P A L E S T I N E.

BY
MAJOR C. R. CONDER, D.C.L., R.E.
LEADER OF THE PALESTINE EXPLORING
EXPEDITION.
NEW YORK
DODD, MEAD & COMPANY
Publishers

PREFACE.

THE Editors of the present series having done me the honour to ask me briefly to relate the story of Palestine Exploration, and especially of the expeditions which I commanded; and having stipulated that the book should contain not only an account of the more interesting results of that work, but also something of the personal adventures of those employed, I have endeavoured to record what seems of most interest in both respects.

Many things here said will be found at greater length in previous works which I have written, scattered through several volumes amid more special subjects. I hope, however, that the reader will discover also a good deal that is not noticed in those volumes; for the sources of information concerning ancient Palestine are constantly increasing; and, among others, I may mention, that the series of Palestine Pilgrim Texts, edited by Sir Charles Wilson, has added greatly to our knowledge, and has enabled me to understand many things which were previously doubtful.

The full story of the dangers and difficulties through which the work was brought to a successful conclusion cannot be given in these pages, and no one recognises more than I do the imperfections which—as in all human work—have caused it here and there to fall short of the ideal which we set before us. What can, however, be claimed for Palestine exploration is, that the ideal was always as high as modern scientific demands require. The explorations were conducted without reference to preconceived theory, or to any consideration other than the discovery of facts. The conclusions which different minds may draw from the facts must inevitably differ, but the facts will always remain as a scientific basis on which the study of Palestine in all ages must be henceforth founded.

I fear that even now, after so much has been written, the facts are not always well known—certainly they have often been misrepresented. It is my desire, as far as possible, in these pages to summarise those facts which seem most important, while giving a sketch of the mode of research whereby they were brought to light.

C. R. C.

Note.—The maps illustrating this volume have been revised by Major Conder, who is more especially responsible for those of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and of Modern Palestine. The geological sketch-map embodies Major Conder’s researches, as also the important explorations of Dr. K. Diener in the Lebanon.—Ed.

CONTENTS.

CHAP. PAGE
[INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER ][1]
[I.] EXPLORATIONS IN JUDEA[22]
[II.] THE SURVEY OF SAMARIA[59]
[III.] RESEARCHES IN GALILEE[83]
[IV.] THE SURVEY OF MOAB[134]
[V.] EXPLORATIONS IN GILEAD[171]
[VI.] NORTHERN SYRIA[190]
[VII.] THE RESULTS OF EXPLORATION[214]
————
[APPENDICES]:—
[NOTE ON JERUSALEM EXCAVATION][247]
[INDEX OF OLD TESTAMENT SITES IDENTIFIED IN
PALESTINE]		[252]
[INDEX OF NEW TESTAMENT SITES IDENTIFIED IN
PALESTINE]		[262]
[INDEX][267]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS.

FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.
1.A Pictorial Map of Jerusalem and the Holy Land
for the use of Pilgrims (from a MS. of the 13th
Century in the Burgundian Library at Brussels) 		[Frontispiece]
2.The Plain of Jericho, as seen from Ai [to face page 35]
3.The Dead Sea (view S.E. of Taiyibeh) [" 43]
4.Alphabets of Western Asia [" 173]
5.Jebel Sannin (Lebanon) [" 192]
ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT.
Portrait of Dr. Robinson (from a photograph)[page 16]
Portrait of Sir C. Wilson (from a photograph by Maull &Fox) [" 17]
Portrait of Sir C. Warren (from a photograph) [" 18]
Desert of Beersheba [" 53]
Kurn Sartaba [" 68]
The Jordan Valley (’Esh el Ghurab) [" 73]
A Camp in the Jordan Valley [" 80]
Mount Tabor [" 86]
Carmel [" 88]
Nain [" 93]
The Sea of Galilee [" 99]
Krak des Chevaliers (Kala’t el Hosn) [" 108]
Moab Mountains from the Plain of Shittim [" 142]
A Dolmen west of Heshbon [" 144]
View of Dead Sea from Mount Nebo [" 158]
Hittites from Abu Simbel [" 198]
Hamath Stone, No. 1 [" 200]
MAPS (Printed in Colours).
[I.] General Map of Palestinefacing page [1]
[II.] Physical Map of Palestine[at end]
[III.] Geological Map of Palestine["]
[IV.] Palestine as divided among the Twelve Tribes["]
[V.] Palestine["]
[VI.] The Kingdom of Jerusalem, showing the Fiefs, about1187 A.D.["]
[VII.] Modern Palestine, showing the Turkish Provinces["]
MAPS IN TEXT.
Palestine and Syria according to Ptolemy, c. 100 A.D.[ page 2]
A Section of Peutinger’s Table [" 4]
Marin Sanuto’s Map of the Holy Land, 1321 [" 12]
The Holy Land, from the Atlas of Ortelius, c. 1591 [" 14]