Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters

by C. H. W. Johns

Footnotes

[1.]A. D. D., iii., p. 83.[2.]A. D. D., vi., 218.[3.]A. B. R., iii., pp. 24 ff.[4.]A. B. R., iv., pp. 21 ff.[5.]A. B. R., iv., pp. 41 ff.[6.]Pages 147-62.[7.]Cf. Appendix.[8.]B. A. S., III., pp. 473-523.[9.]Jurisprudentiæ, pp. 5-35.[10.]B. A. S., IV., pp. 78-87.[11.]T. and T. Clark, Edinburgh.[12.]Z. A., VII., p. 16 ff.[13.]Page 115 of Delitzsch's edition.[14.]Dr. B. Meissner has made excellent use of them in his Altbabylonische Privatrecht.[15.]H. W. B., p. 218a.[16.]Such as that published by Professor G. Barton, in the American Oriental Society's Journal, 1902, pp. 19-28.[17.]First published by Professor H. V. Hilprecht, in Old Babylonian Inscriptions, I., plates vi., vii., viii.; again with additions and corrections by Professor V. Scheil, Receuil de Travaux, XXII., p. 29-36.[18.]Heft XVI. of the Mittheilungen aus den Orientalischen Sammlungen, Berlin, 1901.[19.]Pages vii-xviii and 1-58.[20.]From the E. A. Hoffman Collection of Babylonian Clay Tablets in the General Theological Seminary, New York.[21.]Pages 322-29.[22.]IV., pp. 69-86; V., page 3.[23.]III., pp. 118-46.[24.]Parts I., III., V., VII., IX., X.[25.]XVIII., p. 73, XIX., pp. 54 ff., Nos. 1, 3, 11, 17, 20, 46, 48, 56, 330.[26.]XVII., p. 30, XIX., p. 58, No. 335.[27.]XXII., p. 153 f.[28.]Pl. 41.[29.]V., pp. 74-76; and VI., pp. 59, 60.[30.]J. S., 41, 42, 43, 142, and Kh. 19, 198.[31.]Page 589 f.[32.]Page 103 f.[33.]P. S. B. A., 1884, pp. 193-204.[34.]P. S. B. A., XXI., pp. 11-17, January, 1899.[35.]Pages 338-409.[36.]Pages 342-43.[37.]B. A. S., IV., pp. 382 ff.[38.]See Lindl, B. A. S., IV., pp. 384-85.[39.]B1 58, 346. B2 318, 2439a, 2527, V. A. Th. 863.[40.]B2 318.[41.]B3 380, 2378.[42.]B. A. S., IV., p. 363, foot-note.[43.]L. H., III., p. 220, note 16.[44.]Vol. XIX., pp. 56 ff., Nos. 70, 133, 147, 266, 572.[45.]Pages 85-89.[46.]B. A. S., II., pp. 111-205.[47.]III.1, p. 154 f., 164 f.; IV., p. 56 f.[48.]The so-called Caillou de Michaux was published I. R. 70, and discussed by Oppert, Doc. Jur., pp. 87 ff., and Boissier, Recherches sur quelques contrats babyloniens, K. B., IV., pp. 78 ff. A fine charter from the time of Merodach-baladan I. was published IV. R. 38, discussed by Oppert, Doc. Jur., pp. 129 ff., and K. B. IV., pp. 60 ff. Another of the same date was published, K. B. IV., pp. 164 ff.[49.]P. S. B. A., November 1, 1881.[50.]Abhand. d. phil. hist. Classes der K. Sachs. Ges. d. Wiss. 1893, No. IV.[51.]Z. A., IX., pp. 62-81.[52.]K. B., IV., pp. 50-56.[53.]P. S. B. A., XXII., p. 106 f.[54.]Pages 169-94.[55.]Deighton, Bell & Co., Cambridge, England.[56.]Vol. XX., pp. 202 ff.[57.]Pages xi-xx.