16. DICRANUM. Hedw.
a. (Dicranella. Schimp.)
Sect. I. Stem long, rooting in all parts; leaves spreading flexuose, papillose on both sides, crenulate in margin, not nerved to apex; infl. monoicous; beak of lid shorter than caps.
71. D. polycarpum. Ehr. L. bent, flexuose, often recurved, lanceolate-subulate or linear-lanceolate, keeled, margin recurved, somewhat papillose, denticulate at apex, nerve excurrent; caps. erect, symmetrical, striated, with a tumid neck.
Alpine rocks. VII. VIII.
var. β. strumiferum. caps. unequal, base strumose.
Sect. II. St. rooting in all parts, leafy; l. spreading, nerve slightly excurrent; infl. monoicous; caps. strumose.
72. D. virens. Hedw. St. 1–3in. branched; l. erect ovate-lanceolate at base, sheathing, running to a long sub-denticulate, almost setaceous prolongation, margins recurved, nerve thick sub-excurrent; caps. cernuous strumose smooth oblong and curved; lid beaked.
Moist alpine rocks; Ben Lawers. VI. VII.
var. β. Wahlenbergii. l. flexuose, much attenuated, above narrower and longer, yellowish; caps. short, with a very prominent struma.
Sect. III. L. squarrose, or patent spreading.
73. D. pellucidum. Hedw. St. 1–2in. loosely tufted; l. distant, lanceolate, margins undulate, denticulate, papillose obtuse; caps. shortly ovate; lid conical rostrate; dioicous.
Wet stones in streams. X. XI.
var. β. fagimontanum. st. short, branches slender, l. shorter. γ. serratum. l. crenato-serrate, with a more acute point; caps. oval or oblong, lid with a slender beak.
74. D. crispum. Hedw. St. ¼in. gregarious, l. subulate from a broadish sheathing base setaceous above, long, spreading flexuose, minutely dentate, nerved to apex; caps. almost erect, oval or obovate, striate; lid with a long oblique subulate beak: monoicous.
Moist sandy banks, not common. X. XI.
75. D. Grevillianum. B. & S. L. with a broad sheathing base, suddenly lanceolate-subulate prolonged, wide-spreading and wavy, entire, nerve broad; caps. ovate, sub-striate, strumose; lid with a beak longer than capsule: monoicous.
“Glen Tilt, at foot of Ben-y-Gloe, 1823, not since found.”—Wils. VIII. IX.
[I have a specimen gathered by Dr. A. O. Black, marked “Esk-no-more.”]
76. D. Schreberi. Hedw. St. ½–1in. sub-cæspitose, branched sparingly; l. base broad, suddenly lanceolate-subulate, spreading flexuose keeled, denticulate at apex; caps. ovate-oblong, scarcely strumose, cernuous; lid conical, shortly rostrate; dioicous.
Clayey or sandy soil near streams, rare. X. XI.
Lancashire, Cheshire, and near Glasgow.
77. D. squarrosum. Schrad. St. 1–3in. dichotomous; l. lanceolate from a broad sheathing base obtuse, undulate, entire concave recurved, nerve narrow, reaching nearly to apex; caps. ovate-oblong cernuous; lid long conical, with a short beak.
Wet mountainous places. VIII. IX.
78. D. cerviculatum. Hedw. St. ¼in. sparingly branched; l. spreading flexuose, almost setaceous from a broadish amplexicaul base, entire, nerved into the subula; caps. roundish ovate gibbous, strumose; lid with a long oblique or curved subulate beak.
Sandy banks or on turf, frequent. VI. VII.
var. β. pusillum. st. shorter, simple; l. smaller sub-erect; caps. smaller and less gibbous.
Sect. IV. L. secund or sub-secund.
79. D. varium. Hedw. St. ¼in. cæspitose; l. lanceolate, entire keeled sub-denticulate at apex, margin reflexed, nerve scarcely excurrent; caps. inclined, ovate or oblong, slightly tumid; lid shortly beaked; seta twisted to the right.
Moist banks. XI. XIII.
var., β. tenuifolium. l. narrow, obscurely nerved. γ. tenellum. st. slender, scarcely branched; l. falcato-secund, distantly denticulate. δ. callistomum. l. scarcely secund, caps. erect, obovate truncated, lid almost as long as caps.
80. “D. fallax. Wils. MS. Closely resembles the last. L. more distant, with impressed wings and less elongated setaceous points, and a more dilated flattened nerve, uppermost sub-secund. Caps. nearly symmetric erect or sub-cernuous, with a shorter conical lid: dioicous.” [Dr. Braithwaite, Jour. Bot., VIII., 227.]
Banks. III. IV.
Anglesea (Wilson); Cