KEY TO ANATOMICAL OUTLINE PLATES.
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.
In using these plates, we would suggest, that the pupil carefully examine the illustrating cuts interspersed with the text, in connection with the lesson to be recited. The similarity between these and the plates will enable the pupil to recite, and the teacher to conduct his recitation, from the latter.
Let a pupil show the situation of an organ, or part, on an anatomical outline plate, and also give its structure; while other members of the class note all omissions and misstatements. Another pupil may give the use of that organ, and if necessary, others may give an extended explanation. The third may explain the laws on which the health of the part depends, while other members of the class supply what has been omitted. After thus presenting the subject in the form Of topics, questions may be proposed promiscuously, from each paragraph, and where examples occur in the text, let other analogous ones be given.
If the physiology and hygiene of a given subject have not been studied, confine the recitation to those parts only on which the pupil is prepared. When practicable, the three departments should be united; but this can only be done when the chapter on the hygiene has been learned, while the physiology can be united with the anatomy, in all chapters upon physiology.
PLATE I.
A FRONT VIEW OF THE SKELETON.
Bones of the Head. 7, The sphenoid bone. 8, The frontal bone. 10, The parietal bone. 11, The os unguis. 12, The superior maxillary bone, (upper jaw.) 13, The nasal bone. 14, The ethmoid bone. 15, The malar bone, (cheek-bone.) 16, The vomer. 17, The inferior maxillary bone, (the lower jaw.) a, Its body. b, Its ramus, or branch. 18, The teeth.
Bones of the Trunk. 1, 1, The spinal column. 2, The sternum. 3, 3, The ribs. 4, The sacrum. 5, The innominatum.
Bones of the Upper Extremities. 19, The clavicle, (collar-bone.) 20, The 468 scapula, (shoulder blade.) 21, The humerus. 22, The ulna. 23, The radius. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, The bones of the carpus (wrist.) 32, 32, 32, The five bones of the metacarpus, (the palm of the hand.) 33, 33, 33, The first range of finger-bones. 34, 34, The second range of finger-bones. 35, 35, 35, The third range of finger-bones.
Bones of the Lower Extremities. 36, The femur, (thigh-bone.) 37, The patella, (knee-pan.) 38, The tibia, (shin-bone.) 39, The fibula. 40, 40, 40, The bones of the tarsus, (instep.) 41, 41, The bones of the metatarsus, (middle of the foot.) 42, 42, The bones of the toes.
Articulations. (Left side of the plate.)
Ligaments of the Trunk. 1, 1, The common spinal ligament. 2, 2, The intervertebral ligament, (cartilage between the vertebrae.) 9, 10, 11, 12, Articulations of the ribs with the spinal column. 13, 13, 14, 15, 16, Ligaments that connect the cartilages of the ribs with the sternum.
Ligaments of the Upper Extremities. 25, The ligament that connects the clavicle and sternum. 27, The ligament that connects the upper rib and clavicle. 28, 29, 30, Ligaments that connect the clavicle and scapula. 31, 32, 33, 34, Ligaments of the shoulder-joint. 35, 35, 36, Ligaments of the elbow-joint. 37, 38, 39, 40, Ligaments of the wrist. 41, 42, 43, 44, Ligaments of the fingers.
Ligaments of the Lower Extremities. 49, 49, Ligaments of the hip-joint. 50, 50, Ligaments of the patella. 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, Ligaments of the knee-joint. 56, A large bursa mucosa. 57, The ligament of the tibia and fibula. 58, 58, The interosseous ligament. 59, 59, Ligaments of the ankle-joint 60, 61, 62, Ligaments of the metatarsus. 63, 64, Ligaments of the toes.
A, The brachial artery. B, The brachial vein. C, The radial artery D, The femoral artery. E, The femoral vein. F, G, The anterior tibia artery.
PLATE II.
A BACK VIEW OF THE SKELETON.
Bones of the Head. 5, The occipital bone. 6, The parietal bone. 7, The temporal bone. 8, The frontal bone. 9, The sphenoid bone. 15, The malar bone. 16, The nasal bone. 17, The superior maxillary bone, (upper jaw.) 18, The inferior maxillary bone, (lower jaw.) 19, The teeth.
Bones of the Trunk. 1, 1, The spinal column. 2, The sacrum. 3, The coccyx. 20, The innominatum. 4, 4, The ribs.
Bones of the Upper Extremities. 21, The clavicle, (collar-bone.) 22, The scapula, (shoulder-blade.) 23, The humerus. 24. The ulna, 25, The radius. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, The bones of the carpus, (wrist.) 33, 33, 33, The bones of the metacarpus, (palm of the hand.) 34, 34, 34, The first range of finger-bones. 35, 35, The second range of finger-bones. 36, 36, 36, The third range of finger-bones.
Bones of the Lower Extremities. 37, The femur, (thigh-bone.) 38, The patella, (knee-pan.) 39, The tibia, (shin-bone.) 40, The fibula. 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, The bones of the tarsus, (instep.) 46, 46, The bones of the metatarsus, (middle of the foot.) 47, 47, Bones of the toes.
Articulations. (Left side of the plate.)
Ligaments of the Trunk. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Ligaments of the spinal column. 14, 14, 15, 15, Ligaments that connect the ribs and spinal column. 11, 11, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, Ligaments that connect the sacrum and innominatum.
Ligaments of the Upper Extremities. 27, 28, Ligaments that connect the clavicle and scapula. 29, The capsular ligament of the shoulder-joint. 30, 30, Ligaments of the elbow. 31, 32, 33, 34, Ligaments of the carpus, (wrist.)
Ligaments of the Lower Extremities. 9, Tendon of the gluteus muscle. 35, The capsular ligament of the hip-joint. 36, 36, Ligaments of the knee-joint. 37, The ligament that connects the tibia and fibula. 38, The interosseous ligament. 39, 40, Ligaments of the ankle-joint.
PLATE III.
A FRONT VIEW OF THE MUSCLES.
Muscles of the Head and Neck. 7, The sterno-mastoideus muscle. 8, The sterno-hyoideus muscle. 9, The omo-hyoideus muscle. 10, The trapezius muscle. 11, The orbicularis oculi muscle. 12, The frontal muscle. 14, The orbicularis oris muscle. 15, The elevator muscle of the nostrils. 16, The zygomatic muscle. 17, The depressor of the lower lip. 18, The depressor anguli oris muscle. 19, The triangular muscle of the nose. 20, 21, The aural muscles. 22, The masseter muscle.
Muscles of the Trunk. 2, 3, The external oblique muscles.
Muscles of the Upper Extremities. 1, The grand pectoral muscle. 3, 4, The serratus muscle. 23, The deltoid muscle. 24, The biceps brachialis muscle. 25, The coraco-brachialis muscle. 26, The anterior brachial muscle. 27, The triceps brachialis muscle. 28, The long supinator muscle. 29, The external radial muscle. 30, The pronator teres muscle. 31, The anterior radial muscle. 32, The palmaris brevis muscle. 33, The anterior ulnar muscle. 35, The palmar muscle. 36, The abductor muscle of the thumb. 37, The adductor muscle of the thumb. 38, 39, Small flexor muscles of the thumb. 40, The abductor muscle of the little finger. 41, 41, The lumbricales muscles. 61, 61, The bifurcation of the tendons of the superficial flexor muscle, in the fingers.
