juan Griego—Morilloreturns to Caracas—Position of Patriots and ofRoyalists—The Civil Administration of Bolívar—Rout of Sarazaat Hogaza—The Horse Marines—Bolívar surprises Morillo atCalabozo—Retreat of the Royalists to Sombrero—Defeat ofBolívar at La Puerta—Capture of San Fernando by Paez—Defeatof Paez at Cojedes—Defeat of Cedeño by Morales—Andof Morales by Paez—Mariño takes Cumaná, and refuses Allegianceto the Liberator—Bolívar raises a New Army, and isreconciled to Mariño—Santander sent to Casanare—Bolívar’sIdea of a Constitution—The Congress of Angostura—Bolívar isnamed President of Venezuela—The Foreign Auxiliaries—LuisMendez—Colonel Hippisley—Colonel Wilson—Campbell—Gilmour—GeneralEnglish—Colonel Elsom—General MacGregor—GeneralDevereux—Colonel Montilla—Morillo opens the Campaign—Tacticsof Paez—Morillo reoccupies San Fernando—TheAffair of “Las Queseras del Medio”—Bolívar’s New Idea | [380] |
| [CHAPTER XLIII.] BOYACA—COLUMBIA—CARABOBO. 1819—1822. | |
Bolívar joins Santander—The Passage of the Cordillera—The Expeditionhalts in the Valley of Sagamoso—Skilful Manœuvres ofBolívar—He captures the City of Tunja—Battle of Boyacá—Bolívaroccupies Bogotá—His Activity and the Honours paidHim—Founds the Republic of Columbia—Cruelty of Santander—Bolívarreturns to Angostura—Changes during his Absence—Decreesof Congress—Bolívar named Provisional President ofColumbia—Military Operations on the North Coast—Arrival ofthe Irish Legion at Margarita—Paez retakes San Fernando—TheArmistice of Trujillo—Morillo returns to Spain—Revolutionin Maracaibo—Operations of Montilla—Bolívar again takesthe Field—Battle of Carabobo—Bolívar for the Second Timeenters Caracas in Triumph—The Constituent Congress—Bolívaris named President—Capitulation of Cartagena—The Provincesof the Isthmus declare their Independence—Fall of Chagres andPortobello—Bolívar leaves for the South—Activity of Morales—Hecapitulates—Puerto Cabello is taken by Paez | [394] |
| [CHAPTER XLIV.] THE WAR IN QUITO. 1821—1822. | |
Operations in the South of Columbia—Sucre—He leads an Expeditionto Guayaquil—His Victory at Yahuachí—His Defeat atAmbato—Arrival of Murgeón from Spain—Bolívar marches onQuito with a Fresh Army—Battle of Bomboná—He retreats toPatia—San Martin sends a Contingent to aid Sucre—Manœuvresof the Opposing Armies—The Cavalry Affair at Rio Bamba—Battleof Pichincha—Surrender of Quito—Capitulation of Garciaand of the Pastusos—Prætorianism—Bolívar enters Quito inTriumph | [406] |
| [CHAPTER XLV.] GUAYAQUIL. 1822. | |
The Meeting and Merging of Two Revolutions—The Protectorate ofGuayaquil—Defeat of the Provincial Army at Ambato—Arrivalof Sucre—The Revolt of Puerto-Viejo—Arrival of Salazar—LaMar takes Command of the Provincial Forces—The Question ofGuayaquil | [414] |
| [CHAPTER XLVI.] THE INTERVIEW AT GUAYAQUIL. 1822. | |
The Influence of Individuals—The Illusions of San Martin—Bolívarbecomes jealous of Argentine Influence—The Entry of Bolívarinto Guayaquil—He annexes the Province to Columbia—TheArrival of San Martin—The Conference—The Banquet—TheBall—Departure of San Martin—Result of the Conference—RemarkableLetter from San Martin to Bolívar | [418] |
| [CHAPTER XLVII.] THE ABDICATION OF SAN MARTIN. 1822. | |
Disturbances in Lima—Banishment of Monteagudo—Return of SanMartin—The First Congress of Peru—The Resignation of SanMartin—Honours decreed to him by Congress—He leavesPeru—His Illness in Chile—He retires to Mendoza | [426] |
| [CHAPTER XLVIII.] THE FIRST NATIONAL GOVERNMENT OF PERU. 1822—1823. | |
The State of Peru—Appointment of a Junta—Bolívar offers Assistance,which is declined—The Plan of Campaign—The Army ofthe South—Dilatory Movements of Alvarado—The Advance ofthe Royalists—Battle of Torata—The Rout of Moquegua—Activityof Miller—Withdrawal of the Columbian Contingent—Arenalesleaves Peru—Riva-Agüero named President—Preparationsfor a Fresh Campaign—English Loan—Despatch of aPeruvian Army to the South under Santa Cruz—Capture of Limaby Canterac—Sucre brings another Columbian Contingent toPeru—Bolívar is named Generalissimo—Canterac returns tothe Highlands—Plans of Sucre—Manœuvres of Santa Cruz—Hecaptures La Paz—Gamarra occupies Oruro—Retreat of SantaCruz—Indecisive Action at Zepita—Dispersion of the PatriotArmy—Orderly Retreat of Sucre—Appeals to San Martin forHelp—Reconstruction of Congress—Arrival of Bolívar—HisReception—His Appearance—He is Master of Peru | [431] |
| [CHAPTER XLIX.] JUNIN—AYACUCHO. 1823—1824. | |
The Day-Dreams of Bolívar—Rivadavia—Treaty between Columbiaand Buenos Ayres—Overtures from Spain to Buenos Ayres—TheMission of Alzaga to the West and North—Treatment of the ArgentineContingent by Peru—Mutiny of the Garrison of Callao—Hoistingthe Flag of Spain—Falucho—Dissolution of the Army of theAndes—Monet occupies Lima and Callao—Treachery of Torre-Tagle—Shipsburned by Guise in Harbour—Bolívar namedDictator—Execution of Argentine Officers by Monet—Illness ofBolívar—His Preparations—Olañeta rebels against the Viceroy—Bolívarmarches on Jauja—Advance of Canterac—CavalryAction at Junin—Rapid Retreat of Canterac—Bolívar returnsto Lima—Movement against him in the Congress of Columbia—TheSpanish Naval Squadron—Manœuvres of Sucre—Advanceof Royalists from Cuzco—Sucre concentrates his Forces—TheRoyalists gain his Rear—Victory or Death—Victory of Ayacucho | [443] |
