[Footnotes]INDEX
- Acre: siege of [130];
- defence of by Templars [171].
- Alaric: served in Roman army 61.
- Alexander, Emperor of Russia: breach with Napoleon [324].
- Alexis: treats with crusaders [139];
- Anastasius: wealth of [51];
- Anglicanism, see Church of England.
- Antwerp: rise of [201];
- Architecture: Italian [88];
- Armada: defeated by yeomen [256];
- Army, see Police.
- Art: decline of [380], [381];
- Articles, ecclesiastical: Six [232], [268];
- Attila: ransoms Constantinople [50];
- Aureus: depreciation of [27];
- Baldwin, Count of Edessa: [105];
- Baldwin, Emperor of the East: [146];
- reproved by Innocent [147].
- Bank of England: incorporated [303];
- Bank of Genoa: [168].
- Bank of Venice: [168], [169].
- Bankers: mediæval [168];
- increase of English country after 1760 [319];
- poor credit of [320];
- increase issues in 1823 [333];
- rise of great modern houses [321];
- policy of [328];
- supremacy of [344];
- absolute government by [353].
- Barbarians: imported by Roman emperors [39];
- lack of in modern times [363];
- formed strength of Roman armies [363];
- want of weakness in modern civilization [364];
- see Coloni.
- Boadicea: revolt of [37].
- Boleyn, Anne: [212];
- Boleyn, Thomas: character and rise of [213].
- Boniface VIII.: character of [172];
- Bosra: retreat from [119];
- Boulton, Matthew: rise of [314];
- Bullion Committee: [328], [329].
- Burleigh, Lord: rise of [213];
- hostile to adventurers [256];
- family of typical landlords [267].
- Cæsar: army of [363].
- Capital: centres at Constantinople [28];
- Mill’s definition of [313];
- accelerates movement [314];
- accumulates at London [319];
- see England and London.
- Carthusians: martyrdom of [221].
- Cecil, see Burleigh.
- Champagne: fairs of [158];
- Chantries: confiscation of [259].
- Child, Sir Josiah: rise of [294];
- estimates England’s wealth [295].
- Church, Catholic: see Early Christian;
- becomes dominant in Italy [63];
- secular character of mediæval clergy of [71];
- secular clergy of [73];
- claims of under Hildebrand [75];
- makes papacy self-perpetuating [75];
- emancipates itself from civil power [76], [77];
- schism of with Constantinople [78];
- character of clergy of at Reformation [264], [265];
- miracles of, see Miracles, Cluny, Convents.
- Church, Early Christian: socialistic [60];
- acquires wealth in third century [60];
- officially recognized [61];
- favours barbarians [62];
- subservient to Roman emperors [62];
- based on miracles [63] et seq.;
- imaginative [373];
- poverty of [373];
- art of [374].
- Church, Eastern: remains subject to the emperors [78]–[88];
- Church of England: an economic phenomenon [228];
- Henry supreme head of [228];
- robbed by landlords [230];
- orthodox under Henry VIII. [232];
- spoiled by Edward VI. [259], [260];
- Calvinistic [262];
- docile to lay dictation [264];
- faith of regulated by statute [266];
- without fixed faith [268];
- ruled by Elizabeth [269];
- hated by Puritans and Catholics [270];
- divine right distinctive doctrine of [271];
- organized as police by landlords [272];
- mercenary [273];
- types of clergy of [275];
- great bishops of [276] et seq.;
- upheld by James I. [284];
- persecutes Puritans under Bancroft [285].
- Clairvaux: foundation of [109];
- appeals to pope against Philip the Fair [172];
- see Saint Bernard.
- Claudius, Appius: a usurer [7];
- enslaves Virginia [8];
- enforces usury laws [9].
- Clement V.: election of [178];
- Clermont: council of [83].
- Clive, Lord: birth of [306];
- Cluny: founded [72];
- Cobden: attacks landlords [341];
- Cobham, Lord: trial of [193];
- attempts conventual confiscation [195].
- Cœur-de-Lion: leads crusade [130];
- treats with Saladin [131].