[58.]Pages xi-xviii.[59.]In the Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1896, No. 3.[60.]Sumerische Lesestücke, p. 112.[61.]H. W. B., p. 542.[62.]§ 15.[63.]§ 140.[64.]§§ 273, 274.[65.]§ 16.[66.]§§ 16, 17, 19.[67.]§ 199.[68.]§§ 205, 282.[69.]§§ 218, 223.[70.]§ 6.[71.]§ 26.[72.]§ 28.[73.]§ 29.[74.]§ 29.[75.]§ 30.[76.]§ 31.[77.]§ 32.[78.]§ 183.[79.]For fuller information and references, see A. J. S. L., XIX., pp. 98 ff.[80.]§ 5.[81.]§ 9.[82.]§ 13.[83.]§ 169.[84.]§ 177.[85.]§ 127.[86.]§ 168.[87.]§ 172.[88.]B2 327.[89.]A. D. D. § 567.[90.]A. D. D., 827, 2.[91.]M. A. P., 80, B1 199, B2 2458.[92.]§ 202.[93.]§ 5.[94.]B2 2182.[95.]M. A. P., 80.[96.]B2 824, 838.[97.]B 34.[98.]B1 99.[99.]§ 13.[100.]B1 38, B2 838.[101.]M. A. P., 79.[102.]M. A. P., 100, B1 294.[103.]B2 272.[104.]King, Letters of Ḥammurabi, p. xxxix f.[105.]B2 360.[106.]B1 711.[107.]M. A. P., 100.[108.]B 57, 73.[109.]B2 279.[110.]§ 9.[111.]B2 2444 A.[112.]M. A. P., 79, 105.[113.]B2 2463.[114.]B2 327.[115.]B2 301.[116.]B2 272.[117.]§§ 122, 123.[118.]§ 13.[119.]§§ 3, 4.[120.]B1 160.[121.]B2 2182.[122.]B2 2181.[123.]B2 2474.[124.] B2 2458.[125.]B2 2516.[126.]B2 387.[127.]B2 2182.[128.]B2 2458.[129.]§ 37.[130.]B2 586, 2177 A.[131.]A. B. R. passim.[132.]B2 327.[133.]§ 5.[134.]B2 387.[135.]§§ 20, 131, 227, 266.[136.]§§ 23, 103, 120, 126, 206, 240, 249.[137.]§ 9.[138.]B1 160.[139.]B1 188.[140.]B1 295.[141.]Letters of Ḥammurabi, pp. 212-54.[142.]B. A. S., iv., p. 338 f.[143.]B1 199.[144.]B2 2178 A.[145.]B2 2182.[146.]B1 199.[147.]A. D. D., § 604.[148.]Nbk., 368.[149.]Cyr., 277.[150.]Cyr., 312, A. B. R., II., pp. 16, 73.[151.]§ 3.[152.]§ 127.[153.]B2 2190.[154.]§§ 4, 13.[155.]Nbd. 13.[156.]§ 154.[157.]§§ 9, 10, 12, 125, 219, 231, 232, 245, 246, 263.[158.]§ 106.[159.]§ 112.[160.]§ 107.[161.]§§ 8, 265.[162.]§ 5.[163.]§§ 196, 197, 200.[164.]§§ 116, 210, 219, 230, 231.[165.]§§ 116, 210, 230.[166.]§ 123.[167.]§ 115.[168.]§ 250.[169.]§ 42.[170.]§ 44.[171.]§ Y.[172.]B2 316.[173.]Rev. 1-4.[174.]B2 511.[175.]B2 2474.[176.]§ 136.[177.]M. A. P., 39.[178.]M. A. P., 41.[179.]M. A. P., 44.[180.]M. A. P., 79.[181.]M. A. P., 111.[182.]B2 301.[183.]B2 2465.[184.]B2 2473.[185.]M. A. P., 40.[186.]M. A. P., 78.[187.]M. A. P., 80.[188.]M. A. P., 110.[189.]B 199.[190.]B2 327.[191.]B2 511.[192.]B2 586.[193.]B2 2175 A.[194.]B2 2177 A.[195.]B2 2178 A.[196.]B2 2181.[197.]B2 2186.[198.]B2 2190.[199.]B2 2444 A.[200.]B2 2458.[201.]B2 2463.[202.]B2 2502.[203.]B2 2193.[204.]B2 824.[205.]M. A. P., 42.[206.]M. A. P., 43.[207.]M. A. P., 100.[208.]B1 40.[209.]B1 188.[210.]B1 295.[211.]B1 160.[212.]B1 711.[213.]B2 272.[214.]B2 2182.[215.]B2 2516.[216.]A. D. D., No. 160.[217.]A. D. D., No. 161.[218.]A. D. D., No. 164.