The Handbook to English Heraldry

by Charles Boutell

A. C. FOX-DAVIES

OF LINCOLN’S INN BARRISTER-AT-LAW

Royal Arms (1340-1405)

LONDON: REEVES & TURNER

1914

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Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.
at the Ballantyne Press, Edinburgh

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[PREFACE]
TO THE ELEVENTH EDITION

This standard work of reference has been revised throughout, and enlarged by the addition of an extra chapter on Peerage Dignities.

A. C. FOX-DAVIES.

Lincoln’s Inn, November 1913.

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[PREFACE]
TO THE TENTH EDITION

In the revision of this well-known work I have held my hand, rather than the contrary, trying to bear always in mind that it was the hand-book of Mr. Charles Boutell and not a production of my own. My alterations have been concerned chiefly in bringing the volume up to date, a necessity imposed by the creation of new orders of knighthood, and change of Sovereign. I have certainly omitted a few remarks which I have thought might be the cause of leading students of the science astray: I have altered ambiguous wording to emphasise the real, and I have no doubt the originally intended meaning. But in many points which, being deductions, are naturally matters of opinion, I have left herein various expressions of Mr. Boutell’s opinion, with which I can hardly say I personally altogether agree or would myself put forward. I hold that it is no part of an editor’s duty to air his own opinions under the protection or repute of another’s name, and herein I have inserted nothing for which my own opinion is the only authority.

A. C. FOX-DAVIES.

Lincoln’s Inn, June 1908.

No. 2.—St. Edward. No. 1.—St. George. No. 3.—St. Edmund.

[AUTHOR’S PREFACE]

This Volume, specially prepared for the use of students at an early period of their study of English Heraldry, commends itself also to those inquirers who may desire to obtain some general information on the same subject, without having any intention to devote to Heraldry much either of their time or of their serious regard.

The success, no less extraordinary than gratifying, of my larger work on Heraldry, led me to hope that a not less favourable reception might be extended to a simpler and much shorter essay, more decidedly elementary in its aim and character, and yet as far as possible within its limits complete. Such a treatise I have endeavoured to produce in this Volume.

Inseparably associated with the History of our Country, and more particularly when our national History becomes the Biography of eminent Englishmen, English Heraldry has the strongest claims upon the attention not only of all Historians, but also of all who desire to become familiar with their writings. In like manner, Heraldry may be studied with no less of advantage than of satisfaction by all Artists, whether Architects, Sculptors, Painters, or Engravers. Nor is it too much to assert that some knowledge of Heraldry, in consequence of its singular and comprehensive utility, ought to be estimated as a necessary element of a liberal education. In confirmation of my own views, I am tempted to quote the following passage from M. Gourdon de Genouillac’s introduction to his excellent “Grammaire Héraldique,” published at Paris:—“Le blason,” says M. de Genouillac, “est une langue qui s’est conservée dans sa pureté primitive depuis les siècles, langue dont la connaissance, est indispensable aux familles nobles, qui y trouvent un signe d’alliance ou de reconnaissance, aux numismates, aux antiquaires, aux archéologues, enfin à tous les artistes, gens de lettres, &c.; cependant cette langue est presque inconnue, et la plupart des personnes qui possedent le droit de porter des armoiries seraient fort en peine de les expliquer selon les termes techniques!” Heraldry, indeed, I believe to be a study worthy to be universally regarded with affectionate respect, as it certainly is eminently qualified to inspire such a sentiment in every class of student.

In this spirit I have here treated the elements of the Heraldry of England, confident that, of those who may accompany me as far as I shall lead them, very many will not be content to stop where I shall take leave of them. Thus much I promise my companions—I will be to them a faithful guide. They may trust to my accuracy. I have made no statement, have adduced no example, nor have I exhibited any illustration, except upon authority. I myself like and admire what is real and true in Heraldry; and it is by the attractiveness of truth and reality that I desire to win for Heraldry fresh friends, and to secure for it firm friendships.