- Coinage, Roman: copper [15];
- silver [20];
- debasement of [26];
- becomes gold monometallic [27], [30];
- passes by weight [31];
- of Constantinople [55];
- debasement of coinage of Constantinople [56];
- becomes silver under Charlemagne [129];
- Venetian [129];
- gold of thirteenth century [129];
- debasement of French pound [170];
- debasement of English penny [195];
- base money of Henry VIII. [206];
- standard restored by Elizabeth [300];
- recoinage by William III. [302];
- depreciation in eighteenth century [303];
- English gold of nineteenth century [330];
- passes by weight [326], [330];
- see Gold standard.
- Coloni: debtors [33];
- barbarians settled as [39];
- predecessors of mediæval serfs [244].
- Commerce: see Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Slaving, West Indies.
- Commons: rights of tenants in [244];
- enclosure of, in sixteenth century [245];
- cause of Kett’s rebellion [250];
- final absorption of [317].
- Communes: rise of [157];
- Constantine: built Constantinople [28];
- vision of [60];
- victory of Milvian Bridge [61].
- Constantinople: becomes the economic centre of the world [28];
- prosperity of after fall of Western Empire [49], [50];
- colonized by Roman capitalists [49];
- taxation of [49];
- poverty of under Theodosius II. [50];
- prosperity of under Justinian I. [51];
- population changes under Heraclius [52];
- becomes an Asiatic city [52];
- declines in eleventh century [53];
- civilization of economic [53];
- description of by Rabbi Benjamin [53];
- population of economic and cowardly [54];
- economic condition of in twelfth century [87];
- army of [88];
- sack of [144];
- see Coinage and Architecture.
- Convents: mediæval founders of [68];
- Corn: price of at Rome [17];
- Councils of the Church: Hildebrand’s propositions at council of 1076 [75];
- Cranmer: rise of [278];
- Credit: dawn of in thirteenth century [167];
- rise of modern system of [303];
- extension of after Plassey [319];
- regulated by Bank Act of 1844 [336];
- prices dependent on [337];
- weapon of the creditor class [349].
- Cromwell, Oliver: raises Ironsides [252];
- attacks Spanish America [301];
- intercepts plate fleet [301].
- Cromwell, Thomas: rise of [208];
- Cross: miracle worked by at Bosra [119];
- Crusade: first [84];
- takes Jerusalem [85];
- second, preached by Saint Bernard [112];
- suffers before Atalia [115];
- defeat of [118];
- crusading becomes commercial [124];
- third, led by Cœur-de-Lion [129];
- takes Acre [130];
- of Constantinople, preached [132];
- reaches Venice [134];
- diverted by Dandolo [139];
- attacks Zara [138];
- sacks Constantinople [145];
- of Damietta [150];
- defeated in Egypt [151].
- Currency: regulated by Charlemagne [129];
- mediæval [168];
- contraction of in thirteenth century [169];
- debasement of English [194];
- depreciation of in Middle Ages [204];
- under Henry VIII. [207];
- paper [303];
- management of by producers [326];
- by bankers [330];
- see Coinage, Bank of England, Bankers.
- Dalhousie, Lord: administration of [356].
- Damietta, see Crusade.
- Dandolo, Henry: character of [132];
- Darcy, Thomas, Loid: character of [216];
- declines to betray Aske [217];
- execution of [219];
- dying speech to Cromwell [219].
- Denarius: depreciation of at Rome [26];
- Diocletian: a slave [27];
- established capital at Nicomedia [27];
- returns to silver coinage [30].
- Divine right: defined [272];
- Divorce: see Domestic relations.
- Domestic relations: ancient and modern [365] et seq.
- Dovercourt: rood of [200].
- Drake: rise of [255];
- Dudley, John, Duke of Northumberland: rise of [251];
- suppresses Kett’s rebellion [252];
- supersedes Seymour [261];
- quarrel with Knox [262].
- East India Companies: organized [292];
- English company commercial up to 1757 [306];
- administration of [309].
- Eastern Empire, see Constantinople.
- Eastern trade: in Rome [23], [24];
- centres at Constantinople [28];
- migrates to Italy [126];
- early routes of [128];
- character of in twelfth century [128];
- brings bullion to Europe [129];
- centres in Champagne [159];
- centres at Antwerp [201];
- at Amsterdam [287];
- at London [291];
- drains silver from Europe [299];
- effect of Plassey on [310].