[219.]Nbn. 1128.[220.]Dar. 53.[221.]Dar. 260.[222.]Dar. 410.[223.]A. B. P., ii., pp. 70 ff.[224.]Dar. 159.[225.]Dar. 229.[226.]Dar. 299.[227.]Dar. 176.[228.]Nbk. 52.[229.]Nbk. 183.[230.]A. B. P., i., pp. 31 ff.[231.]A. B. P., ii., p. 67.[232.]Camb. 384.[233.]§ 40.[234.]Dar. 201.[235.]Dar. 57.[236.]Dar. 410.[237.]Dar. 509.[238.]Cyr. 231, 232.[239.]§ 53.[240.]§ 32.[241.]§ 24.[242.]§ 40.[243.]A. D. D., No. 321.[244.]Cyr. 281.[245.]Cyr. 328, 329.[246.]§ 15.[247.]Dar. 207.[248.]§ 129.[249.]§ 132.[250.]Z. A., iii., p. 78.[251.]§ 153.[252.]§ 154.[253.]§ 155.[254.]§ 156.[255.]§ 157.[256.]§ 158.[257.]§ 128.[258.]§ 157.[259.]Nbn. 69.[260.]Z. A., iii., p. 87 f.[261.]B2 419.[262.]S. 34.[263.]§ 139.[264.]V. R., 24, 48.[265.]§ 160.[266.]§ 161.[267.]§ 156.[268.]Nergl. 1.[269.]Nbn. 243.[270.]Nbk. 101.[271.]Cyr. 183, B. A. S., iv., p. 7.[272.]See pages [162], [163].[273.]B. A. S., iv., pp. 14-22.[274.]§§ 155, 156.[275.]Cyr. 312.[276.]Cyr. 307.[277.]Nbk. 101.[278.]Page [163].[279.]§ 182.[280.]§ 178.[281.]§ 180.[282.]B1 10.[283.]§§ 162, 163.[284.]B1 19, B1 163.[285.]K. B., v., pp. 390-404.[286.]K. B., iv., pp. 78 ff.[287.]Camb. 193.[288.]Nergl. 25.[289.]Page [69].[290.]B. A. S., iv., p. 13 f.[291.]B. V., 19, 100, 122.[292.]Cyr. 143, Camb. 23.[293.]§ 171.[294.]§ 172.[295.]§ 130.[296.]Pages 35 ff.[297.]§ 156.[298.]§ 167.[299.]See on these points Assyrian Deeds and Documents, iii., p. 385 f.; Assyrian Doomsday Book, p. 25 f.[300.]Camb. 193.[301.]Nbk. 101.[302.]§ 137.[303.]§ 137.[304.]§ 183.[305.]§ 184.[306.]§ 176.[307.]M. A. P., 88.[308.]B1 617.[309.]M. A. P., 92.[310.]M. A. P., 90.[311.]M. A. P., 90.[312.]B2 366.[313.]B2 394.[314.]B1 193.[315.]A. P., 89.[316.]J. R. A. S. 97, pp. 407 ff.[317.]B. A. L., p. 27 f.[318.]B1 21 and B2 2176 A.[319.]§ 146.[320.]B2 407.[321.]B2 707.[322.]Law VI.[323.]§ 137.[324.]§ 138.[325.]§§ 139, 140.[326.]§ 142.[327.]§ 143.[328.]§ 141.[329.]§ 149.[330.]§ 150.[331.]§§ 136-40.[332.]M. A. P., 91.[333.]M. A. P., 90.[334.]§ 138.[335.]§ 142.[336.]§ 133.[337.]§ 134.[338.]§ 135.[339.]§ 136.[340.]B1 2474.[341.]§ 172.[342.]§ 173.[343.]§ 171.[344.]§ 172.[345.]Camb. 273.[346.]§ 172.[347.]§ 173.[348.]§ 174.[349.]§ 177.[350.]§ 177.[351.]§ 117.[352.]§ 7.[353.]M. A. P., p. 11.[354.]§ 165.[355.]§ 178.[356.]§ 179.[357.]§ 183.[358.]Page [127].[359.]§ 166.[360.]§ 195.[361.]§ 168.[362.]M. A. P., p. 15.[363.]§§ 192, 193.[364.]Page [84].[365.]P. S. B. A., xviii., pp. 250-56; xxiii., pp. 188-210.[366.]Nbd. 832, Nbk. 67.[367.]Nbk. 100.[368.]D. S., p. 24, note.[369.]II. R. 9, 28 cd. ff.[370.]§ 194.[371.]II. R. 9, 66 cd.[372.]Page [82].[373.]B1 54.[374.]II. R. 9, 28 cd. ff.[375.]M. A. P., p. 15.[376.]§ 199.[377.]§ 188.[378.]§ 185 ff.[379.]M. A. P., 95.