FOOTNOTES:
[1] Against Apion, ii. 40.
[2] See Kuenen’s “Religion of Israel,” i. 226 (Eng. trans.).
[3] See Gen. xxxi. 53; Josh. xxiv. 15; Judges xi. 24; cf. Exod. xv. 11.
[4] Ezekiel (xx. 8) says they were corrupted by the Egyptian religion, but this is very improbable.
[5] “Religion of Israel,” i. 281 (Eng. trans.).
[6] See Curtius, “Hist. of Greece,” bk. ii. ch. 4.
[7] Acts vii. 22.
[8] See an article by Professor Huxley, Nineteenth Century, April, 1886, p. 498.
[9] See, in particular, Lev. vi. 1–7.
[10] Jer. vii. 22; Amos v. 25.
[11] Isa. i. 11; lxvi. 1–4; Hos. vi. 6; Micah vi. 6–8.
[12] Isa. xlv. 12.
[13] Exod. xix. 5, 6; Lev. xxvi. For correlative covenant, see Gen. xxviii. 20, 21.
[14] “Religion of Israel,” ii. 267 (Eng. trans.).
[15] Lev. v. 11, 12.
[16] Ibid. xvi. 21, 22.
[17] Heb. ix. 22.
[18] 1 Sam. viii. 7.
[19] Josh. xxiv. 15.
[20] Judg. x. 6.
[21] Jer. ii. 28.
[22] See Kuenen, “Religion of Israel,” i. 360 (Eng. trans.).
[23] Isa. i. 11.
[24] Isa. xli. 8.
[25] See Exod. xix. 5, 6.
[26] Isa. lix. 1, 2.
[27] See Isa. xlviii. 18, 19.
[28] For an endeavour to secure future obedience to the covenant, see 2 Kings xi. 17. From this idea that all Israel’s calamities were due to the violation of a divine covenant, probably arose the Jewish explanation of the “origin of evil.” Calamities in general falling on mankind they would naturally ascribe to the same cause, namely, the disregard of the commands of God. Hence the story of the fall of man as we have it in the opening chapters of Genesis.
[29] Jer. xliv. 15–19.
[30] Isa. xxx., xxxi.
[31] 2 Kings xxiii. 29.
[32] For the influence of the captivity on Judaism, see Ewald, “Hist. of Israel,” v. 24, seq. (Eng. trans.), and Kuenen, “Religion of Israel,” ii. 139 (Eng. trans.).
[33] “History of Israel,” ii. 35 (Eng. trans.).
[34] Jer. xiv. 19–22.
[35] See Ezekiel xxxvii. 24, 25; and cf. Micah v. 2–9. Bethlehem, as David’s birthplace, was to be the birthplace of David the Messiah.
[36] Ibid.
[37] Jer. xxxi. 31–34.
[38] Amos iii. 2.
[39] Isa. ii. 2–4; xi. 9, 10.
[40] Ibid. lx. 3, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18.
[41] Ibid. lxi. 5, 6.
[42] Jer. xvi. 19.
[43] Micah vi. 6–8.
[44] Isa. lxvi. 1–4.
[45] See Kuenen, “Religion of Israel,” iii. 276 (Eng. trans.).
[46] Isa. lxvi. 18–23.
[47] Isa. lii. 14.
[48] See Tobit iii. 8. How different from Isa. xlv. 6, 7.
[49] 2 Macc. xii. 43–45.
[50] See 1 Macc. xiv. 41.
[51] See Ewald, “Hist. of Israel,” v. 360, seq. (Eng. trans.), and Kuenen, “Religion of Israel,” iii. 277 (Eng. trans.).
[52] See Milman, “Hist. of Christianity,” i. 82.
[53] “Religion of Israel,” iii. 273 (Eng. trans.).
[54] Dan. vii. 13, 14.
[55] See Strauss, “New Life of Jesus,” sects. 38, 39.
[56] See Strauss, “New Life of Jesus,” sect. 36.
[57] See Matt. xxvi. 26–28, and Mark xiv. 22–24; Luke xxii. 19, 20, and 1 Cor. xi. 23–25; cf. 1 Cor. x. 16.