Muscles of the Lower Extremities. 42, The fascia lata muscle. 43, The sartorius muscle. 44, The rectus femoris muscle. 45, The vastus externus muscle. 46, The vastus internus muscle. 47, The internal straight muscle. 48. The pectineus muscle. 49, The adductor muscle. 50, The psoas 470 muscle. 51, The tibialis anticus muscle. 52, The long extensor muscle of the great toe. 53, The long extensor muscle of the toes. 54, The anterior peroneal muscle. 55, The long lateral peroneal muscle. 56, 57, The gastrocnemii muscles. 58, The long flexor muscle of the great toe. 69, The short extensor muscles of the toes. 60, The abductor muscle of the great toe.
The figures and letters on the left side of the plate, indicate the position of important fasciæ, that cover the muscles and enclose the tendons.
PLATE IV.
BACK VIEW OF THE MUSCLES.
Muscles of the Head and Neck. 4, The sterno-mastoideus muscle. 5, The complexus muscle. 6, The mylo-hyoideus muscle. 7, 8, The occipito-frontalis muscle. 9, The masseter muscle. 10, 11, 12, The anterior, middle, and posterior aural muscles. 13, The temporal muscle.
Muscles of the Trunk. 1, 1, The trapezius muscle. 2, The latissimus dorsi muscle. 3, The rhomboideus muscle. 4, The external oblique muscle.
Muscles of the Upper Extremities. 5, The deltoid muscle. 6, 7, The infra-spinatus muscle. 9, The triceps extensor muscle. 10, The internal brachial muscle. 11, The long supinator muscle. 12, The external radial muscle. 13, The second external radial muscle. 14, The anconeus muscle. 15, 16, The extensor digitorum communis muscle. 17, The extensor carpi ulnaris muscle. 18, The flexor carpi ulnaris. 19, 20, The extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis muscles. 21, An extensor muscle of the thumb. 22, 28, Interossii muscles.
Muscles of the Lower Extremities. 29, The gluteus maximus muscle. 30, The gluteus medius muscle. 31, The biceps flexor cruris muscle. 32, The semi-tendinosus muscle. 33, The semi-membranosis muscle. 34, The gracilis muscle. 35, The adductor muscle. 36, The vastus externus muscle. 37, The sartorius muscle. 38, 39, The gastrocnemii muscles. 40, The long peroneal muscle. 41, The external peroneal muscle. 42, The long flexor muscle of the great toe. 43, The long extensor muscle of the toes. 44, The short extensor muscle of the toes. 47, The short flexor muscle of the toes.
The figures and letters on the left side of the plate, indicate the position of membranous fasciæ which envelop the muscles and tendons.
PLATE V.
ORGANS OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN.
Fig. 1. The Mouth and Neck. (A Side view.) 1, The upper lip. 2, The lower lip. 3, The upper jaw. 4, The lower jaw. 5, The tongue. 6, The hard palate, (roof of the mouth.) 7, The parotid gland. 8, The sublingual 471 gland. T, The larynx. 10, The pharynx. 11, The œsophagus. 12, The upper portion of the spinal column. C, The spinal cord.
The Chest and its Organs. 9, 9, The trachea. R, The right auricle of the heart. L, The left auricle. 13, The left ventricle of the heart. 14, The right ventricle. 15, The aorta. 16, The pulmonary artery. 17, The vena cava descendens. 18, The right subclavian vein. 19, The left subclavian vein. 20, The right jugular vein. 21, The left jugular vein. 22, The right carotid artery. 23, The left carotid artery. 24, 25, 26, The upper, middle, and lower lobes of the right lung. 27, 28, The upper and lower lobes of the left lung. 29, 29, 29, The diaphragm. P, P, P, P, The pleura, that lines the cavity of the chest. S, S, The clavicles. O, O, O, O, The ribs. M, M, M, M, Muscles of the chest. 40, The thoracic duct, opening into the left subclavian vein.
The Abdomen and its Organs. 30, The stomach. 31, 32, The right and left lobe of the liver. F, The fissure that separates the two lobes. 33, The gall bladder. 34, 34, The duodenum. 35, The ascending colon. 36, The transverse colon. 37, The descending colon. 38, 38, 38, 38, The small intestine. 39, 39, The walls of the abdominal cavity turned down. 41, The spleen.
Fig. 2. The Relation of the Lacteals and Thoracic Duct. 1, 1, A section of the small intestine. 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, Mesenteric glands, through which the lacteals from the intestine pass. 3, Several lacteal vessels entering the enlarged portion and commencement of the thoracic duct. 5, 5, 5, The thoracic duct. 6, The thoracic duct opening into the left subclavian vein. 7, (See 40, Fig. 1.) 8, The right subclavian vein. 9, The vena cava descendens. 10, 11, 11, The aorta. 12, The carotid arteries. 13, 13, The jugular veins. 14, The vena azagos. 15, 15, The spinal column. 16, The diaphragm.
Fig. 3. The Relation of the Larynx, Trachea, Bronchia, and Air-cells. 1, 1, 1, An outline of the right lung. 2, 2, 2, An outline of the left lung. 3, The larynx. 4, The trachea. 5, The right bronchia. 6, The left bronchia. 7, 7, 7, 7, Divisions of the right bronchia. 8, 8, 8, 8, Divisions of the left bronchia. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Air-cells.
Fig. 4. An ideal View of a lateral and vertical Section of the Larynx. 1, 1, The superior vocal cords, (ligaments.) 2, 2, The inferior vocal cords. 3, 3, The glottis. 4, 4, The ventricles of the larynx.
PLATE VI.
HEART, ARTERIES, AND VEINS
Fig. 1. The Heart and large Arteries. 1, The right auricle of the heart. 2, The right ventricle of the heart. 3, The left auricle. 4, The left ventricle. 5, The pulmonary artery. 6, The aorta. 7, 7, The descending aorta. 8, The arteria innominata. 9, The left carotid artery. 10, The left subclavian artery. 56, The right subclavian artery.
Arteries of the Neck and Head. 15, The right carotid artery. 16, The left carotid artery. 17, The right temporal artery. 50, The right facial artery. 54, The left temporal artery.
Arteries of the Upper Extremities. 11, 11, The left brachial artery. 12, The left radial artery. 13, 13, The right brachial artery. 14, The right radial artery. 51, The right ulnar artery.
Arteries of the Lower Extremities. 18, The left iliac artery. 19, The right iliac artery. 20, The left femoral artery. 21, The right femoral artery. 22, The peroneal artery. 23, The left anterior tibial artery. 24, The muscular artery. 25, 25, The right and left arteria profunda. 26, The right anterior tibial artery. 27, The right peroneal artery.
The Veins of the Neck and Head. 28, The vena cava descendens. 29, The left subclavian vein. 30, The right subclavian vein. 31, The right jugular vein. 32, The left jugular vein. 53, The right temporal vein. 55, The left temporal vein. 49, The right facial vein.
Veins of the Upper Extremities. 33, The left brachial vein. 34, The left radial vein. 35, The right brachial vein. 36, The right radial vein. 51, The right ulnar vein.
Veins of the Lower Extremities. 37, The vena cava ascendens. 38, The left iliac vein. 39. The right iliac vein. 40, The left femoral vein. 41, The right femoral vein. 42, The left anterior tibial vein. 43, The left peroneal vein. 44, The right anterior tibial vein. 45, The right peroneal vein. 46, 46, The profunda veins. 47, The muscular veins. 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, Intercostal arteries and veins.
Fig. 2. The Relation of the Cavities of the Heart to the large Blood-vessels. 1, The vena cava descendens. 2, The vena cava ascendens. 3, The right auricle of the heart. 4, The opening between the right auricle and right ventricle. 5, The right ventricle. 6, The tricuspid valves. 7, The pulmonary artery. 8, 8, The branches of the pulmonary artery that pass to the right and left lung. 9, The semilunar valves of the pulmonary artery. 10, The left pulmonary veins. 11, The right pulmonary veins. 12, The left auricle. 13, The opening between the left auricle and left ventricle. 14, The left ventricle. 15, The mitral valves. 16, 16, The aorta. 17, The semilunar valves of the aorta. 18, The septum between the right and left ventricle.
Fig. 3. An ideal View of the Heart, Arteries, and Veins. A, The right auricle. B, The right ventricle. C, The tricuspid valves. D, The opening between the right auricle and right ventricle. E, The left auricle. F, the left ventricle. G, The mitral valves. H, The opening between the left auricle and left ventricle. I, The septum between the right and left ventricle. K, The pulmonary artery. L, The semilunar valves of the pulmonary artery. M, M, The right pulmonary artery. N, N, The left pulmonary artery. O, O, O, O, O, O, The capillary vessels of the lungs. P, P, P, The right pulmonary vein. Q, Q, The left pulmonary vein. R, R, The aorta. S, The semilunar valves of the aorta. T, T, A branch of the aorta to the upper extremities. U, U, U, U, A branch to the lower extremities. V, V, V, V, V, V, The capillary vessels at the extremity 473 of the branches of the aorta. W, W, The descending vena cava. X, X, X, The ascending vena cava.
In Figs. 1, 2, 3, the course of the blood through the circulatory vessels is indicated by arrows.
PLATE VII.
THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION.
Fig. 1. 1, The right auricle of the heart. 2, The left auricle. 3, The right ventricle of the heart. 4, The left ventricle. 5, The pulmonary artery. 6, The branch of the pulmonary artery to the left lung. 7, The branch of the pulmonary artery to the right lung. 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, Branches of the pulmonary artery in the right and left lung. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Air-cells. 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, Small pulmonary veins in the right and left lung. 11, The left pulmonary vein. 12, 12, The right pulmonary vein.
Fig. 2. An ideal View of the Pulmonary Circulation. 1, 1, The right lung. 2, 2, The left lung. 3, The trachea. 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, The right bronchia. 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, The left bronchia. 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, Air-cells, with arteries and veins passing around them. 7, The right auricle of the heart. 8, The right ventricle of the heart. 9, The tricuspid valves. 10, The pulmonary artery. 11, 11, 11, 11, The right pulmonary artery. 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, The left pulmonary artery. 13, 13, 13, 13, The right pulmonary vein. 14, 14, 14, 14, The left pulmonary vein. 15, The left auricle. 16, The left ventricle. 17, The mitral valves. 18, The septum between the right and left ventricles.
Fig. 3. An ideal View of the Capillaries. 1, 1, A branch of the pulmonary artery. 2, 2, A branch of the pulmonary vein. 3, 3, Capillary vessels between the artery and vein.
Fig. 4. An ideal View of the Relations of the Bronchia, Air-cells, Pulmonary Arteries, and Veins. 1, A bronchial tube. 2, 2, 2, Air-cells. 3, A branch of the pulmonary artery. 4, A branch of the pulmonary vein.
PLATE VIII.
THE CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM, SPINAL CORD, AND NERVES.
1, The cerebrum. 2, The cerebellum. 3, 3, The spinal cord. 4, The brachial plexus of nerves. 5, The lumbar plexus of nerves. 6, The sacral plexus of nerves. 7, The facial nerve. 8, 17, The radial nerve. 9, 9, 16, The ulnar nerve. 10, The median nerve. G, The circumvex nerve of the shoulder.
11, 11, The great sciatic nerve. 12, The external popliteal, or peroneal 474 nerve. 13, 13, The posterior tibial nerve. 14, The external tibial nerve. 15, The muscular branch of the external peroneal nerve. 18, The muscular branch of the sciatic nerve. P, Q, The posterior tibial nerve.
The letters and other figures indicate minor nervous filaments distributed to the various muscles and the skin.
PLATE IX.
THE SKIN.
Fig. 1. A perspiratory Tube and Gland. 1, 1, The contorted portion of the tube that forms the gland. 2, 2, Two branches which unite to form the main duct of the gland. 3, 3, The perspiratory tube. 4, The cuticle. 5. Its colored portion. 6, The cutis vera, (true skin.) 7, 7, Fat vesicles, in which the gland is imbedded.
Fig. 2. A Papilla of the Skin. 1, 1, Two papillæ, formed of an artery vein, and nerve. 2, 2, 2, 2, Nerves forming a loop in the papillæ. 3, 3, Arteries of the papillæ. 4, 4, Veins of the papillæ. 5, 5, A net-work of arteries, veins, and nerves. 6, 6, Nerves of the skin. 8, 8, Arteries of the skin. 7, 7, Veins of the skin.
Fig. 3. A Hair, and its Oil-Glands. 1, 1, The hair. 2, 2, The sheath of the hair. 3, Oil-glands that surround the bulb of the hair, the ducts of which open into the sheath of the hair, (2, 2.)
Fig. 4. A Section of the Skin. 1, 1, The cuticle. 2, 2, Its colored portion. 3, 3, The papillary layer. 4, 4, A net-work of arteries, veins, and nerves, upon the upper surface of the cutis vera. 5, 5, 5, 5, The cutis vera, (true skin.) 6, 6, 6, Hairs that originate in the cutis vera. 7, 7, 7, Oil-glands, the ducts of which connect with the sheath of the hair. 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, Perspiratory glands and their ducts. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Nerves of the skin 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, Arteries of the skin. 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, Veins of the skin. 12, 12, 12, 12, Papillæ, or ridges of the skin.
PLATE X.
AN ANTERO-POSTERIOR SECTION OF THE EYE.
