VI. STYLE.

129. Uniformity for its own sake is of very little account; for the sake of intelligibility, to prevent perplexity and misunderstanding, it is worth something. And it is well to be uniform, merely to avoid the question, “Why were you not consistent?” {63}

A. HEADINGS.

130. Print headings in some marked type.

Either heavy-faced (best, if it can be had not too black), small capitals (handsome), or italics (least pleasing); never capitals (ugly and hard to read). Christian names should be in ordinary type; to make them like the heading is confusing, to have a special type for them would be extravagant.

131. Italicize titles of honor and similar distinguishing words.

Earl, Mrs., Rev., of Paris, Alexandrinus, etc., also the name of a country or state following the name of a town, as Wilton, N. H., Cambridge, Eng.

These words are to be italicized only in the headings and not in the title. They are italicized in the heading to distinguish the name and bring it out clearly; there is no need of such distinction in titles. Do not print Badeau, Gen. A. Life of Gen. Grant. If the heading is italicized, the words Mrs., Earl, etc., must be distinguished from it in some other way.

132. Print the headings of all the four kinds of entry (author, title, subject, form) in the same kind of type.

In some indexes a distinction is made between persons and places or between authors and subjects, but in a catalogue varieties of type must be reserved for more important distinctions. The Catalogue of the Library of the Interior Department uses a heavy-faced title type for authors and a light-faced antique for other entries, with very satisfactory effect; but such typographical luxuries are not within general reach.

133. Print the whole of an author-, title-, or form-heading in the special type; also an alternative family name and the family name of the second of joint authors, if both authors are put into the heading (§ [240]), and the family names of British noblemen.

Ex. Cervantes Saavedra, Varnhagen von Ense, Cape of Good Hope, Bicknell & Goodhue, American Antiquarian Society, Comparative anatomy, Political economy; Chasteillon (Lat. Castalio or Castellio), S.; Craik, G. L., and Knight, C.; Manchester, W. Drogo Montagu, 7th Duke of.

134. Print the first word of a title-entry in the special type.

Ex. Rough diamond. But compound words, whether hyphened or not, should be printed wholly in the heading type; as, Out of door amusements. London, 1864. 8º. This is merely for looks; the kind of type has nothing to do with the arrangement.

135. Add pseud. to the heading for all sorts of false names of whatever origin.

So much is necessary to prevent mistake on the part of the public; but it is a waste of time for the cataloguer to rack his brains to discover which of the ingenious names invented by Pierquin de Gembloux (cryptonym, geonym, phrenonym, etc.) is applicable to each case; for the only result is that readers are puzzled. A list of these terms may be found in the Notice of Quérard by Olphar Hamst [i. e., R. Thomas], London, 1867.

The unauthorized assumption of any name should be indicated by such phrases as called, calling himself, dit, soi disant, se dicente or che si dice, que se dice or se dicendiose, genannt, genoemd, etc.

136. When an author uses a single pseudonym add it to his name, unless the entry is made under the pseudonym; when the pseudonym is used only in one work, and different ones in other works, include it in that title, followed by [pseud.].

Ex.

Clemens, S. C. (pseud. Mark Twain).

Godwin, Wm. The looking-glass; by T. Marcliffe [pseud.]. {64}

137. Add ed. to the heading when it is needed to show that a book is merely put together, not written, by the author in hand.

The title usually shows this fact clearly enough without ed. Short would omit to note the fact, and in Full, perhaps even in Medium, it is better to state it in the title than in the heading. The distinction, after all, is rarely of practical value.

138. Repeat the family name for each person.

Ex.

Smith, Caleb. Sermon.

Smith, Charles. Address.

Smith, Conrad. Narrative.

not

Smith, Caleb. Sermon.

—, Charles. Address.

—, Conrad. Narrative.

139. Distinguish authors whose family name is the same by giving the forename in full or by initials.

In a card catalogue the names should always be given in full; in printing, initials are often used to save room; but the saving is small, and the advantages of full names are so considerable that any cataloguer who is relieved from the necessity of the greatest possible compression ought to give them. For the more common forenames fullness can be combined with economy by the use of the colon abbreviations (C: = Charles, etc. See Appendix V.) Under subjects it is rare that two persons of even the same family name come together and initials are sufficient; but here also the colon initials should be used. An exception may well be made in the case of men always known by a double name; as, Sydney Smith or Bayard Taylor. Nobody talks of Smith or Taylor. Taylor, B., conveys no idea whatever to most readers. Taylor, Bayard, they know. When one name alone is usual, as Gladstone, Shakespeare, and when both forms are used, as Dickens and Charles Dickens, initials will suffice. Of course there can be no uniformity in such practice, but there will be utility, which is better.

Forenames used by the author in a diminutive or otherwise varied form may be given in that form.

Ex. Carleton, Will; McLean, Sally; Reuter, Fritz.

140. Mark in some way those forenames which are usually omitted by the author, and neglect them in the arrangement.

Ex. Collins, (Wm.) Wilkie; Gérard, (Cécile) Jules (Basile). This is of practical use. The consulter running over the Collinses is puzzled by the unusual name unless some generally accepted sign shows him that it is unusual. He does not quickly recognize Charles Dickens in Dickens, Charles John Huffam; or Leigh Hunt in Hunt, James Henry Leigh; or Max Müller in Müller, Friedrich Max. Besides, the eye finds the well-known name more quickly if the others are, as it were, pushed aside. The most common methods of distinction are inclosure in parentheses and spacing: Guizot, (François Pierre) Guillaume, or Guizot, F r a n ç o i s  P i e r r e Guillaume. The latter is objec­tion­able as unusual, as taking too much room, and as making emphatic the very part of the name which one wants to hide. I prefer the style, Dickens, Charles (in full C: J: Huffam). See § [221]. But in those catalogues in which all Christian names are inclosed in parentheses, some other sign must of course be used to mark the less usual names.

141. Distinguish authors whose family and forenames are the same by the dates of their birth and death, or, if these are not known, by some other label.

Ex. Bp., C. E., Capt., Col., D.D., F.R.S., etc., always to be printed in italics.

In a manuscript catalogue, in preparing which of course one never knows how many new names may be added, such titles should be given to every name. In {65} printing, if room is an object, they may be omitted except when needed for the distinction of synonymous authors. Note, however, that many persons are commonly known and spoken of by a title rather than by their first name, and it is a convenience for the man who is looking, for instance, for the life of Gen. Greene, whose Christian name he does not know, to see at once, as he runs his eye over the list of Greenes, which are generals, without having to read all the titles of books written by or about the Greenes in order to identify him. For the same reason Mrs. should always be given with the name of a married woman, whether the forename which follows is her own or her husband’s; even when the following form is adopted, “Hall, Mrs. Anna Maria (Fielding), wife of S. C.,” which is always to be done when in her titles she uses her husband’s initials. In this case a reference should be made from Hall, Mrs. S. C., to Hall, Mrs. A. M., and so in similar cases. If forenames are represented under subjects by their initials, it is well to give Miss or Mrs. with the names of female authors. The reader who would like to read a book by Miss Cobbe on a certain subject may not feel sure that Cobbe, F. P., is Miss Cobbe.

As late as 1760 unmarried women were usually styled Mrs.; as, Mrs. Lepel, Mrs. Woffington, Mrs. Blount, and among writers Mrs. Hannah More. There is no objection to following this practice in cataloguing, as the object of the cataloguer is not to furnish biographical information but to identify the people catalogued.

142. Titles of Englishwomen are to be treated by the following rules: [47]

In the matter of titles an Englishwoman in marrying has everything to gain and nothing to lose. If she marries above her own rank she takes her husband’s title in exchange for her own, if below her own rank she keeps her own title.

Titles of married women.

a. The wife of a peer takes her husband’s style.

That is, she is Baroness, Viscountess, Marchioness, etc. In cataloguing, say Brassey, Annie (Allnutt), Baroness; not Brassey, Annie (Allnutt), Lady.

b. The wife of a knight or baronet is Lady. Whether this title precedes or follows her forename depends upon whether she had a title before her marriage.

That is, if Lady Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (either knight or baronet), she is Lady Mary Brown, also if Hon. Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (knight or baronet) she is Lady Mary Brown; but if Miss Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (knight or baronet), she becomes Mary, Lady Brown.

c. A maid of honor retains her Hon. after marriage, unless, of course, it is merged into a higher title.

Thus, if she marries a baronet she is the Honble Lady Brown, if a peer the Lady So and So, in either case as though she had been a peer’s daughter.

d. The wife of an earl’s (or higher peer’s) younger son is never the Honble Lady; if she used the Lady before marriage in her own right she does not, of course, add anything by such marriage, but the wife of a younger son of a lower peer than an earl is Honble Mrs. (not Lady)—the younger children of all peers using, of course, the family name, with or without their forenames, according to their rank. {66}

e. If the lady to whom the title Hon. belongs in virtue of her father’s rank marries a commoner, she retains her title, becoming Hon. Lady, if she marries a knight or baronet; and Hon. Mrs., if her husband has no title.

None of these courtesy titles are inherited by the children of those who bear them, the third generation of even the highest peer being simply commoners unless raised in rank by marriage or merit.

Titles of unmarried women.

f. The title Lady belongs to daughters of all noblemen not lower than earl.

g. The title Hon. belongs to daughters of viscounts and barons; also to an untitled woman who becomes maid of honor to the Queen, and this title is retained after she leaves the service. If a woman who has the title Lady becomes maid of honor she does not acquire the title Hon.

[47] Prepared by Miss May Seymour and Mr. F. Wells Williams (Lib. jnl., 13: 321, 361).

143. Distinctive epithets to be in the same language as the name.

Ex. Kniaz, Fürst von, Freiherr zu, duc de Magenta, Bishop of Lincoln, évêque de Meaux; but Emperor of Germany, King of France, not Kaiser and roi, because names of sovereign princes are given in English. Treat in the same way patronymics habitually joined with a person’s name; as, Clemens Alexandrinus.

144. Prefixes (i. e., titles which in speaking come before the name), as, Hon., Mrs., Rev., etc., should be placed before the Christian name (as Smith, Capt. John), and suffixes as Jr., D.D., LL.D., after it (as Channing, James Ellery, D.D.).

Hereditary titles generally follow the Christian name, as Derby, Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of; but British courtesy titles (i. e., those given to the younger sons of dukes and marquesses) precede, as Wellesley, Lord Charles (2d son of the Duke of Wellington). In other languages than English, French, and German the title usually precedes the forename; as, Alfieri, Conte Vittorio. Occasionally a French nobleman uniformly places his title before his forenames; as, Gasparin, Comte Agénor de.