[58] See Exod. xii. 3–30.
[59] Isa. liii. 10, 12.
[60] 1 Cor. x. 16.
[61] Rom. iii. 24, 25; v. 6–11; viii. 3; 1 Thess. iv. 16, 17; cf. 1 Pet. ii. 24.
[62] 2 Cor. v. 19.
[63] Isa. lxv. 17; cf. Rev. xxi. 1.
[64] See Milman, “History of Christianity,” i. 378.
[65] 1 Thess. v. 1–10.
[66] Rom. xi. 25–27.
[67] 1 Cor. xv.
[68] Rev. xx., xxi.; cf. 2 Esdras vii. 28–33.
[69] Rom. v., vi.
[70] Acts xvii. 18.
[71] 1 Cor. xv. 1–20.
[72] See Strauss, “New Life of Jesus,” section 49.
[73] See Strauss, “New Life of Jesus,” section 98; 1 Cor. xv. 5–8.
[74] Rom. i. 3, 4.
[75] 1 Cor. xv. 45–49; Rom. viii. 16, 17.
[76] Rom. viii. 3; Gal. iv. 4, 5.
[77] See Baur, “Church History,” part iv., and “Life of Paul,” part iii., chaps. vi. and viii.
[78] 1 Cor. viii. 6.
[79] Of course no importance can be attached to the “God blessed for ever” of Rom. ix. 5, which either, as is generally thought, does not refer to Christ at all, or, if it does, is obviously a late interpolation suggested to the copyist by Rom. 1. 25.
[80] See Renan, “Les Apôtres,” chap. xvi.
[81] “History of Rationalism,” ii. 203.
[82] See Kuenen, “Religion of Israel,” iii. 271 (Eng. trans.).
[83] Against Apion, ii. 17.
[84] “History of Christianity,” i. 94, note.
[85] Matt. 1. 23.
[86] See Strauss, “New Life of Jesus,” section 98.
[87] 1 Cor. xv. 4.
[88] Hos. vi. 2. It may also have been founded on the accepted date of the earliest vision.
[89] Prov. viii. 22–30.
[90] Ps. xxxiii. 6.
[91] There can be little doubt that δ λὁγοςδ in Philo means the word rather than the reason of God. He evidently used the term as a Jew, with the language of Genesis in his mind. This language itself is an interesting product of eastern anthropomorphism, which naturally conceived God as working like a despot by simply issuing his commands.
[92] Quis ... Heres, 42.
[93] “Religion of Israel,” iii. 202 (Eng. trans.).
[94] The gospel being written in order to satisfy a need of the Church, it is obvious that this need would ensure its immediate acceptance. The Church was not likely to question the genuineness of a document which contained exactly what it required. So we may safely assign the composition of the gospel a date immediately preceding that of the first trustworthy evidence of its existence.
[95] John i. 1, 3.
[96] Ibid. i. 14.
[97] 1 Pet. ii. 22–24.
[98] Rom. viii. 26, 27.
[99] Exod. xxiii. 20–23.
[100] Isa. lxiii. 9, 10; Haggai ii. 5; cf. Neh. ix. 20. It was probably with reference to the storm as the most destructive phenomenon of nature that the name “breath of God” was given to the angel commissioned by him to destroy the enemies of his people.
[101] Milman, “History of Christianity,” i. 352.
[102] “Essence of Christianity,” chap. xv.
[103] See Eusebius, “Ecclesiastical History,” bk. vi. chap. 37.
[104] 1 Cor. xi. 29.
[105] The origin of this doctrine must not be confused with the scholastic defence of it.
[106] “Essence of Christianity,” chap. vi.
[107] Before the beginning of this period, Christianity was inspired chiefly by the hope of gaining heaven; since the beginning of it, Christianity has been inspired chiefly by the hope of escaping hell.
[108] “The Origin and Development of Religious Belief,” ii. 307 seq.
[109] “The Origin and Development of Religious Belief,” vol. ii. ch. 7.
[110] See Liddon’s “Bampton Lectures,” p. 259 seq., 7th edit.
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