Common Science

by Carleton Washburne

INDEX

An asterisk (*) indicates use of one or more illustrations in connection with reference to which appended.

[A]	[B]	[C]	[D]	[E]	[F]	[G]	[H]	[I]	[K]	[L]	[M]
[N]	[O]	[P]	[Q]	[R]	[S]	[T]	[U]	[V]	[W]	[Y]	[Z]

• Acetylene, carbon and hydrogen in, [315].
• Acids, [351] ff.;
  • action of, on metals, [351]-353*;
  • action of, on cloth, [354]*;
  • action of, on nerves of taste, [354]-355;
  • distinguished from bases by litmus test, [358]-359;
  • neutralization of, by bases, [360]-364.
• Action and reaction, law of, [77]-81*.
• Adhesion, [39], [41]-44;
  • cohesion, capillary attraction, and, [47].
• Air, cooling of, on expanding, [95]-96;
  • liquid, [97];
  • heat carried by, by convection, [118]-119;
  • absorption of light by, [169];
  • sound produced by vibrations of, [174]-181*;
  • pitch due to rapidity of vibrations of, [186];
  • water vapor in, [275]-280*;
  • a mixture and not a compound, [309];
  • part taken by, in making automobile go, [344];
  • limewater test for carbon dioxid in, [375].
• Air pressure, [10] ff., [14]*;
  • height water is forced up by, in vacuum, [19];
  • high and low, [20], [282];
  • winds caused by, [20]-21.
• Air pump, [14]*, [15].
• Alcohol, boiling of, [112];
  • distilling, [113]*-114.
• Alkali, [356];
  • in soap, [357]-358.
• Alloys, definition of, [310].
• Alternating current, defined, [211]-212.
• Alum crystals, experiment with, [265]-266*.
• Aluminum, an element, [299].
• Alum in water, testing with litmus paper, [359].
• Amber, electricity produced by rubbing with silk, [196].
• Ammonia, example of a common base, [356];
  • action of, in cleaning cloth, [358];
  • litmus test of, [359];
  • neutralization of acid by, [363].
• Ampere, defined, [246].
• Analysis, chemical, [370]-376.
• Aneroid barometer, [285]*.
• Arc, the electric, [233]-240*.
• Atoms, description of, [196];
  • electrons and, [197];
  • everything in the world made of, [310]-311;
  • in molecules, [311].
• Aurora Borealis, cause of, [193].
• Automobile, reason for cranking, [210];
  • how made to go, [344]-345.
• Automobile races, overcoming of centrifugal force in, [75]*.
• Automobile tires, reason for wearing of, [80];
  • blow-outs of, [348].

• Baking powder, chemical change by solution shown by, [349]-350;
  • elements of which made, [367]-368.
• Baking soda, a common base, [356];
  • testing with litmus paper, [359];
  • neutralization of sour milk by, in cooking, [362];
  • carbon dioxid in, [366]-367.
• Ball bearings, used to diminish friction, [54]-55.
• Balloon, expansion of, [17]-18, [109]*;
  • reason for rising of, [26];
  • filling of, with hydrogen, [301]-304*.
• Barometer, use of, [280]-285*.
• Bases, substances called, [355]-358;
  • litmus test for distinguishing from acids, [358]-359;
  • neutralization of, by acids, [360]-364.
• Batteries, electric, [203]-205*;
  • different kinds of, [205]*-207*;
  • general principle of all, [206].
• Bell, electric battery for ringing, [204]-205*;
  • working of electric, [255]*.
• Bending of light (refraction), [136]-141*.
• Black, the absence of light, [164].
• Bleaching, process of, [326]-327.
• Blow-out of tire, a real explosion, [348].
• Blue-flame heaters, [319].
• Blueness of sky, reason for, [169].
• Blueprints, making of, [330]-331.
• Boiling and condensing, [107]-115*.
• Borax bead test, [371]*-372*.
• Brass, an alloy, [310].
• Bread making, chemical action in, [365].
• Breath, cause of visibility of, on cold days, [288], [289]*.
• Bronze, an alloy, [310].
• Burning, explanation of, [308], [312]-313.