- Edessa: position of [86];
- Egypt: cheap labour of [19];
- grain ships of [19];
- architecture of [90];
- conquered by Saladin [103];
- slave trade with Venice of [126];
- crusaders defeated in [151].
- Elizabeth: greed of [257];
- severe to clergy [269];
- letter about Ely House [270].
- England: Lollardy in [186];
- Reformation in, an economic phenomenon [190];
- debasement of currency in [194];
- martyrdoms in [199];
- condition of in Middle Ages [202];
- new nobility of [212] et seq.;
- convents suppressed in [233] et seq.;
- population of in Middle Ages [243];
- social revolution in, in sixteenth century [245], [246];
- not originally maritime [254];
- seamen of [255];
- prosperity of in seventeenth century [292];
- industrial revolution in [315];
- distress in after 1815 [332];
- ruin of aristocracy of [341], [348];
- money-lenders autocratic in [344];
- see Bank, and Church of England, and Yeomen.
- Exchanges: see Rome, Constantinople, Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Venice.
- Fairs, see Champagne.
- Fetish, see Relics.
- Fisher: temperament of [277].
- Flotte: chancellor of Philip the Fair [165].
- France: convents of in tenth century [72];
- Cluny [73];
- decentralization of in eleventh century [80];
- money of [80];
- barbarian invasions of [80];
- seat of Gothic architecture [89];
- ogive introduced into [95];
- emotional in eleventh century [107];
- disintegration of in tenth century [152];
- kings of enjoy supernatural powers [153];
- alliance of crown with clergy [154];
- consolidation of under Philip Augustus [158];
- centralization of under Saint Louis [165];
- depreciation of coinage of [170];
- estates of sustain Philip the Fair [174];
- castles of [202].
- Frumentariæ Leges, see Corn.
- Gardiner, Stephen: on True Obedience [265];
- Germans: hunted by Romans for slaves [39];
- used as recruits [40];
- invade the Empire [46];
- character of in fourth century [48];
- adopt the gold standard [347].
- Glastonbury: suppression of [240].
- Godfrey de Bouillon: elected King of Jerusalem [85];
- his kingdom [86];
- his alliance with Venice [127].
- Gold: ratio of to silver in Roman Empire [30];
- fall of value of in sixth century [48];
- ratio of to silver in thirteenth century [169].
- Gold standard: in Rome [31];
- Gunther: chronicle of [137];
- sails with Dandolo [138].
- Hanse of London: organization of [158];
- trades at fairs of Champagne [159];
- Italian merchants frequent [159].
- Hastings: Governor-General [310];
- Hattin: battle of [123].
- Hawkins, John: a slaver [289].
- Héloïse, hymn of [368].
- Henry IV., Emperor: breach with Hildebrand [75];
- Henry VIII.: court of [212];
- Heraclius: disasters under [52].
- Hildebrand: prior of Cluny [74];
- propositions presented by in council of Rome [75];
- excommunicates Henry IV. [76];
- Canossa [77].
- Holland: decay of [318].
- Hospital, see Knights of.
- Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk: family of [214];
- character of [215];
- commands against Pilgrims of Grace [215];
- tries to corrupt Darcy [217];
- arrests Cromwell [224].
- Hugh Capet: elected by clergy [153].
- Hugh du Puiset, see Louis the Fat.
- Hun, Richard: death of [198].
- Imagination: basis of mediæval Church [60];
- gives power to priesthood [63];
- cause of relic worship [64];
- vivid in age of decentralization [69];
- most intense in tenth century [72];
- evolves Cluny [73];
- cause of Hildebrand’s power [78];
- cause of crusades [82];
- inspires Gothic architecture [89];
- strong in Saint Bernard [108];
- weakness of Louis VII. [117]:
- lacking in Venetians [126];
- its power in France in thirteenth century [136];
- strength of in Church up to 1200 [148];
- a weakness in war [151];
- economic mind lacks [162];
- cause of Templars’ martyrdom [183];
- lacking in English reformers [191];
- Anglican clergy without [259];
- Tudor aristocracy without [268];
- strong in early Christians [373];
- in contempt in nineteenth century [380], [381].