Lord should be replaced by the exact title in the names of English noblemen, e. g., Lord Macaulay should be entered as Macaulay, 1st Baron. Lord in the title of Scotch judges follows the family name; as, Kames, H. Home, afterwards Lord.

The title Baronet is given in the form Scott, Sir Walter, Bart.

Patronymic phrases, as of Dedham, follow all the names; but they must immediately follow the family name when they are always used in close connection with it, as Girault de St. Farjeau, Eusèbe; similarly aîné, fils, jeune, as Dumas fils, Alexandre; Didot fils, Ambroise. Latin appellatives should not in general be separated from their nouns by a comma; as, Cæsar Heisterbacensis.

145. Distinguish two subject-headings which are spelled alike by italicized phrases in parentheses.

Ex.

Calculus (in mathematics).

Calculus (in medicine).

146. Medium avoids the repetition of the heading with all titles after the first by using a dash. Short usually employs indention.

Indention takes as much room as the dash and is much less clear. There should always be at least a hair-space between the end of the dash and the next letter; indeed that is the rule of all good printing. Under a subject the repetition of the {67} author’s name is indicated by a second dash. [48] (The repetition of the title is shown by the word Same.)

Cobbett, Wm. Emigrant’s guide.

— A little plain English. London, 1795. 8º.

— Same. Phila., 1795. 8º.

— Porcupine’s works.

Atheism. Beecher, L. Lectures, etc.

— Bentley, R. Confutation of A.

— – Folly of A. and deism.

— – Matter and motion.

— – Fotherby, M. Atheomastix.

[48] After trying several experiments I have settled upon the following as producing the best effect:

Put

before the second and following lines of a title3 em quads.
before and after the em dash that denotes repetitionan en quad.
before and after the double dash (an em dash followed by an en dash)an en quad.
between the parts of the double dasha 5-em space.
before Same, in addition to the regular en quada 5-em space.
before the first line of Notes and Contents (Do not indent the other lines of Notes and Contents at all.)an em quad.
before the place of publicationan em quad.
between the date and the size-markan en quad and a 5-em space.

147. Print in the special type a heading occurring in other parts of the catalogue, when a reference is intended.

After See or In, or when in a note some book contained in the catalogue is referred to; as, “For a discussion of the authorship, see Graesse’s Lehrbuch.”

B. TITLES.

(a.) ORDER.

148. Preserve the order of words of the title.

Short will depart from the order whenever it can not otherwise abridge the title; Medium and Full will do the same, but they will bracket all words introduced out of their original place as much as if they did not occur in the title at all.

149. When the title-page begins with the indication of the series to which the book belongs, followed by the title of the book, transpose the series name to a parenthesis after the imprint, including the number in the series, when the series is numbered.

Ex. American commonwealths. Virginia; a history of the people, by John Esten Cooke, would be entered Cooke, J: E. Virginia; a history of the people. Boston, 1883. D. (Amer, commonwealths.)

(b.) ABRIDGMENT.

150. The more careful and student-like the probable use of the library the fuller the title should be,—fuller, that is, of information, not of words. Many a title a yard long does not convey as much meaning as two well-chosen words. No precise rule can be given for abridgment. The title must not be so much shortened that the book shall be confounded with any other book of the same author or any other edition of the same book, or that it shall fail to be recognized by those who know it or have been referred to it by title, or that it shall convey a false or insufficient idea of the nature of the work and (under the subject) of its theme and its {68} method of treating its theme. [49] On the other hand, it must not retain anything which could reasonably be inferred from the rest of the title or from its position under a given heading. [50]

[49] This clause must be very differently interpreted according to the character of the catalogue. It expresses rather the object to be aimed at than the point which an ordinary catalogue can expect to reach. To fully describe and characterize every book is impossible for most cataloguers. Still by a little management much may be briefly done. The words drama, play, novel, historical novel, poem, retained from or inserted in the title tell a great deal in a little space.

[50] It must make these omissions not merely that the catalogue may be short but that consulting it may be easy. Other things being equal, that title is best which can be taken in at a glance. What has been said in defence of full titles may be true, that “it takes longer to abridge a title than to copy it in full,” but it is also true that it takes longer for the printer to set the unabridged title, and longer for the reader to ascertain its meaning, and a long-title catalogue, besides being more expensive, is more bulky and therefore less convenient.

151. Omit the preliminary article when it can be done without altering the sense or too much offending the ear.

It will not do even for Short to catalogue “On the true, the beautiful, and the good” thus:

Cousin, V. True, beautiful, good;

but a list of Buckstone’s plays may as well be printed

— Breach of promise, comedy.

— Christening, farce.

— Dead shot, farce.

— Dream at sea.

— Kiss in the dark, farce.

— Lesson for ladies, com.,

though the meaning of “Christening” and “The christening” is slightly different, and “Kiss in the dark” might be taken for an injunction, whereas “A kiss in the dark” is evidently only a title. Still neither Short nor Medium should hesitate to omit even in these cases. Besides the economy, the alphabetical order is brought out more clearly by this omission. That can also be done awkwardly by transposing the article; as,

— Breach of promise, The; com.

— Christening, The; farce.

— Dead shot, The; farce.

— Dream at sea, The.

152. Short omits articles in the title.

Ex. “Observations upon an alteration of the charter of the Bank of England” is abridged: “Alteration of charter of Bank of England,” which is certainly not euphonious, but is as intelligible as if it were. Medium usually indulges in the luxury of good English. Perhaps in time a catalogue style will be adopted in which these elisions shall be not merely allowed, but required. It may be possible to increase the number of cataloguing signs. We have now 8º where we once had octavo, then 8vo. Why not insist upon N. Y. for New York, L. for London, P. for Paris, etc., as a few adventurous libraries have done? Why not make free substitution of commas for words, and leave out articles and prepositions in titles wherever the sense will still remain gleanable?

153. Omit puffs [51] and many descriptive words which are implied either by the rest of the title [52] or by the custom of books of the class {69} under treatment, [53] and those descriptive phrases which, though they add to the significance of the title, do not give enough information to pay for their retention. [54]

[51] Ex. A (plain) treatise on; an (exact and full) account.

[52] In “Compendious pocket dictionary,” either compendious or pocket is superfluous.

[53] Ex. Nekrolog, 1790–1800 (enthaltend Nachrichten von dem Leben merkwürdiger in diesem Jahre verstorbener Personen).

[54] “by an American not by birth but by the love of liberty.”

153½. Omit all other unnecessary words.

In the following examples I use the double (( )) to indicate what every catalogue ought to omit, the single ( ) to indicate what may well be omitted.

Ed. alt. (priore emendatior).

2e éd. (augmentée).

2d ed. (with additions and improvements).

with ((an appendix containing)) problems.

((a collection of)) papers relating to the war in India.

((a series of)) letters.

((On the)) brick architecture of the north of Italy.

(debate) on ((the subject of)) the impressment bill.

on ((the question of)) a financial agent.

((being some)) account of his travels.

in ((the year)) 1875.

Sermons ((on various subjects)). N. B. Must occasionally be retained to distinguish different collections of sermons by the same author.

The grounds of infant damnation ((considered in)) (a) sermon ((preached)) Nov. 5, (1717). Boston, 1717. O.

Sermon (the Lord’s day after the) interment of.

Opera ((quæ extant)) (omnia).

Geology ((of the State)) of Maine.

Tables for ((the use of)) civil engineers.

Reflections ((suggested by a perusal of)) [55] J. H. Palmer’s ((pamphlet on the)) “Causes (and consequences) of the war.”

Occasioned by his ((book entitled)) “True narrative.”

defended against ((the cavils of)) G. Martin.

Howe during his command (of the King’s troops) in North America.

So a “Discourse in Albany, Feb. 27, 1848, occasioned by the death of John Quincy Adams, etc. Albany, 1848. O.,” would become Disc., Albany, Feb. 27, death of J. Q. Adams. Albany, 1848. O., in Medium; and Short would probably omit “Albany, Feb. 27.”

[55] Substitute [on].

154. For chronological phrases use dates.

Ex. For “from the accession of Edward III. to the death of Henry VIII.,” say [1327–1547].

155. In Short and Medium use initials for all Christian names introduced in titles, notes, and contents, and omit the initials altogether for famous men unless there are two of the same name.

Ex. Write “Life of L. V. Bell,” “ed. by F. J. Furnivall,” but “Lives of Cicero, Milton, Tell, Washington;” and distinguish by initials the Bachs, Grimms, Humboldts, Schlegels. Short may as well omit the initials of editors, translators, etc.

E. g.

Dante. Divine comedy; tr. by Cayley. London, 1851–54. 4 v. S.

— Same. Tr. by Wright. London, Bohn, 1854. O.

— Same. Tr. by Longfellow. Boston, 1867. 3 v. O. {70}

156. Abbreviate certain common words always, and less common words in a long title which can not be shortened in any other way.

Abbreviations should suggest the word for which they are used, and should not, if it can be avoided, suggest any other. When one abbreviation is used for two words, if the context does not determine the sense the abbreviation must be lengthened. The most common and useful are Abp. (Archbishop), a. d. Lat. (aus dem Lateinischen), add. (additions), Amer. or Am. (American), anon. (anonymous), app. (appendix), Aufl., Ausg., or even A. (Auflage, Ausgabe), bibl. (biblical, bibliographical, bibliotheca, etc.), biog. (biographical, biography), Bp. (Bishop), B. S. L., etc. (Bohn’s scientific library, etc.), Chr. (Christian), class. (classical), col. or coll. (collections, college), com. (commerce, committee), comp. (compiled, compiler), conc. (concerning), dept. (department), dom. (domestic), ed. (edited, edition, editor), encyc. (encyclopædia), ff. (folios or leaves), geog., geol., geom. (geology, geography, geometry), ges. (gesammelte), Ges. or Gesch. (Geschichte), Gr. (Great, Greek), H. F. L. (Harper’s family library), hrsg. (herausgegeben), imp. (imperfect), incl. (including), int. (intorno), lib. (library), mem. (memoir), mis. or miscel. (miscellaneous), nat. (natural), n. d. (no date of publication), n. p. (no place), n. s. (new series), n. t.-p. (no title-page), nouv. (nouvelle), obl. (oblong), p. pp. (page, pages), pseud. (pseudonym, pseudonymous), pt. (part), pub. (published), rec. (recensuit), rel. (relating, relative), rept. (report), rev. (review, revised), s. or ser. (series), sämm. (sämmtlich), sm. (small), soc. (society), t.-p. mut., t.-p. w. (title-page mutilated, wanting), tr. (translated, traduit, tradotto, etc.), trans. (transactions), u. (und), übers. (übersetzt), v. (volume), v. (von, but give van in full), w. (wanting). For others see Appendix V., pp. [119]–126.