• Calcium chlorid, [114].
• Camera, lens of, [143], 148;
  • human eye as a small, [151]*-153;
  • explanation of, [327]-332.
• Capillary attraction, [36]*-40;
  • difference between adhesion, cohesion, and, [47].
• Carbon, in electric battery, [203]-206;
  • resistance of, to electric current, [231];
  • an element, [293], [299];
  • one of chief elements in fuel, [315]-316.
• Carbon dioxid, in seltzer siphon, [17];
  • produced by joining of carbon with oxygen, [315];
  • combining of water and, by plants, [332]-333;
  • releasing of, in baking powder, [349]-350;
  • bubbling of, in effervescence, [365]-366;
  • in soda water, springs, and baking soda, [366]-367;
  • limewater test for, [375]-376.
• Carbonic acid gas, commercial name for pure carbon dioxid, [365]-366.
• Cat's hairs, static electricity in, [201].
• Caustic soda, a common base, [356].
• Center of weight, [30]-33*.
• Centrifugal force, [5], [72]-74;
  • law of, [74]-75.
• Charcoal, production of, [316].
• Charging water with carbon dioxid, [366].
• Chemical analysis, [370]-376.
• Chemical change, and energy, [293] ff.;
  • burning (oxidation), [312]-322;
  • caused by heat, [323]-325;
  • caused by light, [326]-335;
  • caused by electricity, [335]-339;
  • energy released by, [340]-341;
  • helped by solution, [349]-351.
• Chemical equations, [297]-299.
• Chlorine, an element, [299].
• Chlorophyll in plants, work of, [332].
• Cigar-box telegraph, construction of, [249]*, [380]-381*.
• Circuits, electric, [219]-220*;
  • breaking and making, [220]-221;
  • connecting in parallel, [221]-223*;
  • grounded, [225]-229*;
  • short, [240]-245*.
• Cloth, action of acids on, [354]*;
  • action of an alkali on, [356], [357]*.
• Clouds, how formed, [277]-278.
• Coal, carbon and hydrogen in, [315].
• Cohesion, [39], [44]*-49.
• Cold, caused by expansion, [94];
  • is the absence of heat, [95], [120].
• Color, [161]-172*.
• Comb, electricity produced by rubbing, [197]-198.
• Compass, use of, [190]-195*.
• Complete electric circuits, [219]-224*.
• Compounds, how elements hide in, [300];
  • definition of, [308]-309;
  • mixtures distinguished from, [309]-310.
• Concave mirrors, [154]*, [155]*, [157];
  • magnification by, [157];
  • in reflecting telescopes, [157].
• Conduction, of heat, [116]-118;
  • of electricity, [213]-218.
• Conductors of electricity, good and poor, [213].
• Conduits for electric wires, [237].
• Conservation of energy, [57] ff.
• Convection, carrying of heat by, [118]-119.
• Convex lens, [148]-149*;
  • in microscope, [155]-157*;
  • in telescope, [157].
• Cooling from expansion, [94]-96.
• Coolness at night and in winter, [127]-128.
• Copper, a good conductor of electricity, [215];
  • an element, [299];
  • nickel plating of, [336]-339*;
  • etching of, with acid, [352]*-353.
• Copper nitrate, salt called, [353].
• Cream, separating from milk, by centrifugal force, [75]-76.
• Crystals, formation of, [265]-268.
• Cylinder of engine, [344]*.

• Dead Sea, reason for salt in, [104]-105*.
• Decay, a kind of oxidation, [313].
• Dew, [275];
  • how formed, [287].
• Dictaphone, working of, [175], [178], [179]*.
• Diffusion, [268]-274;
  • of light, [158]-161.
• Direct-current electricity, [211]-212.
• Distilling of liquids, [112]-115*.
• Doorbell, electric battery for ringing, [204]-205.
• "Down," meaning of word, [4].
• Drainpipe, cleaning of, with lye, [358].
• Dry-cell battery, [206]*.
• Dust, reason for clinging to walls, [43]-44.
  • making of, [347].
• Dynamite, [343]*;
• Dynamo, how electric current is made to flow by, [207]*-210*.