It will be understood that from the authority, the practice, and the associations of the early Heraldry of the best and most artistic eras, I seek to derive a Heraldry which we may rightly consider to be our own, and which we may transmit with honour to our successors. I do not suggest the adoption, for present use, of an obsolete system. But, while I earnestly repudiate the acceptance and the maintenance amongst ourselves of a most degenerate substitute for a noble Science, I do aspire to aid in restoring Heraldry to its becoming rank, and consequently to its early popularity, now in our own times. This is to revive the fine old Heraldry of the past, to give to it a fresh animation, and to apply it under existing conditions to existing uses and requirements: not, to adjust ourselves to the circumstances of its first development, and to reproduce as copyists its original expressions. It is not by any means a necessary condition of a consistent revival of early Heraldry, that our revived Heraldry should admit no deviation from original usage or precedent. So long as we are thoroughly animated by the spirit of the early Heralds, we may lead our Heraldry onwards with the advance of time. It is for us, indeed, to prepare a Heraldry for the future, no less than to revive true Heraldry in the time now present. We may rightly modify, therefore, and adapt many things, in order to establish a true conformity between our Heraldry and the circumstances of our own era: for example, with advantage as well as propriety we may, in a great measure, substitute Badges for Crests; and we shall do well to adopt a style of drawing which will be perfectly heraldic, without being positively unnatural.

The greater number of my Illustrations have been engraved only in outline, with the twofold object of my being thus enabled to increase the number of the examples, and to adapt the engravings themselves to the reception of colour. It will be very desirable for students to blazon the illustrations, or the majority of them, in their proper tinctures: and those who are thoroughly in earnest will not fail to form their own collections of additional examples, which, as a matter of course, they will seek to obtain from original authorities. With the exception of a few examples, my Illustrations, considerably over 400, have all been executed expressly for this work; and they all have been engraved by Mr. R. B. Utting. The chief exceptions are thirteen admirable woodcuts of Scottish Seals, all of them good illustrations of Heraldry south of the Tweed, originally engraved for Laing’s noble quarto upon “The Ancient Seals of Scotland,” published in Edinburgh. Scottish Heraldry, I must add, as in any particulars of law and practice it may differ from our Heraldry on this side of the Tweed, I have left in the able hands of the Heralds of the North: at the same time, however, the Heraldry of which I have been treating has so much that is equally at home on either side of “the Border,” that I have never hesitated to look for my examples and authorities to both the fair realms which now form one Great Britain.

C. B.

[CONTENTS]