157. Express numbers by Arabic figures instead of words.

Ex. With 30,000 (not thirty thousand) men; but Charles II., in place of King Charles the Second.

158. In Short omit all that can be expressed by position.

Ex. In a title-entry

and in a subject-entry

If this is thought too disagreeable, use an initial for the heading when it is repeated in the title; as:

159. In cataloguing different editions of a book avoid the repetition of the title by using “Same.”

Ex.

Chaucer, G. Canterbury tales; [ed.] by T. Tyrwhitt. London, 1822. 5 v. 8º.

—  Same. Ed. by T. Wright. London, 1847–51. 3 v. 8º.

The word following Same should generally begin with a capital.

160. Retain under the author only what is necessary to distinguish the work from other works of the same writer, but under the subject what is needed to state the subject and show how it is treated.

The preface of an excellent catalogue remarks that “the primary object of subject-entries is to inform the reader who have written upon a given topic rather than what has been written.” This is a mistake. The inquirer wishes to know both; in fact he wants to know who have written about it because their character will suggest to him what they have written. {71}

161. Retain both of alternative titles.

Ex. Knights and sea-kings; or, The Middle Ages.

The reason is that the book may be referred to by either title.

162. Retain in the author entry the first words of the title; let the abridgement be made farther on.

Because (1) it facilitates library work, by rendering the identification of the book quicker and surer; (2) if there is no part of the title which must be given, two persons may abridge so differently that not a single word shall be the same in the two abridged titles, so that two works will be made out of one (I have often known this to happen); (3) books are frequently referred to by the first word of the title (Grassi’s “Notizie sullo stato presente degli Stati Uniti” may be quoted as Grassi: Notizie). Short, however, can probably not afford to retain first words in all cases. Half the phrases used at the beginning of titles add little or nothing to the meaning, such as “Treatise on,” “System of,” “Series of lectures on,” “Practical hints on the quantitative pronunciation of Latin” (here “Practical hints” belongs in the preface, not in the title, to which it really adds nothing whatever). “History of” must often be retained under the subject. One can say

YOUNG, Sir W. Athens. 3d ed. London, 1804;

but under Athens that would not be enough; it would be necessary to write

YOUNG, Sir W. History of Athens,

to distinguish it from such works as Stuart’s “Antiquities of Athens,” and Leake’s “Topography of Athens.” But if there are enough titles under Athens to admit of the subheadings Art, Antiquities, History, the words “History of” again become unnecessary. Medium ought always to retain first words under author, and may omit them under subject; but such phrases as “Manual of,” “Lectures on,” do much to explain the character of the book, and for that reason ought often to be retained.

Mottoes, however, at the top of the title-page (often separated by a line from the real title) may be neglected. Sometimes such superscriptions are important, generally not.

When the author’s name alone or his name and titles are first on the title-page, as is frequently the case in old Latin and modern French books, omit them. Example: Jani Jacobi Boissardi Vesuntini de divinatione.

A custom has grown up of late, particularly in French publications, of putting at the top of the title-page, before the title proper, the name of the series to which the work belongs or else what might be called the classification of the book. The name of the series should be given in parentheses after the imprint. The cataloguer may retain or omit the classification at his discretion. To avoid all possibility of mistake Full will mark the omission of these words by ...

163. Do not by abridgment render the words retained false or meaningless or ungrammatical.

(c.) MISCELLANEOUS RULES AND REMARKS.

164. In analyticals, if there are several entries under the author referred to, give the first word or words of the title referred to, so that the entry can easily be found; if there are few entries take one or two words which unmistakably identify the book.

A word or two is enough [56] and those abbreviated if possible; [57] but sometimes, when the article has an insufficient or no title it is well to give more of the title of the book in which it is contained, if that is more communicative; e. g., Wordsworth, J. Grammatical introduction. (In his Fragments of early Latin. 1874.), where “of early Latin” explains “grammatical introduction.” The date should always be given to show in what edition of the work the passage is contained and also to what period the ideas belong. Giving the pages facilitates reference. {72}

[56] (In Mueller, F. M. Chips, v. 1. 1867.) not (In Mueller, F. M. Chips from a German workshop, v. 1. 1867.)

[57] (In Grævius. Thes. Rom. antiq., v. 10. 1699.)

165. The title is to be copied, so far as it is copied, exactly. Omissions may be made without giving notice to the reader, unless by etc. when the sentence is manifestly unfinished. [58] Additions made to a title are to be marked by inclosing the words in brackets [ ]. [59] All additions to be in the same language as the title; if this can not be done, put the addition into a note. [60] After a word spelled wrongly or unusually insert [sic]. [61]

[58] The use of ... is suited only to bibliographies. I do not see why even Full should use this sign, except for very rare or typographically-important books. The title in a catalogue is not intended to be a substitute for the book itself and must leave some questions to be answered by the latter. But if the ... are used they should be printed as a group, separated from the word or punctuation mark which they follow or precede by a slight space, as . ... or ... .

[59] The use of [ ] is important, both as a check on indiscriminate addition and as an aid to identification. It will not often be of use in the latter respect, but as one can never tell when it will be needed it must be employed always.

[60] The intercalation of English words in a foreign title is extremely awkward.

[61] Ex. The beginning end [sic] end of drinking.

166. If the title-page is lost and the title can not be ascertained, use the half-title or the running title, stating that fact; if the book has neither, manufacture a title, putting it in brackets.

167. State in what language the book is written unless it is evident from the title.

Ex.

Aelianus. De natura animalium [Gr. et Lat.].

Aeschines. Orations on the crown [Gr.], with Eng. notes.

168. Retain in or add to the title of a translation words stating from what language it was made, unless that is evident from the author’s name or is shown by its position after the original title.

Ex.

Beckford, Wm. Vathek; [tr. fr. the French].

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim. Laocoon; tr. by E. Frothingham.

Euripides. Ἱππόλυτος στεφανηφόρος.

—  Eng. The crowned Hippolytus; tr. by M. P. Fitz-Gerald.

169. In the entry of translations after the original give the translated title, preceded by the name of the language of the version.

This is for the good of persons unacquainted with the original language, who would not know the book by the foreign title, and also to identify the book, different translations not always having the same title.

Sand, George. Le château des désertes.

— Eng. The castle in the wilderness.

— L’homme de neige.

— Eng. The snow man.

Dante. Divina commedia.

— Eng. Vision of hell, purgatory, and paradise; tr. by Cary.

— – Divine comedy; tr. by Cayley.

170. In anonymous titles entered under the first word put the transposed article after the first phrase.

Ex. Ame en peine, Une, not Ame, Une, en peine. {73}

171. Under the author distinguish the titles of anonymous books.

Enclosing the dash in brackets is ugly [ — ]; enclosing the title in brackets is misleading, as if the title were false. Stars (*) or daggers (†) are sometimes prefixed to the title, but they are often used for other purposes and they throw the titles out of line. [Anon.] may be used between the title and the imprint; † in the same position would take less room and as soon as accepted would be equally intelligible; it has occasionally been used.

172. In the preliminary card catalogue enclose in brackets the name of the author of an anonymous or pseudonymous work. This may be extended to cases where the name is only implied.

Ex. “By the Bishop of Ripon,” “M. Tullii oratio;” meaning M. Tullii Ciceronis oratio, or Cat. used in old editions for Catullus.

173. In the title-entry of an anonymous work insert the author’s name in brackets.

Ex. Colloquies of Edw. Osborne; [by M. A. Manning]. London, 1860. S.

174. Words like Lord, Gen., Rev., King, ed., tr., occurring in the title are not to be italicized.

175. When the title is in an alphabet which differs from the English, transliterate the first few words and add a translation.

Ex. [Pisni Russkaho naroda; Songs of the Russian people.]

When the title is in Greek, followed by a Latin translation, it is customary to use the latter alone, and the same may be done in the case of other languages. But for identification it is necessary that some part of the book’s own title should be printed. It is not enough to give merely a made title or a translation.

C. EDITIONS.

176. Distinguish editions by the number, the name of the editor, translator, etc., and by mentioning in parentheses (not brackets) after the imprint the collection, library, series, to which it belongs, or the name of the society by which it is published.

Ex. 4th ed., 10th thous., New ed., ed. by T. Good, (Bohn’s standard library), (Weale’s series, v. 20), (Camden Soc., v. 3). It is shorter and nearly as useful to give Bohn, Weale, etc., as publishers in the imprint,—London, Bohn, 1867. O.

The various editions of different volumes may be stated thus:

Hales, Stephen. Statical essays. (Vol. 1, 3d ed.) London, 1738, 33. 2 v. O.

The specification of edition is necessary: (1) for the student, who often wants a particular edition and cares no more for another than he would for an entirely different work; (2) in the library service, to prevent the rejection of works which are not really duplicates. And the number of the edition is a fact in the literary history of the author worth preserving under his name; under the subject it is some guarantee for the repute, if not for the value, of the work.

177. Full will note carefully whether there is any change in a new edition, or whether it is merely what the Germans call a title-edition (the same matter with a new title-page). Medium and Short generally content themselves with noting the number of the edition. Short often takes no notice of the edition. {74}

D. IMPRINTS.

178. The imprint consists of place of publication, publisher’s name, date, number of volumes, number of pages, number of maps, engravings, and the like, and typographic form, which are to be given in the above order.

Washington, 1875. 2 v. 7, 441, (12); 4, 424 p. O. ; 20 engr., 24 photographs, 4 maps. The imprint proper consists merely of place, date, form, and number of volumes (Wash., 1875. 2 v. O). The other details are given by Medium in particular cases. Full gives them always, but it may be doubted whether their use is frequent enough to pay for the very considerable increase in the trouble of cataloguing. It is worth while to show by some sign (as pm.) that the pages are less than 100 or than 50 (40 is the limit of the French Bibliothèque Nationale), for the fact is easily ascertained, and the mark fills little space and may prevent some one sending for a book he does not care to look at. It is not an exact designation, but many things are useful which are not exact. On the other hand an inquirer might occasionally fail to see the best treatise on his subject, thinking it too short to be of any value. Neither Short nor Medium should give the exact number of maps, plates, etc., but it is well worth while, especially for a popular library, to add the word illus. to the titles of books in which the illustrations are at all prominent, and, under Biography, to note the presence of portraits.

Imprints are indispensable in a catalogue designed for scholars, that is for college libraries, for historical or scientific libraries, and for large city libraries. They may not be of much use to nine persons in ten who use those libraries, but they should be inserted for the tenth person. But in the majority of popular city and town libraries neither the character of the readers nor of the books justifies their insertion. Their place may be much better filled (as in the Quincy catalogue) with more important matter—with “Illus.” or “Portraits,” or a word or two explaining an obscure title. But the number of volumes should invariably be given. And the year of publication is important under subjects.