• Earth, magnetism of, [190]-195.
• Easy circuit, a short circuit an, [244]-245.
• Echoes, explanation of, [183]-185.
• Effervescence, process of, [365];
  • generally due to freeing of carbon dioxid, [367]*-368;
  • helped by stirring or shaking, [368].
• Elasticity, [82]-86;
  • of form distinguished from elasticity of volume, [86]-87.
• Electrical apparatus, [216]-217*, [222]-223*;
  • description of, [379]-380.
• Electric arc, the, [233]*-240.
• Electric battery, the, [203]-206*.
• Electricity, magnetism and, [190] ff.;
  • static, [196]-202;
  • negative and positive charges of, [198]*-200;
  • action of, in thunderstorms, [200]-201;
  • flowing, [203] ff.;
  • flowing of, in dynamo, [207]-210;
  • alternating and direct-current, [211]-212;
  • conduction of, [213]*-218;
  • chemical change caused by, [335]-339.
• Electric lamps, vacuums in, [12]*, [317];
  • incandescent, [125];
  • gas-filled, [317].
• Electric motors, [256]*-257*.
• Electrolysis apparatus, [294]-295*.
• Electromagnets, [247]-257*.
• Electrons, [193];
  • description of, [197];
  • number of, in negative and in positive charges, [198]-200.
• Elements, defined, [293];
  • chemists' abbreviations of, [297]-299;
  • list of common, [299]-300;
  • hiding of, in compounds, [300]-301.
• Emulsion, defined, [261];
  • difference between solution and, [263].
• Energy released by chemical change, [340]-341.
• Engine, working of cylinder and piston of, [344]*.
• Ether, carrying of heat and light by, [124]-125;
  • light as waves of, [163]-164.
• Ether waves, [124]-125, [163]-164.
• Evaporating dish, [101]*.
• Evaporation, [100]-106*;
  • part taken by, in formation of clouds, rain, and dew, [277].
• Expansion, caused by heat, [88]-93;
  • cooling from, [94]-96*.
• Expansion ball and ring experiment, [91]*-92.
• Explosions, use of, [342]* ff.;
  • automobiles made to go by succession of, [344]-345;
  • cause of, [345];
  • shooting of guns caused by, [345]-346.
• Explosives, manufacture of, [347].
• Extension lights, [238].
• Eye, lens of, [142];
  • section of, [151]*;
  • working of, [151]*-153.

• Fading, process of, [326]-327.
• Filament of incandescent lamp, [125].
• Fire engines, need of, to force water high, [9].
• Fire extinguishers, action of, [317].
• Fires, caused by electric arcs, [236];
  • putting out of, by water, [317].
  • See Burning.
• Flames, formation of, [318].
• Floating, sinking and, [23]-28.
• Focus of light, [142]*-149*.
• Fogs, cause of, [288].
• Food, light necessary to production of, [332]-333.
• Force, overcoming of extra motion by, in lever, [63]-64*;
  • reason for, of steam, [110].
• Forecasters, weather, [282]-285.
• Form, elasticity of, [86]-87.
• Freckles, cause of, [327].
• Freezing and melting, [96]-99.
• Friction, [49]-55*;
  • electricity produced by, [197]-198*.
• Frost, [97], [275];
  • explanation of, [287].
• Fuel, chief elements in, [315]-316.
• Fulcrum of lever, [59]-60*.
• Fuse gap, the, [241]*, [379]*.
• Fuses, short circuits and, [240]-245.