Fig. 1. 1, 1, The sclerotic coat. 2, 2, The cornea. 3, 3, The choroid coat. 4, 4, The retina. 5, 5, The iris. 6, 6, The posterior chamber of the eye that contains the aqueous humor. 7, 7, The anterior chamber. 8, 8, The pupil. 9, The crystalline humor. 10, 10, The vitreous humor 11, The optic nerve. 12, A representation of a pen. 13, An inverted image of the pen (12) on the retina. 14, 14, A canal surrounding the crystalline humor. 15, 15, The bevelled junction of the cornea and sclerotic 475 coats. A, a perpendicular ray of light from the pen. B, B, oblique rays, that are refracted in passing through the humors of the eye.
Fig. 2. A View of the External, Middle, and Internal Ear. 1, 1, The external ear. 2, The meatus auditorius externus, (the tube that connects with the middle ear.) 3. The membrana tympani, (drum of the ear.) 8, 8, The tympanum, (middle ear.) 4, The malleus. 5, The incus. 6, The orbicularis. 7, The stapes, (stirrup-bone,) that connects with the vestibule of the internal ear. 9, 9, (4, 5, 6, 7, The small bones of the middle ear,) 10, 11, 12, The semicircular canals. 13, 13, The cochlea. 14, The auditory nerve. 15, The division of the auditory nerve to the semicircular canals. 16, The division to the cochlea. 17, 17, The Eustachian tube. 18, The chorda tympani nerve. 19, The seventh pair (facial) nerve. 20, The styloid process of the temporal bone. 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, The petrous or hard portion of the temporal bone, in which the parts of the middle and internal ear are situated.
Below is given the Title of a Book on a new plan, just published, intended for beginners in the study of Physiology.
HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE
ANATOMY,
PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE
BY
MRS. EUNICE P. CUTTER.
WITH ONE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS.
NEW YORK:
CLARK, AUSTIN, AND SMITH
3 Park Row
TEXT BOOKS
UPON
Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene.
Recommended by the Hon. N. W. EDWARDS, School Sup’t, Ill.
HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE. For District Schools. With 100 Engravings. 132 pages. By Mrs. Eunice P. Cutter. Price 33 cts.
This work contains full directions for the study and teaching of Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene. This is a new feature. Every teacher would profit by it. The plan of the work can be gathered from the following fac-simile of the table of contents:—
Footnotes
Where examples and observations are given or experiments suggested, let the pupil mention other analogous ones.
The Cellular, Serous, Dermoid, Fibrous, and Mucous tissues are very generally called membranes.
Some anatomists reckon more than this number, others less, for the reason that, at different periods of life, the number of pieces of which one bone is formed, varies. Example. The breast-bone, in infancy, has eight pieces; in youth, three; in old age, but one.
Compare 1, 1, Fig. 28, with 2, 2, 2, Fig. 48.
In the plates illustrating the muscular system, the names of such muscles are given as are referred to in the paragraph “Practical Explanation.” These names need not be committed to memory. If a pupil wishes to acquire a knowledge of the general attachment of the muscles represented in the plates, he can do so by comparing the muscular plate with that of the skeleton, (fig. 28.)
It appears to be a fact, that no two important organs can be called into intense action at the same time, without injury to both, as well as to the general system. This arises from the circumstance that an organ, when in functional action, attracts fluids (sanguineous and nervous) from other organs of the system. Except in a few instances of high health in youth, the power of the system is not adequate to supply more than one organ in action with the appropriate fluids at the same time.
See [Chapter XII].
The process of deglutition may be comprehended by analyzing the operation of swallowing food or saliva.
The chyle is changed by the lacteals and mesenteric glands, but the nature of this change is not, as yet, well defined or understood.
The time required for the digestion of the different articles of food might vary in other persons; and would probably vary in the same individual at different periods, as the employment, health, season, &c., exert a modifying influence.
The system is gradually developed, and all changes of food, apparel, labor, exercise, or position, should be gradual. Even a change from a bad to a good habit, on this principle, should be gradual.
The urinary organs, as well as the intestinal canal, should be frequently and regularly evacuated. Some most distressing and frequently incurable complaints are caused by false customs and false delicacy in this particular. Teachers should be particularly careful, and regard this suggestion in reference to young pupils.
All vessels that carry blood to the heart, are called veins. All vessels that carry blood from the heart, are called arteries.
Transpiration is a term often used generically, to signify the passage of fluids or gases through membranes, internally or externally; but perspiration is a specific term, signifying transpiration on to the external surface.
As a substitute for a jar with a stop-cock, take a piece of lead pipe bent in the form of a siphon, and insert it in the mouth of a reversed jar. This experiment is as conclusive whether the air is inhaled once only or breathed many times.
Mr. Frederick Emerson, of Boston, has devised a simple and effective apparatus for removing vitiated air from a room. It is successfully used upon all the public school-houses of Boston. It is now being generally applied to the school-houses and other public buildings, as well as private dwellings, of New England.
Dr. Wyman’s valuable work on “Ventilation,” and the work of Henry Barnard, Esq., on “School-house architecture,” can be advantageously consulted, as they give the practical methods of ventilating and warming shops, school-rooms, dwelling-houses, public halls, &c.
The brain, lungs, heart, and digestive organs, are called vital organs.
The structure of this nerve is very complicated, and different physiologists ascribe to it various functions. The character of its diseases are not well understood.
Dr. Elliotson, and some other writers On physiology, have detailed cases of death from voluntary suspension of respiration. But these cases are not conclusive, as examinations were not made, so as to determine positively, that death did not result from disease of the heart, brain, or some other vital organ.
Some physiologists impute the sense of taste to the ninth pair of nerves; others, to the twelfth pair; while others, again, contend that taste is the result of a concurrent action of the fifth, ninth, and twelfth pairs of nerves.
The refracting character of differently-formed lenses is illustrated in the works on Natural Philosophy, to which the pupil is referred.
It is advised, that a thorough review of the hygiene of the preceding chapters be given from the suggestions contained in this.
Directions for making the simple preparations for the sick are found in almost every cook-book.
Transcriber’s note
Typographical problems have been changed and are listed below.
Author’s archaic and variable spelling is mostly preserved.
Author’s punctuation style is mostly preserved.
This transcription is faithful to the original transliterations of Greek (which occur in italics), even when they seem incorrect.
Transcriber changes:
[Title page]: Was ’DESIGNER’ (DESIGNED FOR)
[Title page]: Was ’Massachuetts’ (In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.)
[Title page]: Added ’.’ (No. 15 Vandewater Street, N. Y.)
[Page 18]: Added ’,’ (Example. The digestive apparatus consists of the teeth, stomach, liver, &c., all of which aid in the digestion of food.)
[Page 23, Fig. 5]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 5. A section of the femur, (thigh-bone.) 1, 1, The extremities, showing a thin plate of compact texture)
[Page 24]: Was ’serious’ (40. How does the mucous differ from the serous tissue? What is the appearance of the external surface of this membrane?)