Epithets like “Large paper,” which are applicable, generally, to only a part of the copies of a book, should be mentioned after all the details which apply to the whole edition (place, date, number of volume, etc.).

179. Do not translate the name of the place of publication, but if it is not in a Roman alphabet transliterate it.

Göttingen, not Gottingen; München, not Munich; Wien, not Vienna; Londini, not London; Lisboa, not Lisbon, when the first are the forms on the title-page. So [Moskva], Moskau, Moscou, Moscow, according as the imprint is in Russian, German, French, or English.

180. Use abbreviations and even initials for names of the most common places of publication.

Ex. Balt., Berl., Bost., Camb., Cin., Cop. or Copenh., Göt., L. (London), Lisb., Lpz., Madr., N. O., N. Y., Oxf., P. (Paris), Phila., St. P. (St. Petersburg), Ven., Wash.; and use the ordinary abbreviations for state names. (A list is given in Appendix V.)

181. If there is more than one place of publication Short and Medium should give only one.

If the places are connected by “and,” as London and Edinburgh, New York and London, take the first; if they are unconnected, as

BerlinParisGenève
H. Baillière

take that which proves on examination to be the real place of publication. In this economy there is some danger of cataloguing the same book at different times with {75} different imprints, and making two editions out of one; but a little watchfulness will prevent this.

182. If the place differs in the different volumes, state the fact.

Ex. History of England. Vol. 1–2, Boston; 3–5, N. Y., 1867–69. 5 v. O.

183. Print publishers’ names, when it is necessary to give them, after the place.

Ex. London, Pickering, 1849; Antwerpen, bi mi Claes die Graue. The publisher’s name must not be mistaken for the place. I have seen a dozen books catalogued as Redfield, 185–. D; Redfield being a New York publisher who had a fancy for making his name the most prominent object in the imprint of his books.

184. If the place or date given at the end of the book differs from that on the title-page, or if place and date are given there only, they should be printed in brackets.

Ex.

Augsb., 1525 [colophon Nuremb., 1526].

Lpz., [col. 1571].

185. In early works the date is sometimes given without the century, as “im vierten Jahre,” i. e., 1604. Of course the century should be supplied in brackets.

186. Masonic dates should be followed by the date in the usual form.

Ex. 5834 [1834]. O.

187. Chronograms should be interpreted and given in Arabic numerals.

Ex. Me DuCit ChrIstVs = 1704.

188. When the place or date is given falsely, whether intentionally or by a typographical error, add the true place or date in brackets, if it can be ascertained.

Ex.

London, 1975 [1775]. O. Boston, 1887 [1886]. O.

Paris, 1884 [mistake for 1874]. O. En Suisse [Paris], 1769.

189. When the place or date is not given, supply it in brackets, if it can be ascertained. If neither is discoverable, write n. p. (=no place), n. d. (=no date), to show that the omission of place and date is not an oversight.

Ex. n. p., n. d. O.

190. But avoid n. d., and if possible give the decade or at least the century, even if an interrogation point must be added.

Ex.

London, [17—]. Q.

Phila., [182–?] O.

191. Print the date in Arabic numerals.

Ex. 1517 for MDXVII or CI

I

XIIIX.

When the subarrangement of the catalogue is by dates (as in that of the Amer. Philos. Society), it may be well to place the date uniformly at the end of the line in this order: O. Wash., 1864. Otherwise the best order is to put the place and date immediately after the title, because like it they are taken from the title-page. The form, which is not copied but is the cataloguer’s own assertion, then comes last. The dates can be made prominent in a chronological arrangement by printing them in heavy type, as in Prof. Abbot’s “Literature of the doctrine of a future life.” In Very Short the German style of printing dates should be adopted, 742 (i. e., 1742), 875 (i. e., 1875). {76}

192. When different volumes of a work were published at different times, give the extreme dates.

Ex. Paris, 1840–42. O. Sometimes Vol. 1 is of the 2d ed. and its date is later than that of Vol. 2. This is in Medium: (Vol. 1, 2d ed.) 1874, 69–73. 5 v. O; in Short merely 1869–74.

193. In cataloguing reprints, Full should give the date of the original edition.

Ex. Ascham, R. Toxophilus, 1545. London, 1870. O. (Arber’s reprints.)

or 3d ed. London, 1857 [1st ed. 1542]. O.

The labor of always hunting up the original date is so great that Medium may be allowed to give it when it can easily be ascertained and omit it in other cases.

In a printed catalogue, if the first edition is in the library, of course its date need not be given with the subsequent editions.

194. In analyticals Medium and Full should give the date of the work referred to, and the number of pages; Short should specify at least which volume is meant.

The date, if it be that of original publication, tends to show the style of treatment; if it be that of a reprint or of “Works” it shows which of the various editions in the library is meant. The number of pages will help the reader to decide whether the reference is worth looking up.

The Birmingham Free Library has an ingenious way of printing analyticals. The title is in long primer type, the parenthesis is in pearl, of which two lines will justify with one of the long primer.

Fossils. Recent and fossil shells by Woodward (Weale’s Series, vol. 27.)

Gleig, G. R. Eminent military commanders (Lardner’s Cyclo- pædia, vols. 19–21) 3 duo 1832.

By this arrangement the analytical nature of the reference is made much clearer and often a line is saved. But it is very troublesome to the printer.

195. Give the number of volumes.

An imperfect set can be catalogued thus:

Vol. 2–4, 6–7. Bost., 1830. 5 v. O,  or

Bost., 1830. 7 v. (v. 5 w.). O.

7 v. O means Vol. 1–7 if nothing is said to the contrary, and any number of missing volumes can be enumerated in the second of these forms; but as the first volumes of periodicals are often missing, the exception may be made of always cataloguing them in the first form. Whatever Short may be forced to do by its system of charging books, Medium and Full ought to give the number of volumes bibliographically, that is to say, they should count only that a volume which has its own title, paging, and register. If the parts of a work have a continuous register or a continuous paging they form one volume; but if they are called Vol. 1, Vol. 2 on the title-page they may be described as 1 v. in 2. For the bibliographical cataloguer binding has nothing to do with the matter. That the binder has joined two or more thin volumes or divided a thick one ought to be recorded in the accessions-book and in the shelf-list, but is not worth notice in the catalogue; if mentioned at all it should be in such a way that the description of the accidental condition of a single copy in a particular library shall not be mistaken for an assertion applicable to a whole edition (thus, 1 v. bd. in 2, or 2 v. bd. in 1, as the case may be). A work which has a title-page, but is connected with another work by mention on its title-page as part of the volume, or by continuous paging or register, is said to be appended to that work.

196. Let the signs fº, 4º, 8º, etc., if used, represent the fold of the sheet as ascertained from the signature, not be guessed from the size.

In the older books this is important, and in modern books the distinction between the octavo and the duodecimo series is so easily ascertained that it is not worth while {77} to be inaccurate. The size may be more exactly indicated, if it is thought worth while, by l. or sm., sq., obl., prefixed to the fold, as l. 8º, sm. 4º. The “vo” or “mo” should be represented by a superior º if it can be had, otherwise a degree-mark °, though manifestly improper, must be employed; it has abundant usage in its favor.

Another method of giving the form is fº (8), 4º (2), 8º (4), in which fº, 4º, 8º indicate the apparent form of the book as the terms folio, quarto, octavo are generally understood, and the figures within the parentheses show the number of leaves intervening between the successive signatures.

“In the folio the sheet of paper makes two leaves or four pages, in the 4º four leaves, in the 8º eight, in the 12º twelve, and so on. When a sheet of paper is folded into six leaves, making what ought to be a 6º book, it is called a 12º printed in half sheets, because such printing is always done with half-sized paper, or with half-sheets, so as to give a 12º size. From a very early period it has been universal to distinguish the sheets by different letters called signatures. At present a sheet has A on the first leaf or A1 on the first leaf and A2 on the second, which is enough for the folder’s purpose. But in former times the signatures were generally carried on through half the sheet, and sometimes through the whole. Again, in modern times, no sheet ever goes into and forms part of another; that is, no leaf of any one sheet ever lies between two leaves of another. But in the sixteenth century, and even later in Italy, it was common enough to print in quire-fashion, the same letter being used for the whole quire, and the leaves of the quire distinguished as they were successively placed inside of one another by the figures 2, 3, 4, so that a book actually printed in folio might have the signatures of a modern octavo. In exact bibliography such books are sometimes described as ‘folio in twos,’ ‘folio in fours.’ Rules are given for determining the form of printing by the water-lines of the paper and by the catchwords. It is supposed that the latter are always at the end of the sheet, and also that the water-lines are perpendicular in folio, octavo, and decimo-octavo books, horizontal in quarto and duodecimo. But in the first place a great many old books have catchwords at the bottom of every page, many have none at all; and as to the rule of water-lines, there are exceptions to every case of it.” [62]

For anything but exact bibliographical description it is better to take no account of the fold of the sheet, but either to give the size in centimeters or to use the notation of the American Library Association (see APPENDIX III, p. [115]), which is founded on measurement.

[62] De Morgan, altered.

197. Maps may be identified either by giving the scale or by measurement.

The measure (in centimeters) should be taken from the inner margin of the degrees, unless the map extends beyond it, in which case measure to the farthest point; pictures at the side are not to be included in the measure unless they come within the degree-mark. The perpendicular measure to be stated first, then the horizontal. {78}

E. CONTENTS AND NOTES.

198. Give (under the author) a list of the contents of books containing several works by the same author, or works by several authors, or works on several subjects, or a single work on a number of distinct subjects, [63] especially if the collective title does not sufficiently describe them. [64]

[63] As a collection of lives.

[64] Only Full can give the contents of all such works, including the memoirs, transactions, etc., of all the learned societies. And in an analytical catalogue this is much less important. When every separate treatise is entered in its proper places under the names of its author and of its subject, why should it be given again in a long column of fine type which few persons will ever read? Because, if analysis is not complete, contents supplement it; and one who has forgotten author and subject may occasionally recall them by looking over a “contents;” and this list is, so far as it goes, a substitute for a classed catalogue in this respect. Moreover, the “contents” is needed to fully explain the character of the subject-entry (see § [4]). In the division Biography under countries we have many such titles as “Memoirs of eminent Englishwomen,” “British senators,” “Political portraits.” It is an advantage to the reader, though perhaps neither a great nor a frequent advantage, to be able to find out from the catalogue what Englishwomen and what British senators he shall find described in the books. No catalogue can be considered complete that omits such information.

For collected works of any author “contents” have been found so useful that even Short often gives them, especially of late, and strange to say, not rarely prints them in the most extravagant style, allowing a line for each item. One may sometimes see a quarter of a page left bare from this cause.