- India: failure of Romans to conquer [12];
- hoards in [305];
- conquered by England [307] et seq.;
- spoliation of [309]–[311];
- influx of treasure from [313];
- flow of silver to [320];
- value of bullion exported to in 1810 [321];
- in 1840 [339];
- centralization of [356];
- mutiny in [356];
- money-lenders of [357];
- fate of warlike tribes in [358];
- see Eastern trade.
- Industrial revolution: begins [313];
- caused by Indian treasure [314].
- Innocent III.: incites crusade [132];
- Inquisition: organized [191].
- Jacques de Vitry: hates bourgeoisie [163].
- Jerusalem: capture of [85];
- kingdom of [86];
- conquest of kingdom by Saracens [123].
- Joscelin de Courtney, Count of Edessa: [105];
- Justification by faith: corner stone of Protestantism [187];
- economic device [188];
- taught by Cranmer [231];
- included in Forty-two Articles [262].
- Justinian I.: prosperity of [51];
- Karak: castle of [86], [121].
- Kett, see Rebellion.
- Knights of Temple and Hospital: origin of [97], [98];
- Knox, John: appointed royal chaplain [262];
- Krak des Chevaliers: [100].
- Lambert: martyrdom of [281].
- Landlords: Roman [21];
- Latimer: describes his father’s farm [247];
- Leo the Great: visits Attila [63].
- Leo IX.: election of [75].
- Licinian Laws [10];
- Lollards: description of [187];
- Book of Conclusions of [193];
- policy of toward monks [195].
- London: hot-bed of Lollardism [197];
- population of in 1500 [203];
- power of [293];
- population of in 1685 [295];
- economic centre of the world [322];
- art of [381]–[383];
- see Eastern trade and Hanse of London.
- Louis the Fat: defeats Hugh du Puiset [155];
- Louis VII.: character of [112];
- leads second crusade [114];
- quarrels at Antioch [117];
- superstition of [117];
- repulsed at Damascus [117];
- see Crusade.
- Madre-de-Dios: capture of [257].
- Mahrattas: conquest of [358];
- Margat: castle of [101].
- Marriage: see Domestic relations.
- Martin, Abbot: sails with Dandolo [138];
- Marwaris: [357];
- Milo, Archbishop of Rheims: [71].
- Miracles: early Christian [63];
- mediæval [64] et seq.;
- see Bosra, Relics.
- Molay, Grand Master: lured to Paris [180];
- Monasticism: see Convents.
- Money: Rome depleted of [23];
- centres at Constantinople [28];
- rises in value under Empire [35];
- falls in value under Charlemagne [129];
- rises in value in thirteenth century [169];
- rises in fifteenth century [194];
- rises under Henry VIII. [206];
- falls after opening of Potosi [207];
- abundant stimulates movement [299];
- a form of energy [304];
- hoarded in India [304];
- falls at close of eighteenth century [320];
- rises in nineteenth century [337], [360];
- see Capital, Coinage, Currency, Prices.
- Mons Sacer: secession to [9].
- Monte Casino: founded [72].
- Montfort, Simon de: joins crusade [132];
- Montlhéri: lords of [156];
- Nantes: revocation of Edict of [318].
- Napoleon: decline of [324];
- Nobility: feudal French [154];
- Nogaret: captures Boniface [176], [177].
- Northumberland: see Dudley.
- Nour-ed-Din: Sultan of Aleppo [103];
- occupies Cairo [103];
- repulses Louis VII. [117];
- kills Raymond de Poitiers [118].
- Ogive: of Eastern origin [95];
- appears in transition architecture [96].
- Overstone, Lord: rise of [336];
- conceives Bank Act [336];
- financial policy of [337] et seq.
- Panic: under Tiberius [25];
- Passive obedience: see Divine right.
- Patricians: usurers [7];
- not martial [7];
- sanction Licinian Laws [10];
- see Usury.
- Pauperism: under Henry VII I. [249];
- Peel, Sir Robert: represents Lombard Street [330];
- separates from his father on money issue [330];
- his Resumption Act [331];
- effect of [331];
- repeals Corn Laws [340];
- parentage [342].
- Pelagius, Cardinal: commands crusade [150].