[Page 27]: Added comma (The most important compounds are Al-bu´men, Fi´brin, Gel´a-tin)
[Page 27]: Was ’organ ized (57. What are proximate elements? Do they exist already formed in organized bodies? Name the most important compounds.)
[Page 29]: Added ’.’ (The earthy portion of the bones gives them solidity and strength, while the animal part endows them with vitality.)
[Page 33, Fig. 7]: Added ’.’ (7. 1, 1, The coronal suture at the front and upper part of the skull, or)
[Page 33, Fig. 7]: Was ’cra nium’ over line break. (suture at the front and upper part of the skull, or cranium. 2, The sagittal suture on the top of the skull.)
[Page 35, Fig. 9]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 9. 1, The first bone of the sternum, (breast-bone.) 2. The second bone of the sternum.)
[Page 36]: Added ’.’ (83. Describe the thorax. Explain fig. 9. 84. Describe the sternum. 85. Describe the ribs.)
[Page 36]: Added ’?’ (88. Give the structure of the vertebra. Where is the spinal cord placed? 89. What is placed between each vertebra? What is its use?)
[Page 37, Fig 10]: Added ’.’ (5, The transverse process. 7, The inferior articulating process.)
[Page 38, Fig 12]: Added ’.’ (2, The sacrum. 3, The coccyx. 4, 4, The acetabulum. a, a, The pubic portion)
[Page 38]: Added ’.’ (In the adult? Describe the acetabulum. 93. Describe the sacrum. Explain fig. 12. 94. Describe the coccyx.)
[Page 41]: Was ’out side’ over page break (101. The RADIUS articulates with the bones of the carpus and forms the wrist-joint. This bone is situated on the outside of the fore-arm)
[Page 41, Fig. 16]: Added ’.’ (11, 11, First range of finger-bones. 12, 12, Second range of finger-bones. 13, 13, Third range of finger-bones. 14, 15, Bones of the thumb.)
[Page 42]: Was ’meta carpal’ over line break. (and upon the other, the first bone of the thumb. The five metacarpal bones articulate with the second range of carpal bones.)
[Page 42]: Added ’.’ (101. The radius. 102. How many bones in the carpus? How are they ranged? 103. Describe the)
[Page 42]: Added ’.’ (103. Describe the metacarpus.)
[Page 42]: Was ’sim ilar’ over line break. (109. The FIBULA is a smaller bone than the tibia, but of similar shape. It is firmly bound to the tibia, at each extremity.)
[Page 43, Fig. 17]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 17. 1, The shaft of the femur, (thigh-bone.))
[Page 44]: Was ’a’ (They articulate at one extremity with one range of tarsal bones; at the other extremity, with the first range of the toe-bones.)
[Page 45, Fig. 21]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 21 The relative position of the bones, cartilages, and synovial membrane. 1, 1, The extremities of two bones that concur to form a joint.)
[Page 46]: Added ’.’ (112. Describe the phalanges. 113–118. Give the anatomy of the joints. 113. What is said of the joints? Of what are the joints composed?)
[Page 46]: Added ’?’ (112. Describe the phalanges. 113–118. Give the anatomy of the joints. 113. What is said of the joints? Of what are the joints composed?)
[Page 52, Fig. 28]: Added ’.’ (14, The hand. 15, The haunch-bone. 16, The sacrum. 17, The hip-joint.)
[Page 52, Fig. 28]: Added ’.’ (19, The patella. 20, The knee-joint. 21, The fibula. 22, The tibia.)
[Page 65]: Added ’.’ (150–160. Give the anatomy of the muscles. 150. What is said of the muscles? 151. Give their structure.)
[Page 70, Fig. 39]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 39. A front view of the muscles of the trunk.)
[Page 70, Fig. 39]: Was ’superficia’ (On the left side the superficial layer is seen; on the right, the deep layer. 1, The pectoralis major muscle.)
[Page 72, Fig. 41]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 41 The first, second, and part of the third layer of muscles of the back. The first layer is shown on the right, and the second on the left side.)
[Page 72, Fig. 41]: Added ’.’ (Practical Explanation. The muscles 1, 11, 12, draw the scapula back toward the spine. The muscles 11, 12, draw the scapula upward toward the head)
[Page 73, Fig. 42]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 42. A representation of the under, or abdominal side of the diaphragm. 1, 2, 3, 4, The portion which is attached to the margin of the ribs.)
[Page 74, Fig. 43]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 43. A front view of the superficial layer of muscles of the fore-arm. 5, The flexor carpi radialis muscle.)
[Page 74]: Added ’.’ (That perform the delicate movements of the fingers? Give the use of some of the muscles represented by fig. 43. Those represented by fig. 44.)
[Page 81]: Added ’.’ (The ball and socket joints, as the shoulder, are not limited to mere flexion and extension. No joint in the system has the range of movement that is)
[Page 84, Fig. 47]: Added ’.’ (The muscles 9, fig. 46, and 6, fig. 47, bend the neck forward. The muscles 3, 4, fig. 47, elevate the head and chin.)
[Page 84, Fig. 47]: Added ’.’ (The muscles 26, 27, 28, fig. 46, bend the lower limbs on the body, at the hip. The muscle 28, fig. 46, draws one leg over the other)
[Page 84, Fig. 47]: Added ’.’ (The muscles 27, 28, fig. 47, extend the lower limbs on the body, at the hip. The muscles 29, 30, 31, fig. 46, extend the leg at the knee.)
[Page 84, Fig. 47]: Added ’,’ (The muscles 27, 28, fig. 47, extend the lower limbs on the body, at the hip. The muscles 29, 30, 31, fig. 46, extend the leg at the knee.)
[Page 84, Fig. 47]: Added ’.’ (The muscles 27, 28, fig. 47, extend the lower limbs on the body, at the hip. The muscles 29, 30, 31, fig. 46, extend the leg at the knee.)
[Page 84, Fig. 47]: Added ’.’ (The muscles 29, 30, fig. 47, bend the leg at the knee. The muscles 34, 36, fig. 46, bend the foot at the ankle, and extend the toes.)
[Page 88]: Added ’?’ (What class of pupils should have recesses most frequently? 179. What effect has continued muscular contraction?)
[Page 95]: Added ’.’ (196. Give an instance of the different effects produced by the absence and presence of the mental stimulus.)
[Page 97, Fig. 49]: Was ’(1.’ (the unnatural curved spinal column, and its relative position to the perpendicular, 1. The lower limbs are curved at the knee)
[Page 98]: Added comma. (In performing any labor, as in speaking, reading, singing, mowing, sewing, &c., there will be less exhaustion)
[Page 100, Fig. 51]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 51. An improper position in sitting.)
[Page 104]: Added ’,’ (210. What is said of the lateral and oblique movements of the arm, hand, and fingers in writing? How is this shown by experiment?)
[Page 107, Fig. 55]: Added ’.’ (d, e, The bicuspids. f, g, The molars, (double teeth.) h, The wisdom teeth.)