199. When a single work fills several volumes give the contents under the author, provided the division is definite and easily described.

Object, that the inquirer may know which volume he wants; application, chiefly to dictionaries and historical works; method, in general, giving dates and letters of the alphabet, which take little room. It is particularly important also to fully describe in this way very bulky works; Walton’s Polyglott is a good example, in consulting which, without such a guide, one may have to handle ten gigantic folios.

200. Under the subject repeat so much of the contents as is necessary to show how the subject is treated or what part is treated in the different volumes.

This is particularly desirable in works with an insufficiently descriptive title which treat of several subjects, for which under each heading will be given its appropriate part of the contents. For example, Hugo’s “Jus civile Antejustinianeum” contains the originals of Antejustinian law, but this does not appear from its title, and if it did, it would be hardly worth while to save a few lines by obliging the reader to turn to Hugo to ascertain just what is in the book. On the other hand, the contents of Pertz’s “Monumenta Germaniae historica” is so long that only Fullest can afford to give it under Germany as well as under Pertz. In such a case the reader feels it to be more reasonable that he should be referred.

The contents is often more useful under subject-heading than under author; but it is best that there should be one uniform place where it can always be found, and where the whole of it can be found, and that place should be the author-catalogue.

201. Put into notes (in small type) that information which is not given in the title but is required to be given by the plan of the catalogue. {79}

Notes have several objects:

1. To give any information about the author, the form of his name, his pseudonyms, etc., about the different editions or places of publication, or about the gaps in a set (especially of periodicals), which can not be included in the title without making it disproportionately long. Short, especially if without imprints, can get many of these into the title; which it is well to do, for a short note is not economical.

2. To explain the title or correct any misapprehension to which it might lead. In a popular library the boys take out “The cruise of the Betsy,” imagining it to be another “Cruise of the Midge.”

3. To direct the attention of persons not familiar with literature to the best books. The main principles of such annotating are simple. (a.) The notes should characterize the best books only; to insert them under every author would only confuse and weary; if few they will arrest attention much better. Dull books and morally bad books should be left in obscurity. Under some of the poorer works which have attained unmerited popularity a brief protest may be made; it will probably be ineffectual; but it can do no harm to call Mühlbach unreliable or Tupper commonplace. (b.) They should be brief and pointed. Perhaps after this direction it is necessary to add that they should be true.

4. To lay out courses of reading for that numerous class who are desirous of “improving their minds,” and are willing to spend considerable effort and time but know neither where to begin or how to go on.

5. To state what is the practice of the catalogue in the entry of the publications of Congress, Parliament, Academies, Societies, etc., the notes to be made under those words.

F. REFERENCES.

202. In references use the word See when there is no entry under the heading from which the reference is made; See also when there is one.

Ex.

Death penalty. See Capital punishment.

Horticulture. LINDLEY, J. Theory of H.
See also Flowers;—Fruit.

Not Vide; the language of an English catalogue should be English.

203. References must be brief.

Yet the convenience of the public must not be sacrificed to brevity. If, for instance, several authors had used the same pseudonym, the titles of their respective works should be given in the references that the reader may know under which of the authors he will find the work he is in search of, and not have to turn to all three.

Detlef, Carl, pseud. See Baur, C.

is the usual form of reference; but it is not enough for Hamilton.

Hamilton, pseud. Essay on a congress of nations. See Whitman, G. H.

Hamilton, pseud. Hamilton. No. 1, etc. See Carey, M.

Analytical references to treatises of the same author or on the same subject, contained in different volumes of the same work, may be made thus:

Charles, A. O. Reformatory and refuge union. (In National Assoc. Prom. Soc. Sci. Trans., 1860.)—Reformatory legislation. (In Trans., 1861.)—Punishment and reformation in America. (In Trans., 1863.)

Comets. PEIRCE, B. Connection of comets with the solar system. (In Amer. Assoc., Proc., v. 2. 1850.)—HUBBARD, J. S. Biela’s double comet. (In v. 8.)—KIRKWOOD, D. Mean distances of the periodic comet. (In v. 12. 1859.)

The signs

have been used instead of ( ) in analytical references to mean “contained in.” They are more conspicuous,—unnecessarily so. {80}

References are frequently printed in smaller type than the rest of the catalogue. This is well when there are enough not to be overlooked; but a single reference from one form of a name to another, or from one subject-name to its synonym, should be in the title type, not in the note type, e. g.

Bell, Acton, pseud. See Bronté, Anne.

Gardening. See Horticulture.

Similarly notes explaining the practice of the catalogue (§§ [61], [201] no. 5) should be made typographically conspicuous.

G. LANGUAGE.

204. The language of the compiler’s part of an English catalogue should be English.

Therefore all notes, explanations, and such words as in, see, see also, note, contents, and (between joint authors), and others, n. p., n. d., should be English; however, etc., q. v., and sic may be used.

For the language of HEADINGS, see §§ [27]–36. In the entry of Government publications the name of the country or city will have the English form (§§ [33], 34), but the name of the department should usually be in the language of the country, e. g.:

Italy. Ministero di Agricoltura.

But for countries like Russia, Turkey, Japan, where the vernacular name could not easily be ascertained, an English form may be used.

For titles see §§ [165]–169, [175]; put the specifications of the EDITION in the language of the title, also the IMPRINT (§ [179]), CONTENTS, NOTES, and REFERENCES.

H. CAPITALS.

205. In English use an initial capital

1. for the first word,

a. of every sentence,

b. of every title quoted,

c. of every alternative title,

2. for all proper names, each separate word not an article or preposition.

a. of persons and places,

b. of bodies

c. of noted events and periods,

N. B. This does not include names of genera, species, etc., in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, which in an ordinary catalogue should not be capitalized; as digitalis purpurea, raia batis, the horse.

3. for adjectives and other derivatives from proper names when they have a direct reference to the person, place, etc., from which they are derived.

4. for titles of honor standing instead of a proper name.

Ex.

206. In foreign languages, use initial capitals

Ex.

The names of languages are not to be capitalized in the Romance languages, as “traduit de l’anglais,” “in francese.”

Titles of honor are not to be capitalized in the Romance languages, as comte, conte, marchese. But Monsieur, Madame, Signor, Don, Donna always begin with capitals.

Use capitals (or, better, small capitals) for numbers after the names of kings (Charles III. or Henry IV.) and for single-letter abbreviations (A. D., B. C., H. M. S., F. R. S. E., etc., or A. D., F. R. S. E., etc.). But n. p. no place, n. t. p. no title-page, may be in lower-case letters or small capitals, and b. born, d. died, ms. manuscript, should be in lower case.

I. PUNCTUATION, ETC.

207. Let each entry consist of four (or five) sentences:

1. the heading,Cicero, Marcus Tullius.
2. the title, including editors and translators,Brutus de claris oratoribus; erkl. von O. Jahn.
3. the edition,2e Aufl. {82}
4. the imprint, as given by the book,Berlin, 1856.
5. the part of the imprint added by the cataloguer,O.

Which, if not the first title under Cicero, would read:

— Brutus de Claris oratoribus; erkl. von O. Jahn. 2e Aufl. Berlin, 1856. O.

Separate by a ; the title proper from the phrase relating to the editor, translator, etc. This requires a minimum of capitals. It will occasionally happen that the title can not be thrown into one sentence, but that should always be done when possible. It is usual to separate 4 and 5. The French, however, make one sentence of them (Paris, 1864, in–12). This has the advantage of agreeing with the best form of quoting a title (“see his Memoirs, London, 1874, O. in which,” etc.). It is useless for one who abridges titles to make any attempt to follow the punctuation. The spelling should be retained, but it is hardly worth while for Short or Medium to imitate the old printers in their indiscriminate use of i and j, u and v.

A library may have a collection of books or a few volumes which from their rarity deserve to be catalogued with every bibliographical nicety, with the most exact copying of punctuation, spelling, and forms of letters, and even with marks to show where the lines of the title end. Such collections are the Prince and the Ticknor books in the Boston Public Library, such single books are fifteeners or the rarest Americana. Yet it may be questioned whether a library does well to redescribe books already fully described by Hain, Harrisse, Thiele, Trömmel, Stevens, or Sabin. A simple reference to these works will generally suffice (§ [261]).

208. Supply the proper accents if they are not given in the title.

In French and Greek titles printed in capitals the accents are often omitted. In the titles of rare books, copied exactly, accents should not be supplied.

209. Use [ ] only for words added to the title, and ( ) to express inclusion.

Ex.

Talbot, E. A. Five years’ residence in Canada, [1818–23].

Maguire, J. F. Canada. (In his Irish in America. 1868.)

Bale, J. Kinge John, a play; ed. by J. P. Collier. Westm., 1838. 4º. (Camden Soc., v. 2.)

210. If any title contains [ ] or ( ) omit them, using commas instead.

One sign should never be used to express two things, if that can be avoided; each should have one definite meaning. Also alter — into , or ; or . as the context may require.

211. Use italics for the words See or See also in references, In and In his in analytical, and for Same, Note, Contents, and Namely, and for etc. when used to indicate omission of part of the title, also for subdivisions of subjects (as France, History).

212. In long Contents make the division of the volumes plain either by heavy-faced volume-numbers or by giving each volume a separate paragraph.

Anyone will recoil from the labor of looking through a long undivided mass of small type; moreover the reader ought to be able to determine at once in what volume any article whose title he is reading is contained. {83}

J. ARRANGEMENT. [65]

213. Arrange entries according to the English alphabet, whatever the order of the alphabet in which a foreign name might have to be entered in its original language.

Treat I and J, U and V, as separate letters; ij, at least in the older Dutch names, should be arranged as y; do not put Spanish names beginning with Ch, Ll, Ñ, after all other names beginning with C, L, and N, as is done by the Spanish Academy, nor ä, å, æ, ö, ø, at the end of the alphabet, as is done by the Swedes and Danes, nor the German ä, ö, ü, as if written ae, oe, ue (except Goethe). If two names are spelled exactly alike except for the umlaut (as Müller and Muller) arrange by the forenames.

[65] On this subject consult Appendix IV, pp. [116]–118; also p. 36–69 of Dr. C: Dziatzko’s “Instruction für die Ordnung der Titel im alphabetischen Zettelkatalog der Univ.-Bibliothek zu Breslau, Berlin, 1886,” 74 pp. O (the first 35 pp. are a treatise on Entry).

(a.) HEADINGS.

214. When the same word serves for several kinds of heading let the order be the following: person, place, followed by subject (except person or place), form, and title.