	PAGE
[Preface to Present Edition]	vii
[Author’s Preface]	ix
[List of Illustrations]	xix
[CHAPTER I]
Introductory— Early Popularityof Heraldry in England— Origin of English Heraldry; Definition;Characteristics; Development; Early Uses; Not connected with EarlierSystems— Ancient Heraldry— Past and Present Treatment of theSubject	1
[CHAPTER II]
Early Heraldic Authorities—Seals; Monumental Effigies, &c.; Rolls of Arms, Official HeraldicRecords, &c.— Earliest Heraldic Shields and Banners— Allusive Qualityof Early Armory— Attributed Arms	10
[CHAPTER III]
The English Heraldry that is now in existence— First Debasementof Heraldry— Later Debasement— Revival of EnglishHeraldry— Heraldic Art	20
[CHAPTER IV]
Grammar of Heraldry: SectionI.— Language— Nomenclature— Style and Forms ofExpression— Blazon— The Shield: its Parts, Points,Divisions, Dividing Lines, Varieties of Form, and Heraldic Treatment	29
[CHAPTER V]
Grammar of Heraldry: SectionII.— Tinctures: Metals, Colours, Furs— Varied Fields—Law of Tinctures— Counter-changing— Diaper—Disposition— Blazoning— Emblazoning in Tinctures	40
[CHAPTER VI]
Grammar of Heraldry: SectionIII.— The Ordinaries:— Chief: Fesse: Bar: Pale: Cross; itsHeraldic Varieties: Bend: Saltire: Chevron: and Pile	49
[CHAPTER VII]
Grammar of Heraldry: SectionIV.— The Subordinaries:— Canton or Quarter: Inescutcheon:Oile: Tressure: Bordure: Flanches: Lozenge, Mascle, Rustre: Fusil:Billet: Gyron: Frette— The Roundles	64
[CHAPTER VIII]
Grammar of Heraldry: SectionV.— Miscellaneous Charges:— Human Beings: Animals: Birds:Fish: Reptiles and Insects: Imaginary Beings: Natural Objects: VariousArtificial Figures and Devices— Appropriate DescriptiveEpithets	73
[CHAPTER IX]
Grammar of Heraldry: SectionVI.— The Lion and the Eagle in Heraldry	83
[CHAPTER X]
Grammar of Heraldry: SectionVII.— Glossary of Titles, Names, and Terms	100
[CHAPTER XI]
Marshalling:— Aggroupment:Combination: Quartering: Dimidiation: Impalement: Escutcheon ofPretence: Marshalling the Arms of Widowers, Widows, and others: OfficialArms; and the Accessories of Shields	158
[CHAPTER XII]
Cadency:— Marks of Cadency aretemporary, or permanent: the Label: the Bordure: the Bendlet, Barrulet,and Canton: Change of Tincture: Secondary Charges: Single Small Charges:Differences of Illegitimacy: Cadency of Crests, Badges, &c.: ModernCadency	176
[CHAPTER XIII]
Differencing:— Differencing todenote Feudal Alliance or Dependency: Differencing without anyAlliance— Augmentation— Abatement	194
[CHAPTER XIV]
Crests	209
[CHAPTER XV]
Badges	220
[CHAPTER XVI]
Supporters	237
[CHAPTER XVII]
Flags:— The Pennon: theBanner: the Standard: the Royal Standard: the “Union Jack”: Ensigns:Military Standards and Colours: Blazoning: Hoisting and DisplayingFlags	246
[CHAPTER XVIII]
The Royal Heraldry of England andScotland:— Shields of Arms of the Reigning Sovereigns ofEngland, of Scotland, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain andIreland: Crests: Supporters: Mottoes: Crowns: Banners: Armorial Insigniaof the late Prince Consort; of the Prince and Princess of Wales; of theother Princes and Princesses	258
[CHAPTER XIX]
Orders of Knighthood and Insignia ofHonour:— Feudal Knighthood— Orders of Knighthood:Knights of St. John: Knights Templars: the Order of the Garter; of theThistle; of St. Patrick; of the Bath; of St. Michael and St. George; ofthe Star of India— The Order of Merit— The Royal VictorianOrder— The Imperial Service Order— The Victoria Cross—The Albert Medal— Naval and Military Medals— ForeignInsignia bestowed on British Subjects	273
[CHAPTER XX]
Precedence Genealogies	295
[CHAPTER XXI]
The College of Arms— The Lyon Office of Scotland— Grants ofArms— Tax on “Armorial Bearings,” and on “Arms Found”	304
[CHAPTER XXII]
Miscellaneous:— Coins—Seals— Heraldry in Architecture, in Monuments, in Illuminations,in Encaustic Tiles— Heraldic Personal Ornaments, and variousHeraldic Decorations— Conclusion	316
[CHAPTER XXIII]
Peerage Dignities:— TheDignity of Earl— Of Baron— The Parliament of 1295—Landed Qualifications— Creation of the Title Duke ofCornwall— The Title of Marquis— The Premier Baron ofEngland— The Peerage of Scotland— Scottish Remainders—Daughter Inherits in her own Right— Determination of anAbeyance— The Right to Create Peers of Ireland— Rights andPrivileges of a Peeress— The Daughters of Peers— Anomaliesof the English Scale of Precedence	327
[General Index]	335

[LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS]

Page numbers are from the original text. Some illustrations have been shifted slightly from their original location; links lead directly to the illustration. Illustrations 4-315 are in the separate file containing chapters I-X. Words in italics were added by the transcriber. There is no Figure 208.