- Penny: the Roman, see Denarius;
- of Charlemagne [129];
- depreciation of Venetian [129];
- depreciation of English in fourteenth century [195];
- under Henry VIII. [206], [207].
- Philip Augustus: regal of France vowed for recovery of [65];
- belief in intercession [69];
- commands crusade [129];
- returns to Fiance [130];
- divorced from Ingeburga [135];
- excommunicated [135].
- Philip the Fair: character of [171];
- Pilgrimage of Grace: see Rebellion.
- Plassey: battle of [308];
- Plebeians: farmers [6];
- form infantry [6];
- sold for debt [7];
- secede to Mons Sacer [9];
- favoured by Licinian Laws [10];
- overthrow patricians [10];
- suffer from Asiatic competition [11];
- suffer from slave labour [12];
- insolvent [22];
- become coloni [33];
- disappear [44], [45].
- Police, a paid: lack of, causes defeat of patricians [39];
- an effect of money [45];
- organized by Augustus [45];
- makes capital autocratic at Rome [46];
- impossible when the defence in war is superior to the attack [79];
- lack of, causes weakness of the Kingdom of Jerusalem [99], [121], [122];
- the weapon of an economic community [164];
- an effect of wealth and the basis of centralization [165];
- in England under Henry VIII. [245];
- destroys martial type [245];
- drives adventurers from England [254];
- resistless in nineteenth century [353].
- Pompey: defeat of [364].
- Potosi: discovery [207].
- Prices: fall of, under Trajan [33];
- rise of in thirteenth century [167];
- fall of in fifteenth century [203];
- rise of in sixteenth century [207], [283];
- rise of after Plassey [319];
- culminate in 1809 [324];
- fall of in England after 1815 [330];
- depressed by gold standard [337];
- fall of after Bank Act [339];
- rise of after 1849 [345];
- fall of since 1873 [349].
- Producers: predominance of [321];
- Puritans: reject royal supremacy [264];
- resist ecclesiastical confiscation [270];
- eviction of clergy [285];
- emigration of [285];
- foes of Spaniards [289].
- Pyrrhus: admires Roman infantry [11];
- Raleigh: family of [255];
- Raymond de Poitiers: at feud with de Courtney [107];
- Rebellion: of Pilgrimage of Grace [216];
- Reformation: an economic movement [188];
- in England [230];
- under Edward VI. [259], [260];
- see Church of England, Convents, Lollards.
- Reginald de Chatillon [121].
- Regulus: poverty of [15].
- Relics: magical [64];
- Rent: rise of money value of in Rome [32];
- effect of [33], [34];
- substitution of for military service [245];
- rises in sixteenth century [247];
- effect of rise [248];
- rise of in seventeenth century [283];
- fall of after 1815 causes insolvency of landlords [332];
- dependent on Corn Laws [340];
- fall of after 1873 ruins gentry [348].
- Ridley: doctrine concerning sacrament [261];
- Robinson, John: congregation of [285].
- Rome: early society of [1];
- classes in [2];
- law of debt in [2]–[4];
- early army of [9];
- not maritime [12];
- slavery in [13];
- economic revolution in [14];
- a plutocracy [15];
- annexes Egypt [17];
- senators land-owners [21];
- great domains of [21];
- conquests of [23];
- unable to compete with Asia [23];
- foreign exchanges unfavourable to [23];
- insolvent [28];
- decline of [37];
- ceases breeding soldiers [40];
- later emperors of foreign adventurers [40];
- governed by a monied oligarchy [41];
- economic type autocratic in [42];
- women of emancipated [43];
- paid police of [45];
- barbarian invasions [46], [47];
- domestic relations in [369];
- art of [372];
- architecture of [381];
- see Coinage, Slaving, Usurers, Usury.
- Rothschilds: rise of [322];
- establish house in London [323].
- Russell, John, Earl of Bedford: conducts trial of Abbot of Glaston [241].
- Saint Bernard: birth of [108];
- enters Citeaux [108];
- founds Clairvaux [109];
- recognizes Innocent II. [110];
- preaches second crusade [112];
- miracles of [113];
- declines to lead crusade [114];
- remarks on defeat of crusade [118].