[380.]M. A. P., 98.[381.]M. A. P., 97.[382.]M. A. P., 94.[383.]§ 168.[384.]M. A. P., 93.[385.]§ 168.[386.]M. A. P., 98.[387.]B2 565.[388.]B1 368.[389.]B2 375.[390.]B3 2484.[391.]B2 609.[392.]B1 2489.[393.]§ 168.[394.]B2 360.[395.]B2 2460.[396.]B2 2179.[397.]M. A. P., 105.[398.]M. A. P., 106.[399.]M. A. P., 107.[400.]M. A. P., 109.[401.]§ 116.[402.]B1 33.[403.]B1 12.[404.]B1 14.[405.]B1 60.[406.]B1 31 = M. A. P., 103.[407.]B1 46 = M. A. P., 104.[408.]M. A. P., p. 145.[409.]See page [39].[410.]§§ 168, 169.[411.]§ 191.[412.]D. E. P., ii., p. 25.[413.]Chapter [XXII].[414.]§ 6.[415.]§ 15.[416.]§ 16.[417.]§ 17.[418.]§ 19.[419.]§ 20.[420.]§ 16.[421.]§ 119.[422.]§ 175.[423.]§§ 218, 223.[424.]§ 99.[425.]Cf. § 251.[426.]§ 280.[427.]K. B., vi., p. 389.[428.]See Assyrian Doomsday Book, p. 24.[429.]K. B., ii., p. 282.[430.]Cyr. 310, Nbk. 201.[431.]Z. A., iii., p. 86.[432.]Cyr. 146.[433.]Cyr. 146; Camb. 15.[434.]Dar. 212.[435.]§ 103.[436.]M. A. P., 95.[437.]§ 226.[438.]K. B., vi., p. 377.[439.]K. 3787 K. B., iv., p. 166 f.[440.]Camb. 291.[441.]De serv., p. 20.[442.]P. S. B. A. 83, p. 104.[443.]P. S. B. A. 84, p. 102.[444.]Nbk. 70.[445.]Nbk. 625.[446.]Nbk. 311.[447.]Camb. 334.[448.]Nbd. 697.[449.]Z. A., iii., 135.[450.]A. B. R., i., pp. 1 ff.[451.]Nbn., 738.[452.]Nbn. 573.[453.]Z. A., iii., p. 87.[454.]Nbk. 408.[455.]Cyr. 64.[456.]Cyr. 248.[457.]Cyr. 325.[458.]Cyr. 313.[459.]S. 10.[460.]A. D. D., No. 424.[461.]M. A. P., p. 7.[462.]§ 252.[463.]§ 191.[464.]Page 188.[465.]Page 122.[466.]Z. A., iii., 369.[467.]M. A. P., 42.[468.]A. D. D., § 600.[469.]Cf. also Appendix.[470.]Melishiḫu.[471.]Merodoch-baladan I.[472.]Marduk-nâdin-aḫi.[473.]I. R. 7, 12 ff.[474.]D. E. P., ii., 91.[475.]Scheil, Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse, Tome II.[476.]I. R. 36, 40-42.[477.]Like Araunah the Jebusite.[478.]A. D. D., No. 809.[479.]Scheil, Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse, Tome II.[480.]Idem.[481.]Scheil, Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse, Tome II., p. 95.[482.]Idem, p. 97.[483.]Idem, pp. 99 ff.[484.]Idem, p. 112.[485.]C. T., ix., No. 92987.[486.]C. T., ix., No. 90922.[487.]K. B., iv., pp. 57 ff.[488.]K. B., iv., pp. 60 ff.[489.]K. B., iv., pp. 68 ff.[490.]A. D. D., Nos. 651-56.[491.] A. D. D., Nos. 658, 659.[492.]A. D. D., Nos. 646-48.[493.]A. D. D., Nos. 649, 650.[494.]K. B., iii., pp. 154 ff.[495.]K. B., iv., p. 64.[496.]K. B., iii., pp. 164 ff.[497.]K. B., iv., pp. 90 ff.[498.]K. B., iii., pp. 174 ff.[499.]Vol. xxiii., pp. 19 ff.[500.]§ 253.[501.]B2 509.[502.]A. D. D., p. 21.[503.]Cyr. 26.[504.]Hilprecht, B. E. P., ix., p. 40.[505.]§§ 46, 64.[506.]M. A. P., 76, B2 460.[507.]M. A. P., p. 12, note 3, p. 143, No. 77.