NO.	PAGE
[1.]	Arms of St. George	ix
[2.]	Arms of St. Edward
[3.]	Arms of St. Edmund
[4.]	Arms of Sir Walter Scott, of Abbotsford	1
[5.]	Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry	6
[6.]	Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry	6
[7.]	Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase	8
[8.]	Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase	8
[9.]	Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase	8
[10.]	Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase	8
[11.]	Seal of Walter Innes	11
[12.]	Seal of William Innes	11
[13.]	Banner of Templars	14
[14.]	Banner of Leicester	14
[15.]	Shield of Brittany	14
[16.]	Shield of Waldegrave	14
[17.]	Shield of Fitz Warine	14
[18.]	Shield of Whitworth	14
[19.]	The Escarbuncle	15
[20.]	Shield of Montacute	17
[20A.]	Shield of Montacute	70
[21.]	The Planta Genista	17
[22.]	Arms assigned to William I.	18, [259]
[23.]	Arms assigned to the Saxon Princes	18
[24.]	Shield of Prince John of Eltham	26
[25.]	Badge of Richard II., Westminster Hall	27
[26.]	Badge of Richard II., Westminster Hall	27
[27.]	The Points of an Heraldic Shield	33
[28.]	Shield divided per Pale	33
[29.]	Shield divided per Fesse	33
[30.]	Shield divided Quarterly	33
[31.]	Shield divided per Bend	33
[32.]	Shield divided per Bend Sinister	33
[33.]	Shield divided per Saltire	33
[34.]	Shield divided per Chevron	33
[35.]	Shield divided per Tierce	33
[36.]	Shield Quarterly of Eight	34
[37.]	Compound Quartering	34
[38.]	Border and Dividing Lines	35
[39.]	Bowed Shield	36
[40.]	Heraldic Shield	36
[41.]	Heraldic Shield	36
[42.]	Heraldic Shield	36
[43.]	Heraldic Shield	37
[44.]	Heraldic Shield	37
[45.]	Modern Shield	37
[46.]	Cartouche	37
[47.]	Lozenge	37
[48.]	Arms of Provence	38
[49.]	Shield Couché	38
[50.]	Symbolisation of Or	40
[51.]	Symbolisation of Argent	40
[52.]	Symbolisation of Azure	40
[53.]	Symbolisation of Gules	40
[54.]	Symbolisation of Sable	40
[55.]	Symbolisation of Vert	40
[56.]	Symbolisation of Purpure	40
[57],[57A].Ermine		41, 42
[58.]	Ermines	41
[59.]	Erminois	41
[60.]	Pean	41
[61.]	Vair	41
[62.]	Vair	41
[63.]	Counter Vair	41
[64.]	Potent	41
[65.]	Counter Potent	41
[66.]	Componée	43
[67.]	Counter Componée	43
[68.]	Arms of Earl de Warrenne	45
[69.]	Arms of Jerusalem	44
[70.]	Arms of Fenwick	44
[71.]	A Chief	50
[72.]	Arms of Le Botiler	50
[73.]	Arms of De Brus	50
[74.]	Arms of De Clintone	50
[75.]	Arms of De Clintone	50
[76.]	Arms of De Clifford	50
[77.]	Arms of De Pateshulle	50
[78.]	Arms of Le Vavasour	50
[79.]	Arms of De Hemenhale	51
[80.]	Arms of De Dageworthe	51
[81.]	Arms of De Harecourt	51
[82.]	Arms of Wake	51
[83.]	Arms of De Huntercumbe	52
[84.]	Arms of De la Mere	52
[85.]	Arms of Fitzalan of Bedale	53
[86.]	Arms of De Valence	53
[87.]	Arms of Erskine	53
[88.]	Arms of Grandison	53
[89.]	Cross Fimbriated	54
[90.]	Cross Pointed	54
[91.]	Greek Cross	55
[92.]	Latin Cross	55
[93.]	Tau Cross	55
[94.]	Cross Quadrate	55
[95.]	Cross Patriarchal	55
[96.]	Cross Lourchée	55
[97.]	Arms of De Molines	56
[98.]	Arms of Bishop Anthony Bec	56