• Gas, cooling of, on expanding, [94]-95;
  • carbon and hydrogen in, [315];
  • used for filling electric lamps, [317]-318;
  • will not burn until hot enough, [323]-324;
  • an explosion the sudden release of a confined, [348].
• Gases, diffusion of, [269]-271;
  • as elements, [293]-294.
• Gas heaters, action of, [319], [321]*, [322]*.
• Gasoline, evaporation of, [103];
  • boiling of, [112];
  • distilled from petroleum, [114];
  • elements of, [315];
  • action of, in making automobiles go, [344]-345.
• Geysers, cause of, [110].
• Glass, a poor conductor of heat, [118];
  • used as insulator of electricity, [215].
• Glowworms, reason for glowing of, [341]-342.
• Gold, an element, [293], [299];
  • plating of, [339].
• Gravitation, defined, [3].
• Gravity, [1];
  • pull of, opposed to pull of adhesion, [42]-43.
• Grease, friction diminished by, [53]-54;
  • combined with lye to form soap, [357].
• Great Salt Lake, reason for salt in, [104]-105.
• Greeks, early knowledge of electricity possessed by, [196].
• Green color of water, reason for, [169]-171*.
• Grounded circuits, [225]-229*.
• Gun, shooting of, caused by explosion, [345]-346.
• Gunpowder, action of, in shooting of a gun, [345]-346;
  • how made, [347].

• Hail, explanation of, [286].
• Heat, a result of friction, [53];
  • is the motion of molecules, [90];
  • not caused by expansion, [94]-95;
  • cold is absence of, [95], [120];
  • required to evaporate liquids, [102]-103;
  • conduction of, [116]-118;
  • carried by air, by convection, [118]-119;
  • radiation of, [122]-128;
  • of incandescent lamp, [125]-126;
  • brought to focus by convex lens, [149];
  • chemical change caused by, [323]-325.
• Heaters, hot-water, [120]*;
  • electric, [230], [232];
  • gas, [319], [321]*, [322]*.
• Heat waves, cause of, [141].
• Hydrochloric acid, getting hydrogen from, [301]-304;
  • testing for silver with, [373].
• Hydrofluoric acid, [351].
• Hydrogen, an element, [294], [299];
  • in water, [295]-296;
  • experiments with, [301]-304*;
  • one of chief elements in fuel, [315]-316;
  • part taken by, in burning, [312]-319.

• Ice, slight friction of, [52]*;
  • action of molecules in, on freezing and melting, [96]-97;
  • reason for floating of, [98]-99.
• Incandescence, defined, [125].
• Incandescent lamps, [125]-126;
  • number of electrons in, [197];
  • working of, [229]-232.
• Inertia, [66]-71;
  • definition of, [70].
• Insulators, of heat, [118];
  • of electricity, [213];
  • substances used as, [215].
• Iodine, an element, [299];
  • testing with, for starch, [373]-374.
• Iron, a good conductor of heat, [118];
  • an element, [299].
• Irons, electric, [229]*, [230], [232].
• Iron salt, formed by lemon juice on steel, [353].
• Iron ships, reason for floating, [24]*-26.

• Kerosene, boiling of, [112];
  • distilled from petroleum, [114];
  • carbon and hydrogen in, [315].

• Laughing gas, [309].
• Lava in volcanoes, [110].
• Lead, an element, [299].
• Lead pencils, arc light from, [233]*-234*.
• Leaning Tower of Pisa, [29]*-30.
• Lemon juice, action of, on silver and on steel, [353];
  • litmus test of, [359].
• Lens, of eye, [142], [151]*-153;
  • of camera, [143], [149]*, [328];
  • convex, [148]-149;
  • concave, [149]*;
  • in telescope, [157].
• Levers, [57]-65*.
• Light, radiation of, [122], [123]*-128;
  • reflection of, [129]-135*;
  • refraction of, [136]*-141;
  • focus of, [142]-149*;
  • brought to focus by convex lens, [149];
  • diffusion of, [158]-161*;
  • color a kind of, [162];
  • speed of, [182];
  • chemical change caused by, [326]-335;
  • and manufacture of food in plants, [332]-333.
• Lightning, cause of, [200]-201.
• Limewater test for carbon dioxid, [375]*-376.
• Liquid air, [97], [112].
• Liquids, absorption of, [36]-40;
  • diffusion in, [272].
• Litmus paper, experiments with, [358]-359.
• Litmus test, the, [358]-359.
• Lye, a common base, [356];
  • experiment with, [356];
  • soap made from, [357];
  • used for clearing out drainpipe, [358];
  • neutralization of, by acids, [363].