[508.]§ 42.[509.]§ 44.[510.]§ 60.[511.]§ 53.[512.]K. L. Ḥ., p. xxxvii.[513.]Ib., p. 16.[514.]C. T., IX., No. 92987.[515.]§ 16.[516.]A. D. D., ii., p. 172.[517.]A. O. F., i., p. 404.[518.]H. A. B. L., p. 89.[519.]A. D. D., ii., p. 174 f.[520.]C. T., xv., 50.[521.]A. O. F., i., p. 404 f.[522.]Rev. Ass., III., p. 140.[523.]A. D. D., 951 ff.[524.]B. A. S., i., pp. 492-536, 632-36.[525.]Dar. 164.[526.]Dar. 156.[527.]Dar. 481.[528.]Dar. 253.[529.]Camb. 276.[530.]§ 35.[531.]D. E. P., II.[532.]A. D. D., § 236.[533.]Nbn. 2.[534.]Sayce.[535.]Nbd. 270.[536.]Nbk. 220.[537.]B. E. P., ix., p. 36.[538.]A. D. D., 998-1092.[539.]Nbd. 428, 439.[540.]Page [196].[541.]A. D. D., Nos. 998-1013, etc.[542.]Haupt, Journal of Biblical Literature, xix., p. 60.[543.]Nbk. 213 with Nbk. 396.[544.]Camb. 19.[545.]Professor H. Zimmern has made a splendid beginning in his Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Babylonischen Religion by determining the functions of the barû, the âsipu, and the zammaru. He calls them all “priests.” But he does not show that either was a šangû. It may really be so, but why confuse what the Babylonians kept distinct?[546.]Cyr. 292.[547.]Cyr. 352.[548.]Page [76].[549.]Nbd. 773.[550.]M. A. P., 41.[551.]B2 2175 A.[552.]P. A. S., II., 8.[553.]P. A. S., II., 23.[554.]A. D. D., No. 930.[555.]M. A. P., 7.[556.]B1 675.[557.]B1 39.[558.]M. A. P., 6.[559.]B2 324.[560.]B2 2504.[561.]B2 544.[562.]B2 729.[563.]A. D. D., No. 619.[564.]Nbd. 65.[565.]Nbd. 1098.[566.]Nbd. 334.[567.]Nbd. 368.[568.]Nbd. 113.[569.]Nbd. 258.[570.]Nbd. 348.[571.]Nbk. 109.[572.]§ 180 f.[573.]B2 704.[574.]B3 2183.[575.]B2 349.[576.]A. D. D., 640.[577.]A. D. D., 641.[578.]A. D. D., 643.[579.]§ 178.[580.]Cyr. 277.[581.]A. B. R., ii., 20 f.[582.]M. A. P., p. 37.[583.]D. E. P., ii., p. 1-f.[584.]See p. [236].[585.]M. A. P., p. 96.[586.]B. 320.[587.]K. B., IV., p. 298 f.[588.]B. V., p. 168.[589.]K. A. S., p. 48.[590.]A. D. D., pp. 35 ff.[591.]A. D. D., No. 173.[592.]A. D. D., No. 176.[593.]For details see A. D. D., iii., pp. 288-368.[594.]Page [104].[595.]Nbd. 807.[596.]Camb. 114.[597.]Nbk. 103.[598.]Camb. 165.[599.]Nbk. 103.[600.]L. 19.[601.]Col. 8, l. 5.[602.]One such plan is published by King (L. Ḥ., ii., p. 242) and discussed by him later (L. Ḥ., iii., p. 255 f.). There are many others in our museums, several of which have been published (Receuil de Travaux, xvii., pp. 33 ff.; Saison de fouilles a Sippar, pp. 125, 126, 128). The plans of the buildings excavated at Khorsabad form our most perfect specimen of an Assyrian city and palace. Besides the original sketches and plans in Botta's Nineve, excellent studies of them will be found in Perrot and Chipiez, Assyrian and Babylonian Art. There are also many plans of the early cities and palaces in De Sarzec's Découvertes en Chaldée; also, Receuil de Travaux and Revue d'Assyriologie passim.