[99.]	Arms of William de Vesci	56
[100.]	Cross Fleurie	56
[101.]	Cross Fleurettée	56
[102.]	Cross Pommee	56
[103.]	Cross Botonee	57
[104.]	Cross Crosslet	57
[105.]	Cross Clechée	57
[106.]	Cross Patee	57
[107.]	Cross Maltese	57
[108.]	Cross Potent	57
[109.]	Cross Avellane	57
[110.]	Cross Botonée Fitchée	57
[111.]	Arms of Le Scrope	58
[112.]	Arms of De Radclyffe	58
[113.]	Arms of Le Boteler	58
[114.]	Arms of De Bohun, Earl of Hereford	59
[115.]	Arms of De Bohun (differenced)	59
[116.]	Arms of De Montford	60
[117.]	Arms of De Bray	60
[118.]	Paly Bendy	60
[119.]	Barry Bendy	60
[120.]	Arms of St. Andrew	60
[121.]	Arms of De Neville	60
[122.]	Arms of De Neville	60
[123.]	Arms of De Stafford	61
[124.]	Arms of De Clare	61
[125.]	Early Shield of De Clare	62
[126.]	Arms of De Chandos	62
[127.]	Arms of De Prian	62
[128.]	Arms of De Passett	62
[129.]	Arms of De Kyrkeby	65
[130.]	Arms of Blundell	65
[131.]	Arms of De Mortimer	66
[132.]	Arms of Darcy	66
[133.]	Arms of De Wyllers	66
[134.]	Arms of De Balliol	66
[135.]	Single Tressure Flory	67
[136.]	Tressure Flory Counterflory	67
[137.]	Double Tressure Flory	67
[138.]	Arms of Scotland	67, [260]
[139.]	Arms of De Waltone	68
[140.]	Arms of Richard, Earl of Cornwall	68
[141.]	Flanche	69
[142.]	Flasques	69
[143.]	Mascle	69
[144.]	Rustre	69
[145.]	Arms of De Burgh, Earl of Kent	69
[146.]	Arms of Deincourt	70
[147.]	Arms of Campbell	70
[148.]	A Frette	71
[149.]	Arms of De Etchingham	71
[150.]	Trellis Clouée	71
[151.]	Bezant	72
[152.]	Torteau	72
[153.]	Fountain	72
[154.]	Annulet	72
[155.]	Shield of Douglas	74
[156.]	Shield of Douglas	74
[157.]	Shield of Douglas	74
[158.]	Shield of Isle of Man	74
[159.]	Shield of St.Alban’s Abbey	75
[160.]	Early Martlet	77
[161.]	Martlet	77
[162.]	Banner of De Barre	77
[163.]	Dolphin	78
[164.]	Arms of De Lucy	78
[165.]	Escallop	78
[166.]	Moon A, B, C, Crescent, Increscent, Decrescent	80
[167.]	Stag At Gaze	81
[168.]	Stag Tripping	81
[169.]	Stag At Speed	81
[170.]	Stag’s Head Cabossed	85
[171.]	Lion Rampant	85
[172.]	Lion Rampant Guardant	85
[173.]	Lion Passant	85
[174.]	Lion Passant Guardant	85
[175.]	Lion Statant	85
[176.]	Lion Statant Guardant	85
[177.]	Lion Couchant	86
[178.]	Lion Sejant	86
[179.]	Lion Dormant	86
[180.]	Lion Salient	86
[181.]	Lion Double queued	86
[182.]	Lion Coward	86
[183.]	Lion’s Head	87
[184.]	Lion’s Face	87
[185.]	Lion’s Jambe	87
[186.]	Demi Lion Rampant	87
[187.]	Arms of England	87, [259]
[188.]	Arms of Richard I.	88
[189.]	Arms of Prince John	88
[190.]	Arms of Richard I.	88
[191.]	Arms of Le Strange	89
[192.]	Arms of Giffard	89
[193.]	Arms of Mowbray	89
[194.]	Arms of De Lacy	89
[195.]	Arms of De Segrave	89
[196.]	Arms of De Percy	90
[197.]	Arms of De Longespée	90
[198.]	Crest of Black Prince	91
[199.]	Crest &c., Richard II.	91
[200.]	Eagle Shield in Westminster Abbey	93
[201.]	Imperial Eagle	93
[202.]	Royal Eagle	93
[203.]	Arms of Earl of Cornwall	94
[204.]	Seal of Euphemia Leslie	94
[205.]	Shield of Piers Gaveston	95
[206.]	Arms of Montacute and Monthermer	95
[207.]	A Vol	96