Arrangement must be arbitrary. This order is easy to remember, because it follows the course of cataloguing; we put down first the author, then the title. The subject and form, expressed sometimes in more than one word, and the title, almost always having more than one word, must be arranged among themselves by the usual rules. Of course, the person considered as a subject can not be separated from the person as author. As the place may be either author or subject or both, it may come between the two.

Ex.

Washington, George. (person)

Washington, D. C. (place)

Homes, H. A. (person)

Homes family. (persons)

Homes. (subject)

Homes and shrines. (title)

215. Forenames used as headings precede surnames.

Ex.

Christian II.

Christian, James.

Christian art.

Francis II.

Francis, Abraham.

Francis and Jane.

216. Headings like Charles, George, Henry, when very numerous, must be divided into classes, in this order: Saints, Popes, Emperors, Kings, Princes and Noblemen, others. The Saints are subarranged by their usual appellatives, the Popes by their number, Sovereigns and Sovereign princes in alphabetical order of countries, and under countries numerically. Other persons are subarranged by their usual appellatives, neglecting the prepositions. [66]

[66] So that Thomas de Insula and Thomas Insulanus may not be separated.

Ex.

Peter, Saint.

Peter, Pope.

Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia.

Peter II. of Aragon.

Peter III. of Aragon.

Peter I. of Portugal.

Peter, Duke of Newcastle.

Peter, of Groningen, enthusiast. See Pieter.

Peter, John Henry.

Peter, Lake.

Peter, Mt.

Peter Lewis, a true tale.

Peter-Hansen, Erik.

When there are two appellatives coming in different parts of the alphabet, refer from the rejected one, as Thomas Cantuariensis. See Thomas Becket.

217. Arrange proper names beginning with M’, Mc, St., Ste. as if spelled Mac, Saint, Sainte.

Because they are so pronounced. But L’ is not arranged as La or Le, nor O’ as if it stood for Of, because they are not so pronounced.

218. In a card catalogue mix in one alphabet names that differ slightly in spelling and come close together in the alphabet.

Ex. Clark and Clarke, and the French names beginning with Saint and Sainte. The names should be spelled correctly, but the difference of spelling disregarded by the arranger. But the exceptional order should be clearly indicated. A guide block should have the inscription Clark and Clarke, and there should be a reference guide block, Clarke. See Clark. The most common spelling should go first; if the forms are equally used, let that precede that comes first in alphabetical order.

219. Arrange by the forename headings in which the family name is the same.

No attention is to be paid to prefixes, as Bp., Capt., Dr., Hon., Sir, Fräulein, Miss, Mlle., Mme., Mrs., or to suffixes, as D.D., F.R.S., LL.D., etc. In regard to Hungarian names, observe that the name appears on the title-page as it does in a catalogue, the family name first, followed by the Christian name; as, “Elbeszélések; irta báró Eötvös Jozsef.”

220. When the forenames are the same arrange chronologically.

Again, no attention is to be paid to the titles Sir, etc. The alphabetical principle is of no use here because no one can know beforehand which of many possible titles we have taken to arrange by, whereas some one may know when the author whom he is seeking lived. Of course

Brown, T. L., comes before

Brown, Thomas, for the same reason that

Brown comes before

Browne.

221. Forenames not generally used should be neglected in the arrangement.

When an author is generally known by one of several forenames he will be looked for by that alone, and that alone should determine the arrangement, at least in a card catalogue. Instances are: Agassiz, (J:) L: (Rudolph), Cleveland, (Stephen) Grover, Collins, (W:) Wilkie, Cook, (Flavius Josephus known as) Joseph, Dobson, (H:) Austin, Doré, (Paul) Gustav. The form should be

Harte, Bret (full name Francis Bret), or Harte, Bret (in full Francis Bret).

Make references whenever the omission of a name will change the alphabetical arrangement, as from Müller, F: Max, to Müller, Max.

But if they are counted in arranging they should be spaced or parenthesized, because when there are several persons with the same family name the spacing or parenthesizing assists the eye in picking out the right one. Thus if we have

Franklin, John, d. 1759,

Franklin, Sir John, d. 1863,

Franklin, John Andrew,

Franklin, John Charles,

Franklin, John D a v i d,

the reader not knowing of the name David would expect to find the last among the simple Johns, but seeing the David spaced would understand that it was a rarely used name. This supposes that he knows the system, but one can not have a condensed catalogue without obliging the reader to learn how to use it. (See § [140].) {85}

222. If an author uses both the shorter and the longer forms in different works and yet is decidedly better known by the shorter, arrange by that.

Ex. Müller, Max (in full F: Max). Otherwise give and arrange by all the names.

223. If a person’s forenames occur differently in different books or different authorities, or occur in a different order, or the person has changed one or more of his forenames, arrange by one form (the best known or the latest) and refer from the others if alphabetically separated.

224. Arrange a nobleman’s title, under which entry is made, and the name of a bishop’s see, from which reference is made to the family name, among the personal names, not with the places.

Ex.

London, Alfred.

London, David, Bp. of.

London, John.

London, Conn.

London, Eng.

not

London, John.

London, David, Bp. of.

London, Conn.

nor

London, John.

London, Conn.

London, David, Bp. of.

London, Eng.

Danby, John.

Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of.

Danby, Wm.

Danby, Eng.

Holland, C.

Holland, H: E. Fox-Vassal, 4th Baron.

Holland, H: R. Fox-Vassal, 3d Baron.

Holland [the country].

225. The possessive case singular should be arranged with the plural.

The alphabet demands this, and I see no reason to make an exception which can not be made in foreign languages.

Bride of Lammermoor.

Brides and bridals.

Bride’s choice.

Boys’ and girls’ book.

Boy’s King Arthur.

Boys of ’76.

226. Arrange Greek and Latin personal names by their patronymics or other appellatives.

Ex.

Dionysius.

Dionysius Areopagita.

Dionysius Chalcidensis.

Dionysius Genuensis.

227. Arrange English personal names compounded with prefixes as single words; also those foreign names in which the prefix is not transposed (see § [24]).

Ex.

Demonstration.

De Montfort.

Demophilus.

De Morgan.

Demosthenes.

Other such names are Ap Thomas, Des Barres, Du Chaillu, Fitz Allen, La Motte Fouqué, Le Sage, Mac Fingal, O’Neal, Saint-Réal, Sainte-Beuve, Van Buren.

This is the universal custom, founded on the fact that the prefixes are often not separated in printing from the following part of the name. It would, of course, be wrong to have Demorgan in one place and De Morgan in another. {86}

228. Arrange personal names compounded of two names with or without a hyphen after the first name but before the next longer word.

Ex.

Fonte, Bart. de.

Fonte Resbecq, Auguste.

Fontenay, Louis.

Fontenay Mareuil, François.

229. In the preliminary card catalogue it is best to arrange these by the first name, neglecting the second entirely [67] and subarranging by forenames.

The reason is (1) that authors do not always use the second part of their names, and (2) that the single alphabet is easier to use in a card catalogue.

Ex.

Halliwell (afterwards Halliwell-Phillipps), James Orchard.

[67] Except when the first family names and forenames of two persons are the same, when the one with a second part will come after the other; but if both have a second part, subarrange by these second parts when they differ.

230. Arrange compound names of places as separate words.

Ex.

New, John.

New Hampshire.

New legion of Satan.

New Sydenham Society.

New York.

Newark.

Newfoundland.

Newspapers.

not

New, John.

New legion of Satan.

Newark.

Newfoundland.

New Hampshire.

Newspapers.

New Sydenham Society.

New York.

231. Arrange names of societies as separate words.

See New Sydenham Society in the list above.

232. Arrange as single words compound words which are printed as one.

Ex. Bookseller, Bookplates. Sometimes such words are printed on title-pages as two words; in such case do the same in copying the title, but if the word is used as a heading follow the authority of a dictionary; each library should select some one dictionary as its standard.

233. Arrange hyphened words as if separate.

Ex.

Happy home.

Happy-Thought Hall.

Happy thoughts.

Home and hearth.

Home rule.

Homely traits.

Homer.

Sing, pseud.

Sing, James.

Sing, James, pseud.

Sing-Sing Prison.

Singapore.

Singing.

Grave and Reverend Club.

Grave County.

Grave Creek.

Grave-digger.

Grave-mounds.

Grave objections.

Grave de Mézeray, Antoine.

Gravel.

Gravestone.

Graveyard.

Out and about.

Out in the cold, a song.

Out-of-door Parliament.

Outer darkness, The. {87}

234. Arrange pseudonyms after the corresponding real name.

Ex.

Andrew, pseud.

Andrew, St.

Andrew, St., pseud.

Andrew, John.

Andrew, John, pseud.

Andrew, John Albion.

235. Arrange incomplete names by the letters. If the same letters are followed by different signs, if there are no forenames, arrange in the order of the complexity of signs; but if there are forenames arrange by them.

Ex.

Far from the world.

Far...

Far***

Far***, B.F.

Far..., J. B.

Farr, John.

236. If signs without any letters are used as headings (§ [57]) (as ... or †††) put them all before the first entries under the letter A.

237. The arrangement of title-entries is first by the heading words; if they are the same, then by the next word; if that is the same, by the next; and so on. Every word, articles and prepositions included, is to be regarded; but not a transposed article.

Ex.

Uncovenanted mercies.

Under a cloud.

Under the ban.

Under the greenwood tree; a novel.

Under the greenwood tree; a poem.

Under which king.

Undone task, The.

Undone task done.

Here the transposed The is non-existent for the arranger.

It makes no difference whether the words are connected with one another in sense or not; the searcher should not be compelled to think of that. Let the arrangement be by words as ordinarily printed. Thus Home rule is one idea but it is two words, and its place must be determined primarily by its first word Home, which brings it before Homeless. If it were printed Homerule it would come after Homeless. Similarly Art amateur is one phrase, but as the first word Art is followed by a word beginning with am, it must come before Art and artists, although its parts are more closely connected than the parts of the latter phrase.

The French d’ and l’ are not to be treated as part of the following word:

Ex.

Art d’économiser.

Art d’être grandpère.

Art d’instruire.

Art de faire.

Art de l’instruction.

Art de linguistique.

Art des mines.

Art digne.

not

Art de faire.

Art de linguistique.

Art de l’instruction.

Art d’économiser.

Art des mines.

Art d’être grandpère.

Art digne.

Art d’instruire. {88}

238. Arrange titles beginning with numeral figures (not expressing the number of the work in a series, § [244]) as if the figures were written out in the language of the rest of the title.

Ex. 100 deutscher Männer = Ein hundert deutsche Männer; 1812 = Mil huit cent douze.

239. Arrange abbreviations as if spelled in full; but elisions as they are printed.

Ex. Dr., M., Mlle., Mme., Mr., Mrs., as Doctor, Monsieur, etc.

But

Who’d be a king?