[603.]Good examples of deeds of sale of this class of real property will be found in Dr. Meissner's A. P., pp. 31-35. The principal terms used in such conveyances are well discussed and for the most part correctly explained in his commentary (pp. 119-23). In all these cases we have the phrase, bîtu epšu. Dr. Meissner also regards as “houses” the plots of land called Ê KI-GAL and Ê KISLAH; they are, however, mentioned later with some other plots of land where Ê denotes a “plot,” not necessarily a “house.”[604.]Page [244].[605.]K. 1297.[606.]B2 476.[607.]B2 476.[608.]B2 332.[609.]B2 1058.[610.]B2 331.[611.]B2 2192.[612.]B2 2190.[613.]K. B., iv. p. 170 f.[614.]§ 266.[615.]H. W. B.[616.]A. D. D., 320.[617.]A. D. D., Nos. 325-40.[618.]A. D. D., Nos. 341, 342.[619.]A. D. D., Nos. 326-34.[620.]A. D. D., Nos. 326-32.[621.]A. D. D., Nos. 340-49.[622.]A. D. D., Nos. 329-40.[623.]A. D. D., No. 646.[624.]A. D. D., No. 340.[625.]A. D. D., No. 349.[626.]A. D. D., No. 345.[627.]M. A. P., 25.[628.]§ 44.[629.]B2 377.[630.]B2 446.[631.]§ 113.[632.]S. 67.[633.]B2 2192.[634.]B2 2518.[635.]A plot of land or house called Ê burbalum is sold (B1 280, B2 838, B2 2462), but there is no information given as to its special nature; so also a bît kidim (B2 2444a), but there is no means of deciding what it was. A term applied to land which may be read ḳirubû is perhaps to be taken as “arable land” (M. A. P., p. 122). But the occurrences are not sufficient to fix the meaning clearly. It was bounded by a house and the street.[636.]A. D. D., Nos. 350-58.[637.]A. D. D., No. 362.[638.]Z. A., vi., pp. 291 ff.[639.]B1 43.[640.]B2 330.[641.]B1 194.[642.]A. D. D., Nos. 359-413.[643.]This plan is published in Découvertes en Chaldée, plate 15 ff.[644.]Published best in Rev. Ass., iv., p. 13 f.[645.]

Much earlier plans will be found, pp. 21 ff. They are ascribed to the age of Sargon I. and Naram-Sin. A plan, or rather map, of Babylon was also published by Dr. Peiser. [Z. A., iv., 361 ff.] This is rather geographical than cadastral, and, perhaps, mythical, since it refers to the king Shamash-napishtim-uṣur, who may be the Shamash-napishtim of the flood story.

A number of other plans are given, or referred to, by Father Scheil in Rec. des Trav., xvii., 1 and 2, pp. 33 ff. A good many more appear in Une Saison de fouilles a Sippar. There are many others in the great museums and in private hands. For conclusions regarding linear and square measures, cf. Appendix III.

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