Geologic Features
The principal minerals of bismuth are bismuthinite (bismuth sulphide), bismutite (hydrated carbonate), bismite or bismuth ocher (hydrated oxide), and native bismuth.
The native metal and the sulphide are believed to be formed mainly as primary minerals of igneous origin. In the deposits of New South Wales they are found associated with molybdenite in quartz gangue, in pipe-like deposits in granite. The oxide and the carbonate are probably products of surface weathering. The Bolivian deposits contain the native metal, the oxide, and the carbonate, associated with gold, silver, and tin minerals, in one locality in slates and in another locality in porphyry. The origin is not well known.
In the United States, the sulphide, bismuthinite, is found in the siliceous ores of Goldfield, Nevada (p. 230), and in minor amounts in a great number of the sulphide ores of the Cordilleran region. The ores of the Leadville and Tintic districts (pp. 219 and 235) yield the larger part of the United States production, the bismuth being recovered as by-product from the electrolytic refining of the lead bullion. Large amounts of bismuth pass out of the stacks of smelters treating other western ores, and while it would not be cheap nor easy to save the bismuth thus lost, it could probably be done in case of necessity.
CADMIUM ORES
Economic Features
Cadmium is used in low melting-point alloys—as, for example, those employed in automatic fire-extinguishers and electric fuses,—in the manufacture of silverware, and in dental amalgams. During the war the critical scarcity of tin led to experiments in the substitution of cadmium for tin in solders and anti-friction metals. Results of some of these experiments were promising, but the war ceased and demands for tin decreased before the cadmium materials became widely used. Future developments in this direction seem not unlikely. Cadmium compounds are used as pigments, particularly as the sulphide "cadmium yellow," and to give color and luster to glass and porcelain. Cadmium salts are also variously used in the arts, in medicine, and in electroplating.
Practically the entire cadmium output of the world comes from Germany and the United States. In addition, England produces a very small quantity. Before the war Germany produced about two-thirds of the world's total, and supplied the European as well as a considerable part of the United States consumption. During the war the United States production increased three to four fold, imports ceased, and considerable quantities were exported to the allied nations in Europe and to Japan. At present the United States is entirely independent as regards cadmium supplies. Production is sufficient to supply all the home demand and to permit exports of one-third of the total output. A considerable number of possible cadmium sources are not being used, and the production is capable of extension should the need arise.