| [CHAPTER I]. |
| FEUDALISM AND THE MONARCHY. |
| PAGE |
| The Monarchy in France | [1] |
| Social condition of France | [3] |
| Feudal rights | [4] |
| Condition of the Church | [6] |
| Government and administration | [7] |
| The privileged classes | [8] |
| Taxation | [9] |
| Condition of the People | [11] |
| Interference with trade | [13] |
| Public opinion in France | [13] |
| Voltaire and his followers | [13] |
| The Encyclopædists | [14] |
| The Church and Christian Theology attacked | [15] |
| The Economists | [16] |
| Rousseau | [16] |
| [CHAPTER II]. |
| FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XVI., 1774–1789. |
| The Ministry of Turgot | [18] |
| Opposition raised to his reforms | [19] |
| Character of Louis XVI. | [19] |
| Character of Marie Antoinette | [20] |
| 1776. Dismissal of Turgot | [21] |
| Movement of Reform extends over Europe | [21] |
| Condition of England | [23] |
| Pitt in Office | [24] |
| Reaction after Turgot’s dismissal | [25] |
| Ministry of Necker | [25] |
| Necker opposed by the Parliaments | [25] |
| 1781. He resigns office | [26] |
| Desire for political liberty | [26] |
| 1776. American Declaration of Independence | [26] |
| 1783. Ministry of Calonne | [27] |
| 1787. The Assembly of Notables | [27] |
| Ministry of Brienne | [27] |
| General disaffection | [28] |
| 1788. Second Ministry of Necker, and calling of the States General | [29] |
| Pamphlets and Cahiers | [29] |
| Siéyès’ Pamphlet—What is the Third Estate? | [30] |
| Double Representation of the Third Estate | [31] |
| [CHAPTER III]. |
| THE ASSEMBLY AT VERSAILLES, 1789. |
| May 5, 1789. Meeting of the States General | [33] |
| Relation of the King to the Revolution | [33] |
| Question whether the States were to sit as one or as three chambers left undecided | [33] |
| Evil consequences of the Royal policy | [34] |
| Character and policy of Mirabeau | [35] |
| Title of National Assembly adopted by the Third Estate | [37] |
| Excitement and disorder in Paris | [38] |
| Louis takes part with the Upper Orders | [39] |
| June 20. Tennis Court Oath | [40] |
| Royal Sitting of June 23 | [40] |
| The States constituted as one Chamber | [41] |
| July 14. The fall of the Bastille | [43] |
| Establishment of a Municipality and of a National Guard in Paris | [46] |
| Visit of Louis to the Capital | [47] |
| Risings in the Provinces | [48] |
| Decrees of August 4 | [49] |
| Composition of the Assembly | [51] |
| The Reactionary Right | [51] |
| The Right Centre | [52] |
| The Centre and Left | [52] |
| The Extreme Left | [53] |
| Causes giving ascendency to the Left | [54] |
| Policy of Mirabeau | [56] |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man | [58] |
| New Constitution; Legislature to be formed of one House; Veto given to the King | [58] |
| Scarcity of Bread | [59] |
| Character of the National Guard of Paris | [60] |
| October 6. The King and Queen brought to Paris | [60] |
| [CHAPTER IV]. |
| THE CONSTITUTION, 1789–1791. |
| Results of the Movement of October 6 | [63] |
| The Jacobins | [64] |
| The Constitution; Administrative Changes; Establishment of 44,000 Municipalities | [65] |
| Judicial Reforms | [66] |
| Increase of the State debt | [67] |
| Church Property appropriated by the State | [67] |
| Creation of Assignats | [68] |
| Civil Constitution of the Clergy | [69] |
| Feast of the Federation | [69] |
| Emigration of the nobles | [70] |
| Embitterment of the Relations between nobles and peasants | [71] |
| Weakness of the Central Government | [72] |
| Mutinies in the Army | [73] |
| Imposition of an Oath on the Clergy; Schism in the Church | [74] |
| The Constitution decried by the Ultra-Democrats | [76] |
| Brissot | [76] |
| Desmoulins | [77] |
| Marat | [78] |
| Sources of influence exercised by the Ultra-Democrats | [79] |
| Influence exercised by Jacobin Clubs | [80] |