Who killed Cock Robin?

Who’s to blame?

The arrangement recommended in §§ [227]–232 suits the eye best and requires as little knowledge or thought as any to use. The exception made in § [227] is required by universal practice and by the fact that a very large part of the personal names beginning with prefixes are commonly printed as one word. Names of places beginning with New, Old, Red, Blue, Green, etc. (which might be likened to the prefixes De, Des, Du, etc., and made the ground of a similar exception), are much less frequently printed as one, and when they are the accent is different. Moreover the words New, Old, etc., have an independent meaning and occur as personal names, first words of titles, or of the names of societies, as in the examples in § [230]. The reason for separating New Hampshire and Newark in the first example is patent to every consulter at a glance; the reason for the different positions of New legion and New York in the second example would not be clear and would have to be thought out; and it is not well to demand thought from those who use the catalogue if it can be avoided.

(b.) TITLES.

240. Under an author’s name adopt the following order: (1) Complete (or nearly complete) works, (2) Extracts from the complete works, (3) Single works, whether by him alone or written in conjunction with another author, (4) Works about him.

Nos. 1–3 come first as belonging to the author-catalogue; 4 comes last as belonging to the subject-catalogue.

It is better to let the smaller collections come in their alphabetical place with the single works. The single works of a voluminous author (as Aristotle, Cicero, Homer, Shakespere) should be so printed that the different titles will strike the eye readily. If the “contents” of the collected words are not printed alphabetically, it is well to insert under the titles of the chief single works a reference to the particular volumes of the collections in which they are to be found. (See Boston Athenæum catal., art. Goethe.) Two works published together are arranged by the first title, with reference from the second.

Extracts from single works come immediately after the respective works.

A spurious work is arranged with the single works, but with a note stating the spuriousness. But if the author’s name is used as a pseudonym the entry should have a separate heading after all the works; as, Browne, H. History. Browne, H., pseud. Stones from the old quarry. See Ellison, H.

If there are only two joint authors both may appear in the heading, but the entry should be arranged among the works written by the first author alone; if there are more than two the heading may be made in the form Smith, John, and others. The usual practice hitherto has been to arrange entries by joint authors after the works written by the first author alone, and this was recommended in the first edition in regard both to the form of the heading and the arrangement; but although it is pleasing to a classifying mind, it is practically objectionable because a reader, not knowing that the book he is looking for is a joint production, and not finding it in the first {89} series of titles, may suppose that it is not in the library. This danger is greatest in a card catalogue, where it entirely overweighs the somewhat visionary advantage of the separate arrangement. The arrangement of a card catalogue should be as simple as possible, because the reader having only one card at a time under his eyes can not easily see what the arrangement is. On the printed page, where he takes in many titles at a glance, more classification can be ventured upon; there the danger is confined to the more voluminous authors; where there are few titles the consulter will read them all and so will not miss any. On the printed page, too, the mixing in of joint authors interrupts to the eye the alphabetical order of titles; e. g.,

Dod, T. Anamites and their country.

— and others. Barracouta.

— Carriboo, a voyage to the interior.

— and White, E. Dahomey and the slave trade.

— Elephanta, its caves and their images.

This trifling inconvenience can be easily avoided, however, by including the second name in the title; e. g.,

Dod, T. Anamites.

— Barracouta, by D. [and others].

— Carriboo.

— Dahomey, by Dod and E. White.

— Elephanta.

When the form Smith, John, and others is used, Full will give a list of the “others” in a note. They are not put into a heading merely because there is not room for many names on the first line of a card, and in a printed catalogue the information seems more in place in a note than in a very long heading.

241. In the order of titles take account of every word except initial articles. If two titles have the same words arrange by date of imprint, the earliest first.

Ex.

Address of Southern delegates in Congress.

Address of the people of Great Britain.

Address of twenty thousand loyal Protestant apprentices.

Address on national education.

Address to a provincial bashaw.

Address to Christians, recommending the distribution.

Husson, F. Vie d’une grande dame.

— Vie dans le Sahel.

Mason, T. The corner stone.

— A wall of defence.

242. Arrange different editions of the same works chronologically.

Ex.

Homerus. Carmina [Gr.]; cum annot., cur. C. G. Heyne. Lips., 1802. 8 v. 8º.

— Same. [Gr.]; cum notis et proleg. R. P. Knight. Londini, 1820. 4º.

— Same. [Gr.]; ed. J. Bekker. Bonnae, 1858. 2 v. 8º.

Bartlett, John. Collection of familiar quotations. 3d ed. Camb., 1860. 12º.

— Same. 4th ed. Boston, 1863. 12º.

— Same. 8th ed. Boston, 1882. 16º.

243. Undated editions should have the date supplied as nearly as may be; absolutely undatable editions should precede dated editions.

244. Disregard numerals commencing a title before such words as Report, Annual report.

Not

First report,

Fourth report,

General account,

Second report.

but

General account.

1st, 2d, 4th report. {90}

245. Arrange translations immediately after the original, prefixing the name of the language into which they are made; if there are several, arrange the languages alphabetically.

Ex.

Cicero. De officiis. [Various editions, arranged chronologically.]

— Same. Erkl. von O. Heine. Berlin, 1857. 8º.

— Eng. Offices; tr. by C. R. Edmonds. London, 1850. 8º.

— French. Les offices; tr. par [G. Dubois]. Paris, 1691. 8º.

If the original is not in the library the translation may be arranged either by the first words of its own title or by the first words of the original title prefixed in brackets. The latter order is to be preferred when most of the other titles are in the original language. When the list of entries is long a reference should be made from any title of a translation which is alphabetically much separated from its original back to the original title under which it is to be found.

Ex.

Hofland, Mrs. B. (W. H.). [The son of a genius. French:] Ludovico; tr. par Mme. de Montolieu.

Dudevant. L’homme de neige.

— Eng. The snow man.

[58 titles interposed.]

— The snow man. See, back, L’homme de neige.

An original text with a translation is to be arranged as if alone, but if there are many editions make a reference from among the translations to the original. If there are translations into two languages in a volume, arrange by the first, and, if necessary, refer from the second.

Polyglots precede all other editions.

246. Divide the works about a person when numerous by collecting the titles of lives into a group.

247. When a writer is voluminous insert the criticisms or notes on or replies to each work after its title; otherwise give them according to § [240], at the end of the article.

248. Arrange analyticals, when there are several for the same article, chronologically, as being different editions.

Ex. Pretty, F. Prosperous voyage of Sir T. Cavendish. (In Purchas, S. Pilgrims, v. 1, b. 2. 1625; — Harris, J. Col., v. 1. 1705; and v. 1. 1764; — Callander, J. Terra Austr., v. 1. 1768; — Hakluyt, R. Col., v. 4. 1811.)

249. If the library has a work both as part of another work and independently, arrange in the probable order of publication.

Ex.

Cutter, C: A. Common sense in libraries. (In Library journal, v. 14. 1889.)

— Same. (In American Library Assoc. Proceedings at St. Louis, 1889.)

— Same, separated.

— Same. [Boston, 1889.] Q.

250. Under countries arrange titles as under any other author.

That is, put first the country’s own works (governmental publications), then the works about the country; and as we put the criticisms on a voluminous author after the separate writings to which they respectively apply, so we put accounts of or attacks upon any branch of government after the entry of the branch.

251. In arranging government publications make all necessary divisions but avoid subdivision. {91}

It is much clearer—and it is the dictionary plan—to make the parts of a division themselves independent divisions, referring from the including division to the subordinate one. E. g. (to take part of the headings under United States):

The subordination of bureaus and offices to departments is adopted simply for convenience, and is changed from time to time as the exigencies of the public service demand. There is no corresponding convenience in preserving such an order in a catalogue, but inconvenience, especially in the case of the above-mentioned changes. The alphabetical arrangement has here all its usual advantages without its usual disadvantage of wide separation.

252. Insert a synopsis of the arrangement whenever there are enough titles under a heading to require it.

This applies chiefly to the larger countries (as France, Great Britain, United States), the more voluminous authors (as Cicero, Shakespeare), one title-entry (Bible), and possibly some subjects not national. The arrangement of titles under Bible will be governed by §§ [240], [242], [245], and [247]; but it can be best understood from an example in some catalogue which has many titles under that heading. The synopsis in the Boston Athenæum catalogue is as follows:

Under each part the order is: Editions of the original texts chronologically arranged;—Versions, in the alphabetical order of the languages;—Illustrative works.

(c.) CONTENTS.

253. Arrange contents either in the order of the volumes or alphabetically by the titles of the articles.

It is evident how much much more compendious the second method is. But there is no reason why an alphabetical “contents” should not be run into a single paragraph.

The titles of novels and plays contained in any collection ought to be entered in the main alphabet; it is difficult then to see the advantage of an alphabetical arrangement of the same titles under the collection. Many other collections are composed of works for which alphabetical order is no gain, because the words of their titles are not mnemonic words, and it is not worth while to take the trouble of arranging them; but there are others composed of both classes, in which such order is very convenient. {93}

(d.) SUBJECTS.

254. Care must be taken not to mix two subjects together because their names are spelled in the same way.

Thus Grace before meals, Grace of body, Grace the musical term, and Grace the theological term, must be four distinct headings.

255. Under subject-headings group titles topically when it can be done, otherwise arrange them by the authors’ names.

Alphabetical arrangement by authors’ names is useful when a subject-entry is a substitute for a title-entry, but otherwise is as useless as it is inappropriate. If the author’s name is known the book should be looked for under that, not under the subject; if it is not known, what good can an arrangement by authors do? Sometimes, if one has forgotten the Christian name of an author, it may be easier to find him under a subject than in a crowd of Smiths or Joneses or Müllers, and this use of a subject-heading is impaired by grouping or by chronological order; but such use is infrequent, and the main design of a subject-entry should not be subordinated to this side advantage.

It is even urged that it is harder to find a work treating of the subject in any special way among subdivisions than when there is only one alphabet, which is absurd. On the one hand one must look over a list of books embracing five or six distinct divisions of a subject and select from titles often ambiguous or provokingly uncommunicative those that seem likely to treat of the matter in the way desired. On the other plan he must run over five or six headings given by another man, and representing that man’s ideas of classification, and decide under which of them the treatise he is in search of is likely to be put. Which system gives the least trouble and demands the least brain-work? Plainly the latter. In three cases out of four he can comprehend the system at a glance. And if in the fourth there is a doubt, and he is compelled after all to look over the whole list or several of the divisions, he is no worse off than if there were no divisions; the list is not any longer. The objection then to subdivisions is not real, but fanciful. The reader at first glance is frightened by the appearance of a system to be learned, and perversely regards it as a hinderance instead of an assistance. But if anyone has such a rooted aversion to subdivisions it is very easy for him to disregard them altogether, and read the list as if they were not there, leaving them to be of service to wiser men.

