Philosophy

by Bertrand Russell

INDEX

• Æther or empty space, [107]
• Analogy, positive and negative, [271]
• Analysis of Sensations (Mach), [292]
• Animal Intelligence (Thorndike), [30]
• Animal learning, study of, [29] ff.
• Thorndike’s laws of, [31] f.
• learned reactions, [35] f.
• A priori, causation not regarded as, [150]
• knowledge, [249] f., [265]
• probability, on Keynes’s theory, is, [274]
• logic, [296]
• Aristotle, [226]
• Association, principle of, [33] f., [48], [64], [180]
• Aston, Dr. F. W., [99]
• Atom, theory of the, [98] ff.
• centre from which radiations travel, [157]
• philosophical consequences of modern study of the, [293]
• Attention, [205]
• Bacon, [80]
• Behaviourism, its view of man, [70] ff.
• where it breaks down as a final philosophy, [129]
• dilemma put to, [133]
• its propositions as to thought examined, [169] ff.
• and logic, [263]
• Behaviourism (Watson), [22], [31], [33]
• “Belief”, [254], [258] ff.
• definition of, [261]
• Beliefs, defects in common, [3] ff.
• Bergson, [71], [73], [198]
• Berkeley, [246] f.
• Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage (Cannon), [218]
• Body, human, [25], [139]
• Bohr, Niels, his addition to the theory of atoms, [101] ff.
• Bradley, monistic view of, [251]
• criticism of his argument against relations, [252]
• Braithwaite, R. B., [269]
• Brentano, [202]
• Broad, Dr., [188], [195], [282], [292]
• Buddha, [227]
• Butler, Samuel, [71]
• Cannon, [218]
• Cantor, Georg, [296]
• Casuistry, [225]
• Causation, as an a priori belief, [5], [150]
• notion of “necessary” sequence, [115]
• conception of, in science, [144] ff.
• “Cause”, Kant’s category of, [248] f.
• “Chrono-geography”, [283]
• Cognition, [61], [202] f., [217]
• Conation, [202]
• Conception, [203]
• “Conditioned reflexes”, [35]
• Confucius, [227]
• Conscience, [228]
• “Consciousness”, [60]
• William James’s views on, [210]
• two different meanings of the word, [210]
• criticism of common sense view of, [211] ff.
• self, [214]
• William James’s views approved, [217]
• one kind of mnemic effect, [288]
• Continuity in nature, [108]
• Correlation, laws of, [117]
• Critique of Practical Reason (Kant), [249]
• Curiosity, [220]
• Dalton, [98]
• “Data”, [266] f., [276]
• De Broglie, [278]
• Decalogue, the, [227]
• Descartes, [9], [162] ff., [237] ff.
• Desire, behaviourist view of, [90] f.
• introspective view of, [221] ff.
• Dewey, John, [292]
• Discontinuity in nature, [101], [106], [108]
• Dreams, [62], [127], [175], [176], [185], [189], [193]
• Dualism of mind and matter, [141], [239]
• Ductless glands, the, [218]
• Eddington, Professor, [273], [279]
• Education, [233]
• Einstein, [96], [116], [239], [242], [249]
• Electron, [99] ff., [118], [145]
• “Emergent” properties, [282]
• Emotions, essential physiological conditions of the, [118]
• subject to “Conditioning”, [119]
• generate irrational opinions, [120]
• Energy, radiation of, from matter into empty space, [145]
• propagation in empty space, [145]
• impact on matter in empty space, [146]
• Essays in Radical Empiricism (William James), [210], [292]
• Ethics, views of the ancients on, [227]
• theory that virtue consists in obedience to authority, [227] ff.
• utilitarian theory of, [229] f.
• the concept of “good”, [230]
• mainly social, [233]
• the supreme moral rule, [234] f.
• Events, in physics, [110] f.
• string of, [118] f.
• “mental”, [141], [280] ff.
• structure and mathematical laws of, [157]
• minimal, [277]
• matter constructed out of, [278]
• Experience, effects of, in a reaction to stimulus, [180] ff.
• Familiarity, a stage in memory, [195] f.
• Fear and Rage, [219]
• Feeling, as mental occurrence, [202]
• Forces, [111], [114], [117], [120] f.
• Form, reaction to, [85] f.
• Freudian “unconscious” the, [221]
• Galileo, [80]
• Generalisations, [271] f.
• Geodesic, [112], [117]
• Geometry, as empirical as geography, [249] f.
• Gestaltpsychologie, [37], [41], [43], [68], [247]
• Gravitation, [116] f., [145], [279]
• Griffith, Mr. Percy, [118]
• Habit-formation, [36]
• Habit-memory, [188], [196]
• Hegel, [227], [229], [251]
• Heisenberg, [96], [105], [278], [293]
• Heisenberg-Schrödinger theories of atomic structure, [243]
• Heraclitus, [251]
• Huc, Monsieur, [232]
• Hume, [180], [191], [247] f.
• Images, visual, auditory and tactual, [176]
• behaviourist explanation of, [177] f.
• difference between sensations and, [179] ff.