- Saint Cuthbert: plunder of shrine of [239].
- Saint Denis: Abbey of [154].
- Saint Riquier: sacrilege at [162].
- Saint Sophia: architecture of [89], [377];
- Saint Thomas à Becket: shrine of [65].
- Saint Thomas Aquinas: veneration of for Eucharist [67].
- Saladin: sends physician to Richard [94];
- crowned Sultan [104];
- kills Reginald de Chatillon [121];
- Hattin [122];
- campaign against Richard [130];
- treats with Richard [131].
- Saracens: architecture of [89], [90];
- household decorations of [90];
- philosophy of [93];
- sciences of [94];
- see Crusades, Nour-ed-Din, Saladin, Zenghi.
- Schism: Greek [78].
- Seymour, Protector: confiscations under [261];
- Sicily: cheap labour in [16];
- servile war in [16];
- cheap grain of [17].
- Silver: Roman standard [26];
- discarded in Rome [31];
- restored by Charlemagne [128];
- ratio of to gold in Rome [30];
- to gold in thirteenth century [169];
- Potosi [204];
- Spaniards plundered of [288];
- brought to England by piracy [291];
- ratio to gold in seventeenth century [300];
- standard in England [300];
- exported to India in eighteenth century [299]–[302];
- in 1810 [320];
- discarded by England [330];
- by Germany [347];
- relation to Asiatic competition [360];
- see Coinage, Currency, Denarius, Gold standard.
- Slavery: for debt in Rome [5];
- Slaving: part of Roman fiscal system [34];
- Smith, Captain John: career of [295].
- Solidus: see Aureus.
- Somerset: Duke of, see Seymour.
- Spain: empire of [286];
- war with Flanders [287];
- plundered by Drake [288];
- attacked by Cromwell [301];
- see Armada, West Indies.
- Spanish America: revolution of [324].
- Suez Canal: effect of [355].
- Sylvester II.: thought a sorcerer [81];
- Syria: industrial [25];
- see Architecture, Crusades, Eastern trade, Saracens.
- Temple, see Knights of the.
- Tenures: primitive Roman [1];
- Thompson, Charles Andrew: petition of [332].
- Tiberias: battle of, see Hattin.
- Tortosa: fortress of [101];
- Trade, see Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Slaving.
- Urban II.: preaches at Clermont [83].
- Usurers: form Roman aristocracy [2];
- checked by Licinian Laws [10];
- absolute in Rome [46];
- rise of in England [321];
- absolute in Europe [353];
- Indian [357];
- see Bankers.
- Usury: a patrician privilege [2];
- stronghold of in Roman fiscal system [5];
- ruins Roman provinces [35];
- basis of Roman slaving [36];
- see Usurers.
- Vagrant Acts: English [248].
- Venice: rise of [125];
- slave trade of [126];
- illicit trade of with Saracens [126];
- population unimaginative [126];
- navy of [127];
- co-operates with Godfrey de Bouillon [127];
- holds Syrian ports [127];
- coinage of [129];
- participates in crusade of Constantinople [137];
- see Crusade;
- packet service to Flanders [201];
- decline of [298].
- Vézelay: second crusade preached at [112];
- feud with Counts of Nevers [161].
- Ville-Hardouin: chronicle of [132].
- Virginia: story of [8].
- War: see Police.
- Watt, James: invents engine [314];
- partnership with Boulton [316].
- West Indies: Spanish revenue drawn from [287];
- Whiting, Abbot of Glaston: martyrdom of [241].
- Wickliffe: begins his agitation [192].
- William of Tyre: describes origin of Temple [97];
- defeat of Louis VII. in Cadmus Mountains [115];
- breach between Louis and Prince Raymond [117];
- the collapse of Kingdom of Jerusalem [118].
- Wiltshire: Earl of, see Boleyn.
- Yeomen: form British infantry [243];
- small farmers [244];
- decline of under Henry VIII. [245];
- form Ironsides [252];
- weaker become agricultural labourers [253];
- become merchants [254];
- become adventurers [254];
- form English martial type [255];
- extinction of [317];
- migration to towns of [317];
- descendants of become manufacturers and usurers [341], [342].
- Zara: attack on [134];
- Zenghi: rise of [103];