FOOTNOTES:
[119] See the discussion of Simmel's contention, supra, p. 19, n.
[120] Ehrenfels, C., System der Werttheorie, Leipzig, 1897; Kreibig, J. C., Psychologische Grundlegung eines Systems der Werttheorie, Vienna, 1902; Kallen, H. M., "Dr. Montague and the Pragmatic Notion of Value," Jour. of Philosophy, etc., Sept., 1909; Montague, W. P., "The True, the Good and the Beautiful, from a Pragmatic Standpoint," Ibid., April 29, 1909; Meinong, A., Psychologisch-ethische Untersuchungen zur Werttheorie, Graz, 1894; Paulsen, Friedrich, Introduction to Philosophy, and System of Ethics; Stuart, H. W., "The Hedonistic Interpretation of Subjective Value," Jour. of Pol. Econ., vol. iv, "Valuation as a Logical Process," in Dewey's Studies in Logical Theory, Chicago, 1903; Shaw, C. C., "The Theory of Value, and its Place in the History of Ethics," International Jour. of Ethics, vol. xi; Slater, T., "Value in Moral Theology and Political Economy," Irish Eccles. Rec., ser. 4, vol. x, Dublin, 1901; Tufts, J. H., "Ethical Value," Jour. of Philosophy, etc., vol. xix; Baldwin's Dictionary of Philosophy, etc., s. v. "Worth" (article by W. M. Urban); Simmel, G., Philosophie des Geldes, Leipzig, 1900, "A Chapter in the Philosophy of Value," Amer. Jour. of Sociology, vol. v; Urban, W. M., Valuation, London, 1909. These titles are representative of an extensive literature on the subject.
[121] Supra, p. 19, n.
[122] I am indebted to Professor John Dewey for many valuable suggestions and criticisms in connection with this part of my study. My more general obligations to him will be manifest to any one who is familiar with his epoch-marking point of view. Economic, sociological and political philosophy have, in my judgment, more to learn from him than from any other contemporary philosopher.
[123] Pp. 141-42.
[124] Cf. Gabriel Tarde, Psychologie Économique, vol. i, p. 63, and Urban, Valuation, p. 78.
[125] Urban, op. cit., p. 32.
[126] Paulsen, Friedrich, Ethics, passim.
[127] System der Werttheorie, vol. i, chap. i.
[128] Op. cit., p. 311.
[129] Cf. Urban, op. cit., p. 36; Meinong, op. cit., pp. 15-16.
[130] Meinong, op. cit., pt. i, chap. i; Urban, op. cit., pp. 38-39.
[131] Op. cit., pp. 14-16, and following chapter.
[132] Urban, op. cit., p. 39.
[133] Psychologisch-ethische Untersuchungen zur Werttheorie, Graz, 1894, pt. i, chap. i, esp. p. 21.
[134] "La psychologie en économie politique," Revue Philosophique, vol. xii, pp. 337-38.
[135] Op. cit., pp. 41 et seq.
[136] See chapter xvi, infra.
[137] The German, with its facility in compounding, offers a convenient nomenclature here: Wert and Unwert. Cf. Ehrenfels, op. cit., for a brief discussion of negative values (pp. 53-54).
[138] For this generalization, see Urban, op. cit., chap. vi; Ehrenfels, op. cit., vol. ii, chap. iii, esp. p. 86.
[139] An analogue in the field of social values is readily suggested. A new heresy starts, opposed by the dominant element in the social will, i.e., having a negative value for the majority. As the heresy increases, the negative value rises till, in a crucial point, the tide turns, and the heretics become the dominant element in the society. Then—since their position is far from certain—new recruits to the heresy have a high positive value, but, as the heresy still further spreads, additional recruits count for less and less.
[140] Cf. Urban, op. cit., passim; Ehrenfels, op. cit., vol. i, pp. 43 et seq.; Mackenzie, criticism of Ehrenfels and Meinong in Mind, Oct., 1899. Cf. also, Wicksteed, The Common Sense of Political Economy, London, 1910, pp. 402 et seq.
[141] The generalization of the idea of price, while not original with Wicksteed, is interestingly developed by him in chaps. i and ii of his Common Sense of Political Economy, London, 1910.
[142] Davenport, op. cit., pp. 303-11, gives a good summary of economic discussions of hedonism. His own view is that the Austrians are not essentially bound up with hedonism.
[143] Supra, chaps. vi and vii.