[209.]	Arms of De la Mere	96
[210.]	Shield at St. Albans	97
[211.]	Austrian Eagle	97
[212.]	German Imperial Eagle	98
[213.]	German Eagle, wings erect	98
[214.]	French Imperial Eagle	99
[215.]	Badge of Ulster	101
[216.]	Breys	104
[217.]	Baron’s Coronet	104
[218.]	Water Bouget	106
[219.]	Bourohier Knot	106
[220.]	Bowen Knot	107
[221.]	Caltrap	107
[222.]	Castle	108
[223.]	Celestial Crown	108
[224.]	Chapeau of Estate	108
[225.]	Arms of Saxony	108
[226.]	Chess Rook	109
[227.]	Cinquefoil	109
[228.]	Clarions	109
[229.]	Cockatrice	110
[230.]	Collar of York	110
[231.]	Collar of Lancaster	110
[232.]	Crest Coronet	113
[233.]	Crest Wreaths	113
[234.]	Crown of H.M. The King	115, [266]
[235.]	Dacre Knot and Badges	115
[236.]	Dragon	117
[237.]	Duke’s Coronet	117
[238.]	Earl’s Coronet	118
[239.]	Eastern Crown	118
[240.]	Electoral Bonnet	119
[241.]	Arms of Byron	119
[242.]	Estoile	120
[243.]	Fer-de-Moline	121
[244.]	Fermails	121
[245.]	Fetter lock	122
[246.]	Fleur de lys	122
[247.]	Arms of France Ancient	122
[248.]	Arms of France Modern	122
[249.]	Arms of Edmund, Earl of Lancaster	123
[250.]	Arms of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.	122
[251.]	Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.	123
[252.]	Shield of Edward III., A.D.1340	124, [260]
[253.]	Shield of Henry IV., about 1405	124, [260]
[254], [255].Fylfots		125
[256.]	Shield of R. de Gorges	127
[257.]	Hawk’s Lure	128
[258.]	Hawk’s Bells and Jesses	128
[259.]	Helm of the Sovereign	129
[260.]	Helm of Princes and Nobles	129
[261.]	Helm of Baronets and Knights	129
[262.]	Helm of Esquires and Gentlemen	129
[263.]	Helm of Esquires and Gentlemen	129
[264.]	Heneage Knot	130
[265.]	Arms of the Heralds College	130
[266.]	Arms of Lyon Office	131
[267.]	Jessant de lys	133
[268], [269].Heraldic Keys		133
[270.]	Hastings Badge	133
[271], [272],[273].Labels		134
[274.]	Lacy Knot	134
[275.]	Lymphad	136
[276.]	Arms of Hastings	136
[277.]	Coronet of Marquess	137
[278.]	Mullet	139
[279.]	Mullet Pierced	139
[280.]	Mural Crown	140
[281.]	Naval Crown	140
[282.]	Pourdon	141
[283.]	Panache Crest of Edward Courtenay	142
[284.]	Panache Crest of William le Latimer	142
[285.]	Panache Crest of Edmund Mortimer	142
[286.]	Pennon of D’Aubernoun	143
[287.]	Pheon	143
[288.]	Portcullis	143
[289.]	Coronet of Prince of Wales	145
[290.]	Coronet of King’s Daughters and Younger Sons	145
[291.]	Coronet of King’s Grandchildren	145
[292.]	Coronet of King’s Cousins	145
[293.]	Quatrefoil	146
[294.]	The Ragged Staff Badge	146
[295.]	Rebus of Abbot Kirton	148
[296.]	Rebus of Bishop Peckyngton	148
[297.]	Rebus of Sir John Peche	148
[298], [299.]Heraldic Roses		149
[300.]	Rose en Soleil	149
[301.]	Crest of Hamilton	150
[302.]	Sixfoil	152
[303.]	Arms of Shakespeare	151
[304.]	Stafford Knot	152
[305.]	Staple Padge	152
[306.]	Arms of City of London	153
[307.]	Tabard	154
[308.]	Badge of James I.	154
[309.]	Trefoil Slipped	155
[310.]	Trumpet	155
[311.]	Viscount’s Coronet	156
[312.]	Shield at St.Michael’s Church, St. Albans	157
[313.]	Wake Knot	157
[314.]	Catherine Wheel	157