• Machinery, oiling of, to decrease friction, [53]-54.
• Magdeburg hemispheres, [15], [16]*-17.
• Magnetism, [190] ff.
• Magneto, of automobile, [210], [211]*;
  • of old-fashioned telephone, [210]-211.
• Magnets, [190]-195*.
• Magnification, [150]-157;
  • by concave mirror, [157].
• Magnifying glass, convex lens in, [149];
  • operation of, [150]-156*.
• Manganese dioxid, an essential in explosives, [347].
• Megaphone, working of, [184].
• Melting, freezing and, [96]-99.
• Membrane, diffusion through a, [272].
• Mercury, cohesion of, [47]-48*;
  • use of, in thermometer, [89]*, [90]-91;
  • an element, [299].
• Mercury-vapor lamps, [167]-168*, [172].
• Metals, good conductors of heat, [118];
  • good conductors of electricity, [215];
  • as elements, [310];
  • plating of, [336]-339*;
  • action of acids on, [351]-353.
• Microscope, [88];
  • working of, [155]-157*.
• Mirrors, concave, [154]*, [155]*, [157].
• Mixtures, distinguished from compounds, [309]-310.
• Molecular attraction, [36] ff.
• Molecules, pull of, on each other, [46]-47;
  • explanation of, [88]-89;
  • heat defined as the motion of, [90];
  • action of, in evaporation, [102]-103*;
  • action of, in boiling water, [107];
  • action of, in conduction of heat, [117];
  • action of, in radiation of heat and light, [125];
  • action of, in magnetizing, [194]*-195;
  • made up of atoms, [196], [310];
  • mingling of, [259] ff.;
  • action of, in formation of clouds, rain, and dew, [277].
• Moon, cause of ring around, [131].
• Morse telegraph code, [253].
• Motion-picture machines, lenses of, [143], [148].
• Motor, the electric, [255]-257*.
• Mountains, rainfall on, [286]-287.
• Musical instruments, pitch of, [185]-187*, [188];
  • vibrating devices of, [188].

• Nail plug, the, [241]*, [379]*.
• Needle, magnetizing of, [192]*, [193]*-195.
• Negative charges of electricity, [198]-200.
• Neutralization of acids and bases, [360]-364.
• Niagara Falls, electricity generated by, [210].
• Nickel, an element, [299].
• Nickel-plating copper, process of, [336]-339*.
• Night, reason for coolness at, [127]-128.
• Nitric-acid, etching copper with, [352]*-353;
  • action of, on cloth, [354]*.
• Nitrogen, an element, [299];
  • a non-burning gas, [308];
  • used in electric lamps, [317].
• Northern Lights, cause of, [193].

• Ocean, why salt, [104]-105.
• Oil, reason for floating of, [26]-27;
  • decreasing of friction by, [53]-54;
  • softening due to, [290]-292;
  • carbon and hydrogen in crude, [315];
  • why water will not put out burning, [317].
• Oil heaters, action of, [319].
• Orange, litmus test of, [359].
• Osmosis, process called, [272]-274.
• Osmotic pressure, [272]-273*.
• Oxidation, [312]-322.
• Oxygen, an element, [293], [299];
  • an element of water, [295]-296;
  • experiments in getting, from two solids, [305]-308*;
  • function of, in burning, [308];
  • part taken by, in burning (oxidation), [312]-313;
  • released in manufacture of plant food, [333]-335;
  • a compound of, an essential in explosives, [347].