[Page 108, Fig. 56]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 56. A side view of the body and enamel of a front tooth.)
[Page 108, Fig. 57]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 57. A side view of a molar tooth. 1, The enamel. 2, The body of the tooth.)
[Page 108, Fig. 57]: Added ’.’ (1, The enamel. 2, The body of the tooth. 3, The cavity in the crown of the tooth that contains the pulp.)
[Page 115, Fig. 59]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 59. A side view of the face, œsophagus, and trachea.)
[Page 118]: Was ’CŒCUM’ (249. The CÆCUM is the blind pouch, or cul-de-sac, at the commencement of the large intestine. Attached to its extremity)
[Page 119]: Was ’cœcum’ (is the mucous membrane sometimes called the villous coat? 249. Describe the cæcum.)
[Page 119, Fig. 61]: Was ’cœcum’ (4, The appendix vermiformis. 5, The cæcum. 6, The ascending colon. 7, The transverse colon.)
[Page 120]: Was ’cœcum’ (half shorter than the intestine, and give it a sacculated appearance, which is characteristic of the cæcum and colon.)
[Page 127]: Moved up from the following box. (What is said in regard to the bile? 266. What becomes of the chyle? Of the residuum?)
[Page 128, Fig. 65]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 65. An ideal view of the organs of digestion, opened nearly the whole length.)
[Page 128, Fig. 65]: Added ’.’ (1, The upper jaw. 2, The lower jaw. 3, The tongue. 4, The roof of the mouth. 5, The œsophagus. 6, The trachea. 7, The parotid gland.)
[Page 128, Fig. 65]: Added ’.’ (8, The sublingual gland. 9, The stomach. 10, 10, The liver. 11, The gall-cyst.)
[Page 128, Fig. 65]: Added ’,’ (16, The opening of the small intestine into the large intestine. 17, 18, 19, 20, The large intestine. 21, The spleen.)
[Page 128, Fig. 65]: Added ’.’ (16, The opening of the small intestine into the large intestine. 17, 18, 19, 20, The large intestine. 21, The spleen.)
[Page 128, Fig. 65]: Added ’.’ (21, The spleen. 22, The upper part of the spinal column.)
[Page 129]: Was ’prope’ (The food that is well masticated, and has blended with it a proper amount of saliva, will induce a healthy action in the stomach.)
[Page 129]: Added ’.’ (will induce a healthy action in the stomach. Well-prepared chyme is the natural stimulus of the duodenum,)
[Page 129]: Added ’,’ (Well-prepared chyme is the natural stimulus of the duodenum, liver, and pancreas; pure chyle is the appropriate excitant of)
[Page 131]: Added ’.’ (another demand for food. What effect has increased exercise upon the system? 278. How are the new particles of matter supplied? What does this induce?)
[Page 143]: Was ’There fore’ over line break. (digested becomes mixed with that last taken. Therefore the interval between each meal should be)
[Page 145]: Added ’.’ (312. Why should they not be taken cold? Show some of the effects of improper food upon the inferior animals.)
[Page 153]: Added ’.’ (327. Why does the position of a person affect digestion? 328. Into what are different kinds of aliment separated?)
[Page 154]: Added ’,’ (333. The CIRCULATORY ORGANS are the Heart, Ar´te-ries, Veins, and Cap´il-la-ries.)
[Page 170, Fig. 75]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 75. An ideal view of the circulation in the lungs and system. From the right ventricle of the heart)
[Page 179]: Added ’.’ (the proper method of arresting the flow of blood from divided arteries. 382. The second incident. 383. How should “flesh wounds” be dressed?)
[Page 182]: Added ’.’ (What other vessels perform the office of absorption? Give observation. 389. Describe the lymphatics.)
[Page 186, Fig. 85]: Added ’.’ (16, 17, 18, Of the face and neck. 19, 20, Large veins. 21, The thoracic duct. 26, The lymphatics of the heart.)
[Page 189]: Added ’.’ (matter formed in the system of the diseased person, may be more readily conveyed into their own.)
[Page 191]: Was ’gen eral’ over line. (every trifling and temporary enlargement, or tumor, is a cancer. Their general remedy is arsenic; and happy is the unfortunate sufferer)
[Page 191]: Was ’suf ferer’ over line. (arsenic; and happy is the unfortunate sufferer who escapes destruction in their hands, for too frequently)
[Page 191]: Was ’frequent ly’ over line. (happy is the unfortunate sufferer who escapes destruction in their hands, for too frequently their speedy cure is death.)
[Page 191]: Was ’imme diately’ over line. (413. In case of an accidental wound, it is best immediately to bathe the part thoroughly in pure water, and to)
[Page 192]: Was ’Fol li-cles’ (415. The SECRETORY ORGANS are the Ex-ha´lants, Fol´li-cles, and the Glands.)
[Page 192, Fig. 86]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 86. A secretory follicle. An artery is seen, which supplies the material for its secretion. Follicles are also supplied)
[Page 193]: Was ’mys terious’ over line. (420. Secretion is one of the most obscure and mysterious functions of the animal economy. “It is that process)
[Page 194]: Was ’secre tion’ over line. (420–431. Give the physiology of the secretory organs. 420. What is secretion?)
[Page 202]: Was ’he’ (Very soon, minute vessels shoot out from the living parts into the coagulum of the blood, and immediately commence their operations)
[Page 207]: Added ’?’ (461. Mention another means by which the blood may be made impure. How remedied? 462. What is the effect of want of cleanliness upon the blood?)
[Page 208, Fig. 88]: Added ’.’ (7, The right auricle of the heart. 8, The left auricle. 9, The pulmonary artery. 10, The aorta. 11, The vena cava descendens. 12, The trachea.)
[Page 208, Fig. 88]: Added ’.’ (16, 16, The right and left lobe of the liver. 17, The gall-cyst. 18, The stomach. 26, The spleen. 19, 19, The duodenum.)
[Page 208, Fig. 88]: Added ’.’ (19, 19, The duodenum. 20, The ascending colon. 21, The transverse colon. 25, The descending colon.)
[Page 211, Fig. 90]: Added ’.’ (10, Its lower lobe. 11, The upper lobe of the right lung. 12, The middle lobe. 13, The lower lobe.)
[Page 218]: Was ’cavicle’ (Those which are attached to the upper rib, sternum, and clavicle, contract and elevate the lower and free extremities of the ribs.)
[Page 220, Fig. 96]: Added ’.’ (5, 5, The position of the walls of the abdomen in inspiration. 6, 6, The position of the abdominal walls in expiration.)
[Page 223]: Was ’cabonic’ (In addition, there is a small amount of vapor of water and carbonic acid. The pressure of this invisible)
[Page 225, Fig. 98]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 98. 1, A bronchial tube divided into three branches. 2, 2, 2, Air-cells. 3, Branches of the pulmonary artery, that spread over the air-cells.)