• definition of, [184] f.
• first stage in memory, [195]
• Imagination, analysis of, [190] ff.
• essence of, [191]
• exceptional gifts of, [193]
• and belief, [193] f.
• difference between memory and, [194]
• Induction problem of validity of, [14]
• as a practice, [80] f.
• principle of, [268] f.
• logical problem of, [269] ff.
• Mr. Keynes’s examination of, [270] ff.
• Inference, “physiological”, [13], [80] ff., [135]
• syllogistic, [79]
• inductive and mathematical, [83] ff.
• “Innate ideas”, doctrine of, [245]
• Interval, space-like and time-like, [110] f.
• Introspection, [10], [11], [12], [172] f., [201] ff.
• James, William, [210], [223].
• Kant, [80], [201], [239], [248], [296]
• Keynes Mr., on problems of induction, [269] ff.
• Köhler, [37] ff.
• Knowing, as mental occurrence, [202]
• Knowledge, as displayed in reactions to environment, [17] ff.
• perceptual, [58] ff.
• behaviourist view of, [88] ff.
• difference between introspective and other, [215]
• a priori, [249] f.
• limitations on, imposed by structure of language, [264] f.
• Knowledge-reaction, [216], [282]
• Language, as a bodily habit, [43] ff.
• psychological side of, [48]
• words in an ideal logical, [256] f.
• and things, relation between, [264]
• Laws, causal, [144] ff.
• evidence for, [147]
• universal characteristics of, [149]
• Learning, laws of, [23], [29] ff.
• two ways of, [39]
• in infants, [41], [48]
• by increase of sensitivity, [95] f.
• Leibniz, [239], [241] f.
• Le Problème logique de l’induction (Jean Nicod), [269], [273]
• Locke, [244] ff.
• Logic, [263], [296]
• “Logical atomism”, [248]
• Mach, [214], [292]
• Man, his relation to the Universe, [292], [295], [298] ff.
• Materialism, as a philosophy, [159]
• Mathematical Theory of Relativity (Eddington), [283]
• Matter, the structure of the atom, [98] ff.
• essence of, [146] f.
• as conceived in modern physics, [157], [293]
• old view of, now untenable, [158] ff.
• constructed out of events, [278]
• permanence of, only approximate, [279]
• possibly a structure of mental units, [290]
• Maxwell’s equations, [107], [145]
• Meaning, [52], [71], [82]
• Meinong, [202]
• Memory, behaviourist theory of, [71] ff.
• its reference to the past, [188] ff.
• feeling of pastness complex, [190]
• more fundamental than imagination, [190]
• vital difference between imagination and, [194]
• Dr. Broad’s view on reference to the past, [195]
• stages of, [195] ff.
• immediate, [196] f.
• true recollection, [197] ff.
• trustworthiness of, [199]
• Memory and testimony, [5] ff.
• Mendeleev, [99]
• “Mental” events, [114], [141] f., [280] f.
• “Mental” occurrences, [201], [212]
• Mentality of Apes (Köhler), [37] ff., [62]
• Mill, J. S., his canons of induction, [269] f.
• Mind and matter, conventional notions of, [141]
• distinction between, illusory, [142], [201]
• gap between, how filled in, [148]
• interaction between, [150]
• theory of “neutral monism”, [206] ff.
• Cartesian dualism, [239]
• Leibniz’s theory of, [241]
• Mind, a cross-section in a stream of physical causation, [150]
• modern conception of, [280] ff.
• emergent from events, [284]
• definitions of a, [285] ff.
• Minkowski, [239]
• Mneme (Semon), [49]
• “Mnemic” effects, [49], [209], [295]
• “Mnemic” occurrences, [49], [180] f.
• Monads, [241]
• Monists and pluralists, controversy between, [251] ff.
• pluralism the view of science and common sense, [253]
• Moore, Dr. G. E., on notion of “good”, [230]
• “Moral issues”, [227]
• Motion, [119], [163]
• Mystics, [229], [264], [300]
• Names, [53]
• Necessity, anthropomorphic notion of, [115], [117]
• “Neutral monism”, theory of, [206] ff., [210], [282], [292]
• Newton, [242]
• Nisbet, R. H., on probability, [275]
• Object, what happens when we see an, [146] f.
• Objective and subjective study, [30]
• Objectivity, [154] f., [169]
• Ogden and Richards, Messrs., [52]
• Parmenides, monistic view complete in, [251]
• Parry, Professor R. B., [292]
• Perception, difference between introspection and, [10] f.
• a species of sensitivity, [59], [123]
• and inference, [65] f.
• from objective standpoint, [66] ff.
• of external event, analysis of, [123] ff.
• element of subjectivity in, [130] ff.
• and causal laws of physics, [145] ff.
• its relation to the object causal and mathematical, [149]
• from introspective standpoint, [201] ff.
• Perceptive knowledge, stages in act of, [18] ff.
• Percepts, [133], [135], [137] ff.
• Perspective, [152]
• Philosophy, the business of, [2], [236]
• Behaviourism as a, [129] ff.
• Utilitarian, [229] f.