| September 1790. Resignation of Necker | [81] |
| The Commune of Paris; Composition of its Municipality | [81] |
| Mirabeau’s policy; his Death, April 2, 1791 | [84] |
| Position of the Constitutionalists | [85] |
| [CHAPTER V]. |
| THE FALL OF THE MONARCHY, 1791–1792. |
| Unpopularity of Marie Antoinette | [87] |
| June 20, 1791. Flight of the Royal Family | [88] |
| Ultra-Democrats seek the Establishment of a Republic | [91] |
| July 17. Massacre of the Champ de Mars | [91] |
| Attempt to revise the Constitution | [93] |
| The work of the National Assembly; legal and financial reforms | [93] |
| Creation of Assignats of small value | [94] |
| Plans of the Queen | [94] |
| Policy of territorial aggrandisement pursued by the Great Powers | [96] |
| Austria and Russia at war with Turkey | [97] |
| Death of Joseph II. | [97] |
| Treaty of Reichenbach | [97] |
| Declaration of Pilnitz | [98] |
| Designs of Catherine II. on Poland | [98] |
| Leopold II. unwilling to engage in war with France | [98] |
| The new Legislative Assembly; its composition | [99] |
| Policy of the Girondists | [100] |
| Ecclesiastical policy of the Legislature | [101] |
| Emigrants encouraged by Princes of the Empire | [101] |
| Growth of a warlike spirit in the Assembly | [102] |
| The French Revolution is more than a National movement | [104] |
| Commencement of war with Austria and Prussia | [105] |
| The Jacobins embody a spirit of suspicion | [106] |
| Robespierre’s character | [107] |
| Administrative anarchy | [109] |
| Troubles at Avignon | [110] |
| The Girondists hope for the best | [111] |
| Lafayette denounces the Jacobins | [112] |
| The mob invades the Tuileries on June 20 | [113] |
| The Country declared in danger; Manifesto of the Duke of Brunswick | [114] |
| Preparations made for an insurrection | [115] |
| Insurrection of August 10; Suspension of the King | [117] |
| [CHAPTER VI]. |
| THE FALL OF THE GIRONDISTS, 1792–1793. |
| Formation of the new Commune of Paris | [119] |
| The September massacres | [121] |
| The defence of the Argonnes | [123] |
| The meeting of the Convention, and the abolition of Monarchy | [124] |
| The Girondists and the Mountain | [125] |
| Weakness of the Centre | [128] |
| Re-election of the Commune | [129] |
| Conquest of Savoy, Mainz, and Belgium | [130] |
| Question of the annexation of Belgium | [131] |
| The Opening of the Scheldt, and the order to the Generals to proclaim the Sovereignty of the People | [134] |
| Objects of the Allies | [135] |
| Pitt’s ministry in England | [136] |
| Views taken of the French Revolution in England | [137] |
| Trial and Execution of Louis XVI. | [139] |
| War with England; the French expelled from Belgium | [141] |
| Establishment of the Revolutionary Court; Defeat of Neerwinden | [143] |
| Party strife in the Convention | [144] |
| Establishment of the Committee of Public Safety | [145] |
| Deputies in mission | [146] |
| Laws against Emigrants and Nonjurors | [147] |
| Policy of the Mountain | [148] |
| The economical situation | [149] |
| Popular remedies opposed by the Girondists | [151] |
| The Commune leads a movement against the Girondists | [153] |
| Expulsion of the leading Girondists | [155] |
| [CHAPTER VII]. |
| THE COMMUNE AND THE TERROR, 1793. |
| State of public feeling | [156] |
| Girondist and Royalist movements; Resistance in Lyons and Toulon | [157] |
| General submission to the Convention | [158] |
| War in La Vendée | [159] |
| Successes of the Vendeans | [160] |
| Successes of the Allies | [161] |
| Coolness between Austria and Prussia | [162] |
| Assassination of Marat | [163] |
| Sanguinary tendencies of the Government | [165] |
| Growing strength of the Committee of Public Safety | [166] |
| Power of the Commune | [167] |
| Views of Hébert and Chaumette | [168] |
| Introduction of the conscription | [170] |