[Page 226]: Added ’to’ (In a few hours, the blood next to the membrane will have become of a bright red color.)
[Page 227]: Added ’.’ (reviewed from figs. 96, 97, and 99, or from anatomical outline plates Nos. 5 and 7.)
[Page 232]: Added ’.’ (503. Mention some reasons why different persons do not require the same amount of air.)
[Page 232]: Added ’.’ (Give the illustration of the effects of impure air on lighted lamps.)
[Page 237]: Added ’.’ (to connect with the outer walls of the building or external air. But if pure heated air is introduced into the room, it obviates)
[Page 241]: Added ’.’ (What does fig. 100 represent? Fig. 101? Give observation 1st.)
[Page 248]: Added ’.’ (535. Mention some of the effects of mental depression upon the body. What is related by Lænnec?)
[Page 250]: Was single-quote (Let another person press upon the projecting part of the neck, called “Adam’s apple,” while air is introduced into the lungs through the bellows.)
[Page 263]: Changed ’.’ to ’?’ (persons that have broad chests and voluminous lungs suffer less from cold than the narrow-chested with small lungs?)
[Page 269]: Added ’.’ (still broader behind, where it is connected with the thyroid cartilage. Below, it connects with the first ring of the trachea.)
[Page 271]: Was ’glot tis’ (The aperture, or opening between these ligaments, is called the glot´tis, or chink of the glottis.)
[Page 276]: Added ’.’ (vocal organs are in action, will induce too great a flow of blood to these parts, which will be attended by subsequent debility.)
[Page 289, Fig. 115]: Added ’.’ (These ducts open into the sheath of the hair, (B.) All the figures, from 1 to 4, are magnified thirty-eight diameters.)
[Page 294]: Added ’;’ (A proper thickness of the cuticle is in this manner preserved; the faculty of sensation and that of touch are properly regulated;)
[Page 326]: Added ’?’ (What causes the edge of the nail “to grow into the flesh” of the toe? How prevented?)
[Page 329]: Added ’.’ (731. What does the term brain designate? Name them. How are they protected? Describe fig. 120.)
[Page 330, Fig. 121]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 121. A section of the skull-bones and cerebrum. 1, 1, The skull.)
[Page 330, Fig. 121]: Added ’.’ (1, 1, The skull. 2, 2, the dura mater. 3, 3, The cineritious portion of the cerebrum.)
[Page 330, Fig. 121]: Added ’.’ (3, 3, The cineritious portion of the cerebrum. 4, 4, The medullary portion. The dark points indicate the position of divided blood-vessels.)
[Page 332]: Added ’.’ (733. Describe the appearance of the brain when a horizontal section has been made. What is the gray border often called? What connects the)
[Page 333, Fig. 123]: Added ’.’ (4, 4, The optic foramen in the sphenoid bone; through which passes the second pair of nerves. 5, 5, The sphenoidal fissure.)
[Page 334, Fig. 124]: Added ’.’ (5, The corpus callosum. 6, The first pair of nerves. 7, The second pair. 8, The eye. 9, The third pair of nerves.)
[Page 334]: Added ’.’ (738. Describe the dura mater. What is its use? Explain fig. 124.)
[Page 342]: Added ’.’ (758. How many pairs of nerves issue from the spinal cord? Explain fig. 128. Fig. 129.)
[Page 347]: Was ’13 1–2’ (The heaviest brain on record was that of Cuvier, which weighed 4 pounds and 13½ ounces.)
[Page 365]: Added ’.’ (what age particularly is excessive and continued mental exertion hurtful? 813. What is said of scrofulous and rickety children?)
[Page 369]: Added ’.’ (the more repose they require. The organs of the child, beside sustaining their proper functions,)
[Page 385]: Added ’.’ (868. What is the appearance of the surface of the tongue? Explain fig. 134.)
[Page 387]: Added ’.’ (papillæ. 870. The fungiform papillæ? What nerve ramifies in the fungiform papillæ? How can these papillæ, or points, be seen? 871–875. Give the physiology of the organs of taste. 871. Define taste.)
[Page 394]: Added ’.’ (892. Describe the optic nerve. 893. Describe the globe of the eye.)
[Page 394]: Added ’.’ (892. Describe the optic nerve. 893. Describe the globe of the eye.)
[Page 395, Fig. 137]: Added ’.’ (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, The origin of several pairs of cranial nerves.)
[Page 396]: Added ’.’ (In form, it is circular, convexo-concave, and resembles a watch-glass. It is received by its edge, which is sharp and thin, within the)
[Page 397, Fig. 138]: Added ’.’ (a transverse section of the globe of the eye, seen from within. 1, The divided edge of the three coats—sclerotic)
[Page 399, Fig. 139]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 139.)
[Page 399, Fig. 139]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 139.)
[Page 399, Fig. 139]: Added ’.’ (The cornea (This connects with the sclerotic coat by a bevelled edge.) 3, The choroid coat. 6, 6, The iris. 7, The pupil.)
[Page 401]: Added ’,’ (906. The PROTECTING ORGANS are the Or´bits, Eyebrows, Eyelids, and Lach´ry-mal Apparatus.)
[Page 401]: Added ’.’ (covered with short, thick hairs, which form the upper boundary of the orbits. The eyebrows are so arranged)
[Page 401]: Added ’.’ (909. Describe the eyelids. What is the use of the conjunctiva? How are the white spots frequently)
[Page 403]: Added ’.’ (913. Describe the lachrymal gland. How many ducts pass from this gland, and what do they convey to the)
[Footnote 22]: Added ’.’ (The refracting character of differently-formed lenses is illustrated in the works on Natural Philosophy, to which the pupil is referred.)
[Page 407, Fig. 142]: Added ’.’ (Fig. 142. The forms of the different lenses. 1, A plane lens. 2, A globe lens. 3, A convexo-convex lens. 4, A plano-convex lens.)
[Page 407, Fig. 142]: Added ’.’ (4, A plano-convex lens. 5, A concavo-concave lens. 6, A plano-concave lens. 7, Meniscus. 8, A concavo-convex lens.)
[Page 416]: Changed ’.’ to ’?’ (Where is the wax of the ear secreted? 948. Describe the membrana tympani.)
[Page 417]: Was ’, 1,’ (This figure is highly magnified. 1, 1, The cochlea. 2, 3, Two channels, that wind two and a half turns around a central point)
[Page 421]: Was ’Eustuchian’ (This is the result of the air in the middle ear escaping through the Eustachian tube, when the vibrations of the membrana tympani are violent.)
[Page 422]: Added ’.’ (969. Many of the parts just enumerated aid in hearing, but are not absolutely essential to this sense. But if the vestibule)
[Page 422]: Added ’.’ (Note. Let the anatomy and physiology of the organs of hearing be reviewed, from fig. 148, or from anatomical outline plate No. 10.)
[Page 439]: Added ’.’ (know the proper mode of procedure in such cases, in order to render immediate assistance when within his power.)