• systems of Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, [237] ff.
• Locke, Berkeley, and Hume, [244] ff.
• conscious purpose of, [299]
• Physics, modern, [97]
• causal laws in, [114] ff., [145] ff.
• and perception, [123] ff.
• spatial relations in, [137] ff.
• our knowledge of, [151] ff.
• only mathematical properties of, discoverable, [157]
• less deterministic than formerly, [239]
• and psychology, [282], [289]
• Pictures, as representations, [183]
• “Planck’s Constant”, [101] f.
• Plato, [226]
• Poetry, [220]
• Probability, fundamental in science, [274]
• a priori on Mr. Keynes’s theory, [274]
• “frequency”, theory of, [274] f.
• Psychology, [16], [172], [184]
• and physics, [282], [289]
• “Psychophysical parallelism”, [238]
• “Public good”, the, [230]
• Publicity, in the case of physical phenomena, [170]
• Quantum changes, [106]
• Radio-activity, [99], [103]
• Reactions, learned, [21], [33], [35], [36], [49], [81]
• Realism, naive, [175]
• Recognition, two forms of, [196]
• Recollection, true, [197] ff.
• Relations, Bradley’s argument against, [252]
• cause of confusion about, [264]
• Relativity, theory of, “space-time” instead of one cosmic time and space, [108]
• some results of the, [108] ff.
• “events” instead of bodies moving, [110]
• relations between “events”, [110] f.
• no “forces” in the, [111]
• philosophical consequences of the, [293]
• “Right conduct”, [230]
• Rutherford, Sir E., [99], [101]
• Santayana, Mr., [230]
• Schiller, Dr. F. C. S., [79]
• Schrödinger, [98], [105], [278], [293], [294]
• Self-observation, [126], [161] ff.
• basis of Descartes’s system, [162] ff.
• Dr. Watson’s views, [167] ff.
• gives knowledge not part of physics, [175]
• Semon, [49], [180]
• Sensation, difference between images and, [179]
• acoleuthic, [197]
• as opposed to perception, [204]
• Sensitivity, [59] f., [88], [123], [177]
• Sentences, [51], [54], [75], [255], [264]
• Sequence, laws of, [116]
• Shakespeare, [192]
• Sheffer, Dr. H. M., [282], [292]
• Sight, compared with touch, [156] f.
• Size, sense of, [153]
• Socrates, [226]
• “Solipsism”, [291]
• Sommerfeld, [103]
• Space, one persistent, abolished in relativity theory, [108]
• physical and perceptual, [137] ff., [241] f., [294]
• Space-time, in theory of relativity, [108] ff.
• structure of, [145]
• point-instant in, [278]
• “Specious present”, [195], [197]
• Spinoza, [238], [251]
• Stars and Atoms (Eddington), [279]
• “Statement”, definition of a, [260]
• Subjectivity, [129], [133], [135], [154] f.
• Substance, [5], [242] ff., [293]
• Syllogism, the, [80]
• Syntax, influence of, on philosophy, [243]
• connection between laws of physics and laws of, [263]
• Talking without thinking, [190]
• Tendency, quantitative laws of, [144]
• Testimony, [11] f., [170]
• The Analysis of Matter (Bertrand Russell), [278]
• The Meaning of Meaning (Ogden and Richards), [52]
• The Mind and Its Place in Nature (Dr. Broad), [76], [188], [282]
• Thorndike’s “provisional laws”, [31] ff.
• Thought, [163] ff., [174], [240], [263]
• Time, not cosmic, [108] ff., [158]
• Touch, compared with sight, [156]
• Treatise on Probability (Keynes), [269] ff.
• Truth, [94], [261] f.
• Truth and Falsehood, causes of mystery about, [254]
• two questions in, [254] ff.
• meaning of a sentence examined, [255] f.
• grounds on which statements are regarded as true or false, [257]
• ultimate test of falsehood, [258]
• “belief”, [258] ff.
• problems of, [259] ff.
• Universals, [53], [203]
• Universe, the, philosophy concerned with, [236]
• man’s relation to, [298] ff.
• “Unlearned Equipment”, [22]
• Utilitarian philosophy, [229] f.
• Vitalists, [25]
• Volition, [61]
• Watson, Dr. J. B., [10], [21], [22], [31], [33], [35], [36], [37], [70] ff., [126] ff., [162], [167] ff., [177], [188], [219], [223], [259]
• Waves in empty space, [107] f.
• Whitehead, Dr., [159]
• “Will”, [223] f.
• Willing, as mental occurrence, [202]
• Winds of Doctrine (Santayana), [230]
• Wish-fulfilment and dread-fulfilment, [194]
• Wittgenstein, [264]
• Words, purpose of, [11] f.
• as physical occurrences, [44] ff.
• spoken and written, [46] f.
• how acquired by infants, [48] ff.
• meaning of, [52], [256]
• relations of, [56]
• in an ideal logical language, [256] f.
• World, the physical, nature of our
• knowledge of, [151] ff.
• a four-dimensional continuum of events, [293]
• our knowledge of, purely abstract, [295]

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