As the number of titles under each heading increases in number so does the opportunity and need of division. The first and most usual groups to be made are Bibliography and its companion History, and the “practical-form” groups Dictionaries and Periodicals Under countries the first grouping will be Description and Travels, History and Politics, Language and Literature, followed by Natural history, etc. For examples of further subdivisions see the longer catalogues. It is not worth while in a printed catalogue to make very minute divisions. The object aimed at,—enabling the enquirer to find quickly the book that treats of the branch of the subject which he is interested in,—is attained if the mass of titles is broken up into sections containing from half a dozen to a score. Of course there are masses of titles which can not be so broken up because they all treat of the same subject in the same way, or at least show no difference of treatment that admits of classification. The general works on the Fine Arts in a library of 100,000 volumes may number 100 titles, even after Periodicals and Dictionaries have been set aside.

There is one objection to grouping,—that books can seldom be made to fill any classification exactly, their contents overrunning the classes, so that they must be entered in several places, or they will fail to be found under some of the subdivisions of which they treat. Thus in the chronological arrangement of History, whether we arrange by the first date, the average, or the last date of each work, the books cover periods of such various length that one can never get all that relates to one period together. {94}

There is another objection,—that it is much harder to make a catalogue with subdivisions, which of course require a knowledge of the subject and examination of the books; and the difficulty increases in proportion to the number of the books and the minuteness of the divisions.

256. The subarrangement in groups will often be alphabetical by authors; but in groups or subjects of a historical character it should be chronological, the order being made clear by putting the dates first or by printing them in heavy-faced type.

Thus under countries the division History will be arranged according to the period treated of, the earliest first; so under Description, for England as seen by foreigners in the days of Elizabeth was a very different country from the England seen by Prince Pückler-Muskau in 1828, or satirized by Max O’Rell in 1883. So Statistics and Literature, and other divisions, should be treated when they are long enough.

257. When there are many cross-references classify them.

Ex. Architecture. See also Arches;—Baths;—Bridges;—Cathedrals;—Fonts;—[and many other things built];

also Carpentry;—Drawing;—Metal-work;—Painting;—[and many other means or methods of building];

also Athens;—Berlin;—Boston;—Milan;—Rome;—Venice;—Verona;—[and many other cities whose buildings are described];

also Arabia;—Assyria;—Egypt;—France;—Greece;—India;—Italy;—[and many other countries whose architecture is described].

258. When the titles are numerous under a subject-heading divide them, but avoid subdivision.

It may not be best to adopt strictly the same method in the subdivisions under countries that was recommended for government publications. There are advantages in both the following plans. The second is the dictionary plan pure and simple; the first is a bit of classification introduced for special reasons into a dictionary catalogue, and perhaps out of place there. It is, however, the one which I have adopted for the catalogue of the Boston Athenæum.

[68] Not meaning novels, but broadsides, chap-books, and the like,—the literature of the people in times past.

[69] Again not meaning novels, but the romances of chivalry, etc.

Note, however, that if the subordination under Language and Literature is objected to, it is very easy to make them independent headings in the main alphabet, having

Of course different countries will require different divisions, e. g., Ecclesiastical history, Mythology, Religion, Theology will not often be required for the same {97} country. And often it will be expedient to combine those divisions in which there are very few titles into one more general; thus Botany, Herpetology, Ichthyology, Zoölogy, would join to give Natural history a respectable size, and Geology, Mineralogy, Palæontology, Physical geography would combine, or in very small countries all these would go together under Description. Under some countries other divisions will be required; in the list are given only those in actual use; but the arrangement is elastic and admits of new divisions whenever they are needed. In regard to a few (such as Epitaphs, Fables, Names, Proverbs) there is room for doubt whether they ought to be under countries; whether the subject cohesion is not much stronger than the national cohesion. Many others are not usually put here (as Numismatics, Philosophy, Religion, Science, Theology, Zoölogy). The former usage was to put under the country only its history, travels in it, and the general descriptive works; and books that treated of the Art, Architecture, Ballads, Botany, Drama, etc., of that land were put with the general works on Art, Architecture, etc. But the tendency of the dictionary catalogue is towards national classification; that is, in separating what relates to the parts of a subject, as is required by its specific principle, it necessarily brings together all that relates to a country in every aspect, as it would what relates to any other individual.

It may be asked (1) why the parts of Natural history are here separated and the parts of Language and Literature not; and (2) why we do not divide still more (following out the dictionary plan fully), so as to have divisions like Liliaceæ, Cows, Horses. As to (2), in a library catalogue of a million volumes it would no doubt be best to adopt rigidly this specific mode of entry for the larger countries; for a catalogue of one or two hundred thousand, arrangement in classes is as well suited to quick reference and avoids the loss of room occasioned by numerous headings. With few books minute division has a very incomplete appearance, specialties occurring only here and there, and most of the titles being those of general works. This may be compared to the division of a library into alcoves. One of from 10,000 to 20,000 volumes has an alcove for Natural History; from 20,000 to 50,000 it has alcoves for Botany and for Zoölogy; from 50,000 to 100,000 it has alcoves for Birds, Fishes, Insects, Mammals, Reptiles, but it must be either very large or very special before it allows to smaller divisions of Zoölogy separate apartments. On an expansive system it is easy to make new alcoves as they are wanted; a similar multiplication by fission is possible in the successively enlarging editions of a printed catalogue. A card catalogue, designed for continuous growth, should have more thorough division than can be put into print, because it must look into the future, while the printed catalogue has no future.

As to (1) I can only say that the divisions of Language seem to me too intimately connected to be dispersed in catalogues of the present size, but that those of Literature have a more substantive existence and ought to be separated sooner. A double subdivision, however, ought to be avoided. Under Language there should be only one alphabet. It is better to arrange

than

Any subdivision of the groups under countries has been strongly opposed as being troublesome to make, useless, and even confusing, or as being an unlawful mixture of classed and dictionary cataloguing. But suppose you have four or five hundred {98} titles under France. History. Will you break them up into groups with such headings as House of Bourbon, Revolution, Empire, Restoration, etc., with references and other devices for those works which treat of several periods, all of which it must be confessed is a little formidable at first glance, or will you leave them in one undivided mass, so that he who wants to find the history of the last half of the 15th century must read through the 500 titles, perhaps, to find even one and certainly to find all? You would divide of course. It is true that grouping may mislead. The inquirer must still be careful to look in several places. The history of France during the ascendency of the House of Valois is to be found not merely under that heading but in the comprehensive histories of the country. The inquirer may be a little less likely to think of this because the titles of these two groups are separated from the many other titles which have nothing to do specially or generally with the House of Valois, but if he does think of it he is greatly assisted by such segregation.

K. Etc.

259. In a supplement, catalogue the whole of a continued set, not merely the volumes received since the first catalogue.

Ex. If v. 1–4 are in the catalogue and v. 5–10 are received later, enter all 10 v. in the supplement. It takes no more room, and it is useless to make the reader look in two places to ascertain how much of the work the library has. But this should not be done when it will take up much space, as would often be the case with periodicals, owing to details of change of name, number of volumes missing, etc. Nor should Contents be repeated; it is enough to refer.

260. When there are many editions of a work under any subject-heading omit the titles and merely refer to the author-entry.

Much space may thus be saved at little inconvenience to the reader.

Ex. Gaul. CÆSAR, C. J. Commentarii [B.C. 58–49]. See Cæsar, C. J. (pp. 441, 442); here two lines do the work of forty.

261. Rare books.

American libraries and especially town libraries seldom have any books sufficiently rare to deserve great particularity of description. If for any reason it is thought necessary to give a minute account of a book or of a collection good models may be found in Trömel’s Biblioth. amér., Lpz., 1861, 8º, Stevens’s Historical nuggets, Lond., 1862, 2 v. 16º, Weller’s Repertorium bibliographicum, Nördlingen, 1864, 8º, Harrisse’s Biblioth. Amer. vetustissima, N. Y., 1866, 8º, Tiele’s Mém. bibliog. sur les journaux des navig. néerlandaises, Amst., 1867, 8º, and the titles of the rarer books in Sabin’s Dict. of books rel. to America, N. Y., 1868, etc. For the convenience of those who have not these works at hand a few examples are given here.

Leonardus de Utino or de Belluno. F1. Sermones aurei de sanctis. [Colophon:] Expliciūt Sermones aurei | de sanctis per totū annum

s | cōpilauit magister Leonar | dus de Vtino sacre theologie | doctor . . . | . . . Ad instantiam & cō|placentiā magnifice coītatis | Vtinensis . . . | . . . | M. cccc. xlvi . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | [Coloniæ per Ulr. Zell,] M. cccc. Lxxiij. fº. Registrum (47) pp., (4) pp. blank, Tabula (1) p., (244) ll. In 2 coll. of 36 lines.

This copy has the leaves numbered in ms. and a Tabula prefixed to the 2d part by a contemporary hand. The work being very thick was probably in general bound in two parts and is rarely complete; Santander describes only the 1st part, the due de la Vallière had only the 2d. The name of the printer, Zell, is found in only three or four of his numerous publications. This is shown to be his by the type, which is the same as that used in the Sermones of R. Caracciolus de Litio issued in the same year. The present work went through 10 editions in 8 years. According to Graesse it is {99} probably the first book printed out of Italy which contains a line of Italian poetry, “Trenta foglie ha la rosa”, at the end of the 1st part.

Brunet v. 1022, Graesse vi. ii. 232, Hain no. 16128.

(47) pp. means 47 unnumbered pages, ll. means leaves. Italicizing the um in Registrum signifies that those letters are expressed in the caption by a contraction which the printer of the catalogue has no type for.

Huon de Bordeaux. Les gestes et faictz | merueilleux du no|ble Huon de Bor|deaulx Per de France, Duc de Guyenne. Nouuellement redige en bon | Francoys: et Imprime nouuellement a Paris pour Jean Bonfonds | . . . | . . . | [Woodcut] [Ending] Lequel liure & | hystoire a este mis de rime en prose | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . lequel fut fait & parfait le vinte | neufiesme iour de Januier. Lan | mil. cccc. liiii | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . Imprime a Paris pour Jan | Bonfons . . . | . . . n. d. 4º. (8), 264 ll. @ 40 lines. With 14 woodcuts in the text, and the printer’s mark.

On the eighth leaf is written “Jehan Moynard me possidet 1557,” which is probably not far from the date of publication. The 1st dated edition appeared in 1516. Brunet mentions two other editions before recording the present, one 1556, one undated.

Sold, Essling 95 fr., Giraud 199 fr.