[Page 441]: Added ’.’ (1035. What is the antidote? 1036. What should immediately be done when arsenic is swallowed?)
[Page 441]: Changed ’.’ to ’?’ (When magnesia cannot be obtained, what will answer as a substitute? 1050. What is the antidote when ley is swallowed?)
[Page 442]: Changed ’.’ to ’?’ (What treatment should be adopted when an over-dose of opium or any of its preparations is taken? 1057. What is said of stramonium?)
[Page 443]: Added ’.’ (lobelia, bloodroot, tobacco, &c., is taken? 1062. Should a physician be called in all cases when poison is swallowed?)
[Page 444]: Added ’.’ (Caseine is abundantly found in milk. When dried, it constitutes cheese. Alcohol, acids, and the stomach of any of the mammalia coagulate it; and)
[Page 444]: Added ’.’ (canal pass slowly through this portion. The rectum is named from the straight direction that it assumes in the latter part of its course.)
[Page 445]: Was ’a’ (This is called the peristaltic, or vermicular motion. The great length of intestine in all animals, and especially in the herbivorous ones, is owing to the necessity of)
[Page 448]: Added ’.’ (and often inspiring more deeply than is common in older persons. Also, if the carbon of the food does not have a requisite supply of oxygen)
[Page 451]: Added ’.’ (Ab-duc´tor. [L. abduco to lead away.] A muscle which moves certain parts,)
[Page 452]: Original looks like ’Arbør’. (Ar´bor. [L.] A tree. Arbor vitæ. The tree of life. A term applied to a part)
[Page 452]: Added ’,’ (Bre´vis. [L.] Brevis, short; brevior, shorter.)
[Page 452]: Added ’]’ (Cap´il-la-ry. [L. capillus, a hair.] Resembling a hair; small.)
[Page 454]: Added ’.’ (Having the quality of exhaling or evaporating.)
[Page 457]: Added ’.’ (Mi´tral. [L. mitra, a mitre.] The name of the valves in the left side of)
[Page 458]: Added ’.’ (O-men´tum. [L.] The caul.)
[Page 458]: Added ’.’ (Op-po´nens. That which acts in opposition to something. The name of two)
[Page 458]: Added ’.’ (Ox-al´ic. Pertaining to sorrel. Oxalic acid is the acid of sorrel. It is composed of two equivalents of carbon)
[Page 458]: Added ’.’ (invisible and inodorous. One of the components of atmospheric air.)
[Page 458]: Added ’.’ (Pec´tus. [L.] The chest.)
[Page 458]: Added ’.’ (Pec´to-ral. Pertaining to the chest.)
[Page 459]: Added ’.’ (Plex´us, [L. plecto, to weave together.] Any union of nerves, vessels, or fibres,)
[Page 459]: Added ’.’ (Pos´ti-cus. [L.] Behind; posterior. A term applied to certain muscles.)
[Page 459]: Added ’.’ (The muscle of the forearm that moves the palm of the hand downward.)
[Page 460]: Added ’.’ (Ra-di-a´lis. Radial; belonging to the radius.)
[Page 460]: Added ’.’ (Ra´mus. [L.] A branch. A term applied to the projections of bones.)
[Page 460]: Added ’.’ (Sep´tum. [L.] A membrane that divides two cavities from each other.)
[Page 462]: Was ’Be longing’ over line. (Vit´re-ous. [L. vitrum, glass.] Belonging to glass. A humor of the eye.)
[Page 462]: Removed comma: was ’L.,’ (Vo´mer. [L. a ploughshare.] One of the bones of the nose.)
[Page 464]: Added ’,’ (——, Physiology of the, 164)
[Page 464]: Added ’,’ (——, Hygiene of the, 172)
[Page 464]: Added ’,’ (——, Influence of, on the Circulation, 173)
[Page 465]: Added ’,’ (Mediastinum, 211)
[Page 465]: Added ’,’ (Medulla Oblongata, 333)
[Page 466]: Added ’,’ (Preservation of Health, 425)
[Page 466]: Substituted ’Spinal’ for the repeat line. (Spinal Cord, 36, 340)
[Page 467]: Added comma (Bones of the Head. 7, The sphenoid bone. 8, The frontal bone. 10, The parietal bone. 11, The os unguis. 12, The superior maxillary bone,)
[Page 468]: Added ’,’ (41, 41, The bones of the metatarsus, (middle of the foot.) 42, 42, The bones of the toes.)
[Page 469]: Added ’.’ (27, 28, Ligaments that connect the clavicle and scapula. 29, The capsular ligament of the shoulder-joint.)
[Page 469]: Added ’.’ (9, Tendon of the gluteus muscle. 35, The capsular ligament of the hip-joint.)
[Page 469]: Added ’.’ (37, The ligament that connects the tibia and fibula. 38, The interosseous ligament.)
[Page 469]: Added ’.’ (38, The interosseous ligament. 39, 40, Ligaments of the ankle-joint.)
[Page 469]: Added ’.’ (PLATE III.)
[Page 469]: Added ’.’ (Muscles of the Head and Neck. 7, The sterno-mastoideus muscle. 8, The sterno-hyoideus muscle. 9, The omo-hyoideus muscle. 10, The)
[Page 469]: Added ’.’ (16, The zygomatic muscle. 17, The depressor of the lower lip. 18, The depressor anguli oris muscle. 19, The triangular muscle of the)
[Page 469]: Added ’.’ (43, The sartorius muscle. 44, The rectus femoris muscle. 45, The vastus externus muscle. 46, The vastus internus muscle.)
[Page 469]: Added ’.’ (46, The vastus internus muscle. 47, The internal straight muscle. 48. The pectineus muscle. 49, The adductor muscle. 50, The psoas muscle.)
[Page 470]: Added ’.’ (56, 57, The gastrocnemii muscles. 58, The long flexor muscle of the great toe. 69, The short extensor muscles of the toes.)
[Page 470]: Added ’.’ (Muscles of the Lower Extremities. 29, The gluteus maximus muscle. 30, The gluteus medius muscle. 31, The biceps flexor cruris muscle.)
[Page 471]: Added ’.’ (10, The pharynx. 11, The œsophagus. 12, The upper portion of the spinal column. C, The spinal cord.)
[Page 471]: Added ’.’ (1, 1, 1, An outline of the right lung. 2, 2, 2, An outline of the left lung. 3, The larynx. 4, The trachea.)
[Page 472]: Added ’.’ (Arteries of the Neck and Head. 15, The right carotid artery. 16, The left carotid artery.)
[Page 472]: Added ’.’ (The capillary vessels of the lungs. P, P, P, The right pulmonary vein. Q, Q, The left pulmonary vein.)
[Page 473]: Unclear in original (10, The median nerve. G, The circumvex nerve of the shoulder.)
[Page 474]: Added ’,’ (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, Perspiratory glands and their ducts. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Nerves of the)
[Page 475]: Added ’.’ (8, 8, The tympanum, (middle ear.) 4, The malleus. 5, The incus. 6, The orbicularis.)