Bowing.

The bow is placed on the string at the nut, or lower part of the bow, the stick being tilted towards the fingerboard. The bow must be drawn steadily to its point, and exactly parallel with the bridge, whereby the wrist is compelled to move, and at the end of the stroke, on reaching the point of the bow, sinks so that the little finger only rests at its extreme tip upon the stick.

The upper arm is so held that with down strokes the elbow remains below the shoulder, until a third of the bow is left over. If the production of a louder tone is desired, the bowing is made closer to the bridge and in piano passages further away from it. The necessary power for producing louder tone is obtained only from the thumb, index finger, and wrist and the fore-arm is held as independently as possible of the upper arm.

Principal signs used for the left hand
and for the Bowing.

○openstring   ∏down bow
11stfinger٧up
22nd”Sp.(Spitze) at the point of the bow.
33rd”M.in the middle of the bow.
44th”Fr.(Frosch) at the heel (nut end) of the bow.
G.B.(Ganzer Bogen) whole bow.
H.B.half bow.