• Pancakes, made from sour milk, [362].
• Paper, carbon and hydrogen in, [315].
• Paraffine, production of, [114].
• Parallel circuits, [221]-223*.
• Peat, carbon and hydrogen in, [315].
• Pencils, making arc light with, [233]*-234*.
• Periscope experiment, [134]-135*.
• Petroleum, gasoline and kerosene distilled from, [114].
• Phonograph, working of, [177]-178*.
• Phosphorescence, cause of, [341]-342.
• Phosphorus, an element, [300];
  • meaning of name, [341].
• Photographs, process of making, [327]-332*.
• Pitch of sound, explanation of, [185]-188*.
• Plants, light and the manufacture of food in, [332]-333;
  • how oxygen is supplied by, [333]-335.
• Plating of metals, [336]-339*.
• Platinum, an element, [300].
• Poles, positive and negative, [206]-207.
• Porcelain, used as insulator, [215].
• Positive charges of electricity, [198]-200.
• Potassium, experiment with, [304].
• Potassium chlorate, an essential in explosives, [347].
• Precious stones, formation of, [263]-264.
• Prism, refraction of light by, [136]-140*;
  • separation of light into rainbow colors by, [162]-163*.

• Quicksilver. See Mercury.

• Radiation of heat and light, [122]*-128.
• Radium, an element, [300].
• Rain, [275];
• cause of, [278]-280.
• Rainbow, making a, on wall, [162]*-163;
  • how formed, [170]-171.
• Reading glasses, [144]*;
  • convex lens in, [150].
• Red color of sky at sunset, reason for, [170].
• Reflecting telescopes, [157].
• Reflection of light, [129]-135*.
• Refraction of light, [136]-141*.
• Resistance, electrical, [229]-232.
• Retina of eye, [151]*, [153].
• Reverberation of sound, [183]-185.
• Ring around moon, cause of, [131].
• Rock candy, how made, [267].
• Rubber, used as insulator, [215].
• Rusting of iron, [349].

• Safety valves on steam boilers, [347].
• Salt, reason for, in sea, [104]-105*;
  • a compound, [308];
  • elements of, [310]-311;
  • formed by hydrochloric acid and zinc, [351];
  • iron, formed by lemon juice on steel, [353];
  • acids and bases turned to water and, by combining, [361]-362.
• Salt water, litmus test of, [359].
• Samson cells, [204].
• Scattering of light (diffusion), [158]-161*.
• Seesaw, example of a lever, [57]-58*.
• Seltzer siphon, working of, [17].
• Ships, reason for floating, [24]*-26.
• Shock, electrical, [214]-215.
• Short circuits and fuses, [240]-245.
• Silver, an element, [300];
  • plating of, [339];
  • hydrochloric acid test for, [373].
• Silver chlorid, formation of, [327].
• Sinking and floating, [23]-28*.
• Siphon, [18]*.
• Sky, reason why blue, [169];
  • why red at sunset, [170].
• Smoke, consistency of, [318]-319.
• Snow, [275];
• formation of, [285]-286.
• Snowflakes, [97], [286]*.
• Soap, how made, [357]-358.
• Soda water, how made, [365]-366.
• Sodium, experiment with, [304].
• Softening due to oil or water, [290]-292.
• Soil, litmus test of, [359].
• Solution, defined, [261];
  • difference between emulsion and, [263];
  • a mixture and not a compound, [309];
  • chemical change helped by, [349].
• Sound, cause of, [174];
  • rate of speed, [181]-182;
  • action of, in echoes, [183]-185*;
  • pitch of, [185]-188.
• Sour milk, litmus test of, [359];
  • neutralization of, by baking soda, [362].
• Sourness, taste of, caused by acids, [353], [354]-355.
• Spectroscope, use of the, [172].
• Spectrum, the, [172].
• Spring water, carbon dioxid in, [366].
• Stability, [29]-34.
• Starch, iodine test for, [373]-374.
• Stars, twinkling of, [141];
  • how to tell of what made, [171]-172.
• Static electricity, [196]-202*.
• Steam, reason for force exerted by, [110];
  • geysers and volcanoes caused by, [110];
  • real, not visible, [112] n.
• Steel, generally an alloy, [310].
• Stereopticons, lenses of, [148].
• Storage battery, [206], [207]*;
  • action of electricity in, [339].
• Stoves, electric, [230], [232].
• Street car, electric motor of, [255]-257.
• Suction pump, [19]*.
• Sugar, making of, by plants, [332]-333;
  • litmus test of, [359].
• Sulfur, an element, [300].
• Sulfuric acid, action of, on cloth, [354];
  • litmus test of, [359].
• Sun, radiation of heat and light from the, [122]-128;
  • how to tell of what made, [171]-172.
• Sunbeams, explanation of, [131].
• Sweat glands, function of, [291].