| Maximum laws | [171] |
| Laws against speculation | [172] |
| Depression of trade and agriculture | [173] |
| Law of ‘Suspected Persons’ | [175] |
| Increased activity of the Revolutionary Court | [176] |
| Execution of the Queen and the Girondists | [177] |
| Worship of Reason | [178] |
| Introduction of the Revolutionary calendar | [180] |
| Surrender of Lyons | [181] |
| Destruction of the Vendean army | [182] |
| The Terror in the Departments | [183] |
| The Terrorists a small minority | [186] |
| [CHAPTER VIII]. |
| THE FALL OF THE HÉBERTISTS AND DANTONISTS, 1793–1794. |
| Condition of the Army | [188] |
| Carnot’s military reforms | [189] |
| Campaign in Belgium and the Rhine; Victories of Hondschoote and Wattignies | [191] |
| The Allies expelled from Alsace by Hoche and Pichegru | [192] |
| Legislation of the Convention | [193] |
| Cambon’s financial measures | [195] |
| Growing feeling against the Commune | [196] |
| Robespierre attacks the Hébertists | [197] |
| The Old Cordelier | [199] |
| The Hébertists attack the Dantonists | [200] |
| Robespierre’s influence over the Jacobins | [201] |
| Robespierre abandons the Dantonists | [202] |
| Execution of the Hébertists and Dantonists | [204] |
| [CHAPTER IX]. |
| THE FALL OF ROBESPIERRE, 1794. |
| Despotism of the Committee of Public Safety | [204] |
| Aims of Robespierre | [205] |
| Aims of St. Just | [206] |
| Financial object of the continuation of the Terror | [207] |
| The Terror systematised | [208] |
| Renewal of the War in La Vendée | [209] |
| Treaty of the Hague between England and Prussia | [209] |
| Insurrection in Poland | [210] |
| Differences between England and Prussia | [211] |
| The Allied Forces driven from Belgium | [212] |
| Worship of the Supreme Being instituted by Robespierre | [214] |
| Increased activity of the Revolutionary Court | [215] |
| Position of Robespierre | [216] |
| Discords break out within the Committee of Public Safety | [217] |
| Insurrection of Thermidor | [219] |
| Execution of the Robespierrists | [220] |
| [CHAPTER X]. |
| FALL OF THE MONTAGNARDS, 1794–1795. |
| Reactionary Movement in Paris and in the Departments | [221] |
| Parties in the Convention | [222] |
| Readmission of the expelled Girondist Deputies to the Convention | [223] |
| Repeal of Maximum Laws, and suffering in Paris | [225] |
| Insurrection of Germinal 12 | [226] |
| Reaction in Paris, and in the Departments | [227] |
| The public exercise of all forms of worship permitted by the Convention | [228] |
| The White Terror | [229] |
| Insurrection of Prairial 1 | [230] |
| Proscription of Montagnards | [231] |
| [CHAPTER XI]. |
| THE TREATY OF BASEL AND THE CONSTITUTION OF 1795. |
| Conquest of Holland by Pichegru | [232] |
| Foreign policy of the Convention | [233] |
| Foreign policy of Thugut | [235] |
| Foreign policy of Catherine II.; Alliances between Russia and Austria | [236] |
| English foreign policy; Successes at Sea, and conquest of French Colonies | [237] |
| Prussian foreign policy; Peace made at Basel between Prussia and France | [238] |
| Position of Spanish Government; Treaty of Peace between France and Spain | [240] |
| War in the West; Hoche appointed Commander-in-Chief | [242] |
| Expedition of Emigrants to Quiberon | [243] |
| Position of the Convention; its unpopularity | [245] |
| Death of the Dauphin | [245] |
| The Convention sanctions the use of Churches for Catholic worship | [246] |
| Position of the Clergy; Parties amongst them | [247] |
| The Convention frames the Constitution of 1795 | [248] |
| Special Laws passed to maintain the Republican Party in Power | [249] |
| Insurrection of Vendémiaire 13 suppressed by Napoleon Bonaparte | [250] |
| Law of Brumaire 3, excluding relations of Emigrants from Office | [250] |
| The Five Directors; Position of the New Government | [251] |
| INDEX | [255] |