[315.]	Wyvern	157
[316.]	Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.	160
[317.]	Seal of Margaret Lady De Ros	161
[318.]	Seal of Joan, Countess of Surrey	162
[319.]	Seal of Mary, Countess of Pembroke	164
[320.]	Seal of Matilda of Lancaster	164
[321.]	Seal of Oliver de Bohun	165
[322.]	Shield of Earl John de Dreux	165
[323.]	Shield of Castile and Leon	166
[324.]	Shield of Henry, Earl of Northumberland	167
[325.]	Shield of Mayor of Winchelsea	168
[326.]	Shield of De Valence and Claremont Nesle	168
[327.]	Shield of Camoys and Mortimer	169
[328.]	Shield of D’Aubigny and Scotland	170
[329.]	Shield of Earl Richard Beauchamp	171
[330.]	Four Diagrams illustrative of Marshalling	171-2
[331], [332.]Two Diagrams illustrative of Marshalling		172
[333], [334],[335.]Three Diagrams illustrative of Marshalling		172
[336.]	Shield of Eldest Sons of Edward I. and II.	178
[337.]	Shield of Black Prince	178
[338.]	Label of Lancaster	179
[339.]	Label of Brittany	179
[340.]	Label of York	179
[341.]	Label of Clarence	180
[342.]	Label of Henry and John of Lancaster	180
[343.]	Label of Thomas of Lancaster	180
[344.]	Shield of Holland, of Kent	181
[345.]	Shield of Henry of Lancaster	182
[346.]	Shield of Beauchamp of Elmely	183
[347.]	Shield of Beauchamp at Carlaverock	183
[348.]	Shield of Beauchamp of Warwick	184
[349.]	Shield of Beauchamp of Bletshoe	184
[350.]	Shield of Bishop Grandison	185
[351.]	Seal of Bishop Le Despencer	185
[352.]	Shield of Sir Fulk Fitz Warin	186
[353.]	Shield of Thomas le Scrope	186
[354.]	Crescent, for Difference	186
[355.]	Mullet, for Difference	186
[356.]	Shield of Lord Latimer	187
[357.]	Shield of Neville	187
[358.]	Shield of Sir Wm. de Brewys	187
[359.]	Shield of Henry, Earl of Worcester	189
[360.]	Shield of Beaufort, before 1397	189
[361.]	Shield of Beaufort, after 1397	189
[362.]	Shield of Charles, Earl of Worcester	190
[363.]	Shield of Sir Roger de Clarendon	190
[364.]	Arms of Radulphus de Arundel	190
[365.]	Seal of William Fraser	193
[366.]	Shield of Earl of Chester	195
[367.]	Shield of Fitz Ralph	196
[368.]	Shield of De Luterell	197
[369.]	Shield of De Wadsley	197
[370.]	Shield of De Wortley	198
[371.]	Shield of De Mounteney	198
[372.]	Shield of De Mounteney	198
[373.]	Shield in St. Alban’s Abbey	203
[374.]	Shield of Howard, after Flodden	205
[374A.]	Howard Augmentation	205
[375.]	Fan-Crest, Richard I.	209
[376.]	Fan-Crest, Henry de Perci	209
[377.]	Fan-Crest, Henry de Laci	209
[378.]	Seal of Alexander de Balliol	210
[379.]	Helm, &c., Thomas, Earl of Lancaster	211
[380.]	Helm, &c., Geoffrey Luterell	212
[381.]	Seal, Sir Robert de Marny	212
[382.]	Seal, William de Wyndesor	214
[383.]	Crest, Sir R. Grey, K.G.	215
[384.]	Helm, &c., Richard II.	216
[385.]	Helm, &c., Sir Hugh Hastings	217
[386.]	Crest-Wreath, Sir William Vernon	217
[387.]	Crest-Wreath, Sir Robert Harcourt	217
[388.]	Crest-Wreath, Effigy at Tewkesbury	217
[389.]	Basinet and Crest-Wreath, Sir H. Stafford	218
[390.]	Seal, Earl Robert Bruce	225
[391.]	Seal, Sir Walter Hungerford	225
