LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

[The farm equipment--plants, soils, animals, tools, buildings]Frontispiece
FigureFacing Page
1.[Specimen plants for study]6
2.[The first effort of a sprouting seed]7
3.[Germinating seeds with roots]7
4.[To show that plant roots take water from the soil]10
5.[To show that plant roots take food from the soil]10
6.[A radish root, from which the stored food has been used to help produce a crop of seeds]11
7.[A sweet-potato root producing new plants]11
8.[Sweet-potato roots]14
9.[Soy-bean roots]15
10.[A plow stopped in the furrow, to show what it does to the roots of plants when used for after-cultivation]18
11.[A corn-plant ten days after planting the seed]19
12.[To show where growth in length of the root takes place]22
13.[Radish seeds sprouted on dark cloth]22
14.[To show how water gets into the roots of plants]23
15.[To show osmose]23
16.[To show that roots need air]26
17.[Comparison of fresh and boiled water]26
18.[Comparison of moist sand and puddled clay]27
19.[Comparing soils]32
20.[Water-test of soils]33
21.[To show what becomes of the water taken from the soil by roots]40
22.[Percolation experiment. To show the relative powers of soils to take in water falling on the surface]41
23.[Bottles used in place of the lamp chimneys in Figs. 22 and 24]44
24.[Capillarity of soils. To show the relative powers of soils to take water from below]44
25.[Water-absorbing and water-holding powers of soils]45
26.[Capillary tubes. To show how water rises in small tubes or is drawn into small spaces]48
27.[Capillary plates]48
28.[A cone of soil to show capillarity]49
29.[To show the relative amounts of film-moisture held by coarse and fine soils]49
30.[To show the effect of a soil mulch]56
31.[Soil temperature experiment]57
32.[Charts showing average temperature of a set of dry and wet soils during a period of five days]60
33.[To show the value of organic matter]61
34.[Soy-bean roots, showing nodules or tubercles]64
35.[Garden-pea roots, showing tubercles or nodules]65
36.[To show that seeds need water for germination]72
37.[To show that seeds need air for germination]72
38.[To show that seeds need air for germination]73
39.[A seed-tester: two plates and a moist cloth]80
40.[A seed-tester: a plaster cast with cavities in the surface for small seeds]80
41.[Germinating corn-kernel and bean]81
42.[To show how the bean-plant gets up]82
43.[To show how the corn-plant gets out of the soil]82
44.[To show the use of cotyledons]83
45.[To show the use of the kernel to the young corn-plant]86
46.[To show how deeply seeds should be planted]87
47.[Operations of seed-planting]88
48.[A collection of planting machines]89
49.[Spading-fork and spade]92
50.[A wood beam-plow]93
51.[A slip-nose share and a slip-nose]96
52.[A straight knife coulter]96
53.[An iron beam-plow with rolling coulter and double clevis]96
54.[A rolling cutter-harrow]97
55.[Spring-toothed harrows]97
56.[Spike-toothed harrows]104
57.[A coulter-toothed harrow]104
58.[A plank harrow]105
59.[To show transpiration]108
60.[Amount of transpiration]109
61.[To show that growing leaves contain starch]114
62.[To show that starch disappears from the leaf when the plant is placed in the dark]114
63.[To show that sunlight is necessary for starch-making by leaves]115
64.[To show that chlorophyl is necessary for starch formation in the leaf]115
65.[To show the giving off of gas by leaves, and that sunlight is necessary for it]118
66.[Seedling radishes reaching for light]119
67.[Elm leaves injured by the "imported elm-tree leaf-beetle," a chewing insect]119
68.[A horse-chestnut stem, showing leaves, buds, and scars, where last year's leaves dropped off]128
69.[An underground stem. Buds show distinctly]129
70.[Flower of cherry]130
71.[Flower of apple]130
72.[Pistil and stamen of flowering raspberry]131
73.[Flower of buttercup]131
74.[A magnolia flower showing central column of pistils and stamens]134
75.[Flowers of squash]135
76.[Flower of a lily]136
77.[Bud and flower of jewel-weed or "touch-me-not"]137
78.[Pistillate flower and perfect flower of strawberry]137
79.[A crop of cowpeas]178
80.[Red clover]179
81.[Soy-beans in young orchard]182
82.[A young alfalfa plant just coming into flower]183
83.[Cross-sections of stone-drains]238
84.[Cross-section of a pole-drain and of a tile-drain]238
85.[A collection of drainage tools]239
86.[A poorly laid tile-drain and a properly graded tile-drain]239

Part I

General Principles Underlying Plant Culture