| [CHAPTER L.] APOGEE, DECLINE, AND FALL OF BOLIVAR. 1824—1830. | |
Results of the Victory of Ayacucho—The Twofold Nature of theRevolution—Assassination of Monteagudo—Bolívar summons aCongress at Panama—His Theatrical Proceedings—Upper Perubecomes an Independent State—Tendency of the Policy ofBolívar—He leaves Lima for Potosí—The Banquet at Arequipa—Bolívarmeets Argentine Envoys at Potosí—His Proposals tothem—Opinions of the Press of Buenos Ayres—He draws up aConstitution for Bolivia—Attempt to assassinate Bolívar atLima—Adoption of a New Constitution by Peru—The GrandConfederation of the Andes—The Nature of the Proposed Monocracy—Revolutionin Venezuela—Bolívar Returns to Columbia—Revolutionsin Peru and Bolívia—The Convention of Ocaña—Bolívaris again named Dictator of New Granada—Conspiracyagainst him at Bogotá—He declares War against Peru—HisMonarchical Proposals—Rebellion at Antioquia—Venezuela becomesan Independent State—The Constituent Congress atBogotá—Bolívar resigns—Mosquera is elected President ofNew Granada—Pension assigned to Bolívar | [458] |
| [EPILOGUE.] | |
The Verdict of Posterity—The Tragedy of Emancipation—SanMartin goes to Europe—His Return to Buenos Ayres—Bolívarin Retirement—Anarchy in New Granada—Establishment of theRepublic of Ecuador—Death of Bolívar—His Last Words—Lifeof San Martin in Exile—His Death—His Remains are broughtback to Buenos Ayres—The Work of the Two Liberatorscompared—The Nature of True Greatness | [470] |
| [TRANSLATOR’S APPENDIX.] | |
[I.]—The Spanish Colonial System | [477] |
[II.]—Personal Appearance of San Martin | [478] |
[III.]—The Rocket-Tubes at Callao | [478] |
[IV.]—Description of a Suspension Bridge | [478] |
[V.]—The Ideas of San Martin | [479] |
[VI.]—A Venezuelan Picture presented to the City of New York | [480] |
[VII.]—The Battle of Carabobo | [481] |
| [BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.] | |
Alvarado—Arenales—Brown—Cochrane—Güemes—Las Heras—Lavalle—Miller—Necochea—O’Higgins—Paez | [484] |
[Index.]:[A],[B],[C],[D],[E],[F],[G],[H],[I],[J],[L],[M],[N],[O],[P],[Q],[R],[S],[T],[U],[V],[W],[Y],[Z] | [489] |
PROLOGUE.
THE object of this book is to give a biography of General José de San Martin, combining therewith the history of the emancipation of South America. It is a necessary complement to the History of Belgrano, written thirty years ago. These two histories display the Argentine Revolution in its two principal aspects; one relates the development of a nation, the other the effect of this development upon the emancipation of a continent.
This history is based, for the most part, upon documents hitherto unpublished, some of which are truly posthumous revelations which throw new light upon mysterious or little known events, or correct errors resulting from defective information.
I believe I have consulted all the books, pamphlets, newspapers and fly-sheets which have ever been printed concerning San Martin, and of manuscripts I have a collection of at least 10,000 documents, bound in 73 thick volumes, which it is my purpose to deposit in the National Library.
The most important of these sources of information has been the archive of General San Martin himself, which was placed at my disposal by his son-in-law, the late Don Mariano Balcarce. I have also consulted the archives of this city from the year 1812 to the year 1824, without which it would have been impossible to compile a complete history. The archives of the Director Pueyrredón, which were given to me by his son, have also been of great service to me, as also those of General O’Higgins, Don Tomás Godoy Cruz, General Las Heras, and others. I have also acquired much verbal information from conversations held with many of the contemporaries of San Martin, and with some of his companions in arms.
In addition to consulting all available maps and plans relating to the campaigns of San Martin, I have inspected in person the routes followed by the army of the Andes and have made sketches myself of the scene of memorable events when plans were not forthcoming.
* * * * * * *
This book will not be the historical monument which posterity will some day consecrate to the immortal memory of San Martin, but those who do at some future date erect it, will herein find abundant materials, stones finished or but roughly cut, with which solidly to lay out the foundations.
Bartolomé Mitre.
Buenos Ayres, 1887.
Here follows, on 25 pages, a list of unpublished manuscripts consulted in the compilation of this work, which manuscripts will be deposited in the National Library of Buenos Ayres.
William Pilling.