[392.]	Seal, Sir Robert de Hungerford	226
[393.]	Badge, Tau and Bell	227
[394.]	Ostrich Feather Badge	231
[395], [396.]Three Ostrich Feathers, Peterborough		231
[397.]	Ostrich Feather Badge, Ludlow	232
[398.]	Ostrich Feather Badge, Deanery, Peterborough	232
[399.]	Ostrich Feather Badge, St. Alban’s Abbey	232
[400.]	Ostrich Feather Badge, Exeter Cathedral	232
[401.]	Shield “for Peace” of Black Prince	234
[402.]	Ostrich Feather Badge, Seal of Henry IV.	235
[403.]	Ostrich Feather Badge, Seal of Thomas, Duke of Gloster	235
[404.]	Ostrich Feather Badge, Garter Plate of John Beaufort	235
[405.]	Seal of Devorguilla Crawford	239
[406.]	Seal of Margaret, Lady Hungerford	240
[407.]	Seal of Earl Edmund de Mortimer	242
[408.]	Seal of Robert Graham	243
[409.]	Seal of Sir Wm. Lindsay	243
[410.]	Seal of Sir John Drummond	244
[411.]	Pennon	247
[412.]	Pennon of Percy	247
[413.]	Banners and Pennons	248
[414.]	Seal of Earl John Holland	249
[415.]	Standard of Sir H. de Stafford, K.G.	251
[416.]	The Royal Standard	252
[417.]	The First Union Jack	253
[418.]	Banner of St. George	253
[419.]	Banner of St. Andrew	253
[420.]	The Second Union Jack	254
[421.]	The Banner of St. Patrick	254
[422.]	Red Ensign	255
[423.]	Royal Arms of Stuart Sovereigns	261
[424.]	Arms of Nassau	261
[425.]	Diagram of Arms of William III. and Mary	261
[426.]	Diagram of Arms of William III. alone	261
[427.]	Diagram of Arms of Anne	262
[428.]	Arms of Hanover	262
[429], [430.]Diagrams of Royal Arms		262, 263
[431.]	Crest of England	264
[432.]	Signet Ring of Queen Mary Stuart	265
[433.]	Insignia of the Order of the Garter	277
[434.]	“Lesser George” of the Garter	279
[435.]	Jewel of the Thistle	281
[436.]	Badge of St. Patrick	281
[437.]	Badge of the Bath, Naval and Military	284
[438.]	Badge of the Bath, Diplomatic and Civil	285
[439.]	Badge of the Star of India	288
[440.]	Victoria Cross	293
[441.]	The Albert Medal	293
[442.]	Seal of Lord Bardolf	318
[443.]	Seal of William Mure	319
[444.]	Seal of Thomas Monypeny	319
[445.]	Seal of Richard Stuart	319
[446.]	Seal of Earl Thomas de Beauchamp	Frontispiece
[447.]	Counter-Seal of the same	320
[448.]	Seal of Earl Richard de Beauchamp	Frontispiece
[449.]	Seal of Sir Walter Scott, A.D.1529	326
[450.]	Insignia of the Order of the Thistle	280
[451.]	Insignia of the Order of St. Patrick	282
[452.]	Collar and Military Badge, Order of the Bath	283
[453.]	Star of Knight Grand Cross (Civil)	285
[454.]	Star of Knight Commander (Military)	285
[455.]	Order of Merit	286
[456.]	Collar and Insignia of Exalted Order of the Star ofIndia	287
[457.]	Star and Collar of the Order of St. Michael and St.George	289
[458.]	Eminent Order of the Indian Empire	290
[459.]	Badge of same	291
[460.]	G. C. V. O. Star	291
[461.]	K. C. V. O. Star	291
[462.]	G. C. V. O. Badge	291
[463.]	K. C. V. O. Badge	291
[464.]	Distinguished Service Older	292
[465.]	Imperial Service Order	292

Note.—Several illustrations used herewith in connection with the new Orders created of recent date are inserted by arrangement with the Editor of Debrett’s “Peerage.”