• Tanning, process of, [327].
• Telegraph apparatus, [247]-252*, [380]-381*.
• Telegraph code, [253].
• Telephone, working of, [253]-255.
• Telescopes, [156]*, [157];
  • how made, [157];
  • reflecting, [157].
• Temperature, finding the, by reading a thermometer, [90]-91.
• Thermometer, the, [89]*-91*.
• Thermos bottle, how made, [126]-127*.
• Thunder, cause of, [200]-201.
• Tin, an element, [300].
• Tin salt, poisonous, [353].
• Toasters, electric, [230], [232].
• Tomatoes, use of soda to neutralize acid of, [362]-363.
• Tungsten, in incandescent lamps, [231].
• Tuning-fork experiments, [181]*, [186]-187*.
• Twinkling of stars, cause of, [141].

• "Up," meaning of word, [4].

• Vacuum, defined, [11];
  • reason for, in electric lamp, [12]*, [317];
  • use of, in manufacture of thermos bottles, [126]-127*;
  • impossibility of producing sound in, [176]-177.
• Valves, safety, on boilers, [347].
• Vaseline, production of, [114].
• Vibrations, of air, [174]-181*;
  • pitch due to rapidity of, [186].
• Vinegar, litmus test of, [359];
  • neutralization of lye by, [363].
• Violin, tuning of, [187].
• Volcanoes, cause of, [110];
  • explosions and, [346]*.
• Volume, elasticity of, [86]-87.

• Washing soda, a common base, [356];
  • litmus test of, [359].
• • gurgling of, when poured from bottle, [13];
  • experiment with, to show centrifugal force, [73]-74;
  • used for making thermometer, [90]*-92;
  • expansion of, when frozen, [98];
  • evaporation of, [100]-106;
  • action of, in geysers and volcanoes, [110];
  • absorption of light by, [169]-170;
  • as conductor of electricity, [216];
  • use of, for generating electricity, [256]-257;
  • softening due to, [290]-292;
  • elements of, [294]-297;
  • a compound and not a mixture, [308];
  • formed by burning fuel, [316];
  • why fire is put out by, but not burning oil, [317];
  • combining of carbon dioxid and, by plants, [332]-333;
  • rusting of iron by, [349];
  • acids and bases turned to salt and, by combining, [361]-362.
• Water, seeks its own level, [6]-10;
• Wear, a result of friction, [53].
• Weather, forecasting of, [282]-285.
• Weight, center of, [30]-33*.
• Wet battery, [204]-205*.
• White, a combination of all colors, [162].
• Winds, cause of, [20]-21.
• Winter, reason for cold in, [127]-128.
• Wiring for arc lamps, [236]-239.
  • carbon and hydrogen in, [315].
• Wood, poor conductor of heat, [118];

• Yardstick, experiment with, to show leverage, [59]*-60.
• Yeast, action of, in bread making, [365].
• Yellow, in flames, [318].
• Yerkes Observatory, telescope of, [156]*.

• Zinc, in electric battery, [203]-206;
  • an element, [300];
  • used for driving hydrogen out of acid, [301], [304].

---

CONSERVATION SERIES