A Political and Social History of Modern Europe V.1.

by Carlton J. H. Hayes

ADDITIONAL READING

THE BRITISH MONARCHY, 1760-1800. General accounts: A. L. Cross, History of England and Greater Britain (1914), ch. xlv, a brief résumé; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. VI (1909), ch. xiii; A. D. Innes, History of England and the British Empire, Vol. III (1914), ch. vii-ix, xi; C. G. Robertson, England under the Hanoverians (1911); J. F. Bright, History of England, Vol. III, Constitutional Monarchy, 1689-1837; William Hunt, Political History of England, 1760-1801 (1905), Tory in sympathy; and W. E. H. Lecky, A History of England in the Eighteenth Century, London ed., 7 vols. (1907), and A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, 5 vols. (1893), the most complete general histories of the century. Special studies: E. and A. G. Porritt, The Unreformed House of Commons, new ed., 2 vols. (1909), a careful description of the undemocratic character of the parliamentary system; J. R. Fisher, The End of the Irish Parliament (1911); W. L. Mathieson, The Awakening of Scotland, 1747-1797 (1910); Correspondence of George III with Lord North, 1768-1783, ed. by W. B. Donne, 2 vols. (1867), excellent for illustrating the king's system of personal government; Horace Walpole, Letters, ed. by Mrs. P. Toynbee, 16 vols. (1903-1905), a valuable contemporary source as "Walpole is the acknowledged prince of letter writers"; G. S. Veitch, The Genesis of Parliamentary Reform (1913), a clear and useful account of the agitation in the time of Pitt and Fox; W. P. Hall, British Radicalism, 1791-1797 (1912), an admirable and entertaining survey of the movement for political and social reform in England; J. H. Rose, William Pitt and National Revival (1911), dealing with the years 1781-1791. There are biographies of William Pitt (the Younger) by Lord Rosebery (1891) and by W. D. Green (1901); and The Early Life of Charles James Fox by Sir G. 0. Trevelyan (1880) affords a delightful picture of the life of the time. Also see books listed under ENGLISH SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, pp. 427 f., above.

THE BENEVOLENT DESPOTS. Brief general accounts: H. E. Bourne, The Revolutionary Period in Europe, 1763-1815 (1914), ch. ii, iv, v; J. H. Robinson and C. A. Beard, The Development of Modern Europe, Vol. I (1907), ch. x, xi; H. M. Stephens, Revolutionary Europe, 1789-1815 (1893), ch. i; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. VI (1909), ch. xii, xviii-xx, xxii, xvi; E. F. Henderson, A Short History of Germany, Vol. II (1902), ch. v, excellent on Frederick the Great. With special reference to the career of Charles III of Spain: Joseph Addison, Charles III of Spain (1900); M. A. S. Hume, Spain, its Greatness and Decay, 1479-1788 (1898), ch. xiv, xv; François Rousseau, Règne de Charles III d'Espagne, 1759- 1788, 2 vols. (1907), the best and most exhaustive work on the subject; Gustav Diercks, Geschichte Spaniens von der fruhesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart, 2 vols. (1895-1896), a good general history of Spain by a German scholar. On Gustavus III of Sweden: R. N. Bain, Scandinavia, a Political History of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, from 1513 to 1900 (1905). On the Dutch Netherlands in the eighteenth century: H. W. Van Loon, The Fall of the Dutch Republic (1913). On Joseph II: A. H. Johnson, The Age of the Enlightened Despot, 1660-1789 (1910), ch. x, an admirable brief introduction to the subject; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. VIII (1904), ch. xi, on Joseph's foreign policy; William Coxe (1747-1828), History of the House of Austria, Vol. III, an excellent account though somewhat antiquated; Franz Krones, Handbuch der Geschichte Oesterreichs, Vol. IV (1878), Books XIX, XX, a standard work; Karl Ritter, Kaiser Joseph II und seine kirchlichen Reformen; G. Holzknecht, Ursprung und Herkunft der reformideen Kaiser Josefs II auf kirchlichem Gebiete (1914). For further details of the projects and achievements of Frederick the Great and Maria Theresa, see bibliographies accompanying Chapter XI, above; and for those of Catherine II of Russia, see bibliography of Chapter XII, above.

THE FRENCH MONARCHY, 1743-1789. Brief general accounts: Shailer Mathews, The French Revolution (reprint 1912), ch. vi-viii; A. J. Grant, The French Monarchy, 1483-1789, Vol. II (1900), ch. xix-xxi; G. W. Kitchin, A History of France, Vol. III (4th ed., 1899), Book VI, ch. iii-vii; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. VIII (1904), ch. ii- iv; E. J. Lowell, The Eve of the French Revolution (1892), an able survey; Sophia H. MacLehose, The Last Days of the French Monarchy (1901), a popular narrative. More detailed studies: J. B. Perkins, France under Louis XV, 2 vols. (1897), an admirable treatment; Ernest Lavisse (editor), Histoire de France, Vol. VIII, Part II, Règne de Louis XV, 1715-1774 (1909), and Vol. IX, Part I, Règne de Louis XVI, 1774-1789 (1910), the latest and most authoritative treatment in French; Felix Rocquain, The Revolutionary Spirit Preceding the French Revolution, condensed Eng. trans. by J. D. Hunting (1891), a suggestive account of various disorders immediately preceding 1789; Leon Say, Turgot, a famous little biography translated from the French by M. B. Anderson (1888); W. W. Stephens, Life and Writings of Turgot (1895), containing extracts from important decrees of Turgot; Alphonse Jobez, La France sous Louis XV, 6 vols. (1864-1873), and, by the same author, La France sous Louis XVI, 3 vols. (1877-1893), exhaustive works, still useful for particular details but in general now largely superseded by the Histoire de France of Ernest Lavisse; Charles Gomel, Les causes financières de la révolution française: les derniers contrôleurs généraux, 2 vols. (1892-1893), scholarly and especially valuable for the public career of Turgot, Necker, Calonne, and Loménie de Brienne; Rene Stourm, Les finances de l'ancien régime et de la révolution, 2 vols. (1885); Aimé Cherest, La chute de l'ancien regime, 1787-1789, 3 vols. (1884-1886), a very detailed study of the three critical years immediately preceding the Revolution; F. C. von Mercy-Argenteau, Correspondance secrète avec l'impératrice Marie- Thérèse, avec les lettres de Marie-Thérèse et de Marie-Antoinette, 3 vols. (1875); and Correspondance secrète avec l'empereur Joseph II et le prince de Kaunitz, 2 vols. (1889-1891), editions of original letters and other information which Mercy-Argenteau transmitted to Vienna from 1766 to 1790, very valuable for the contemporary pictures of court-life at Versailles (selections have been translated and published in English). Also see books listed under FRENCH SOCIETY ON THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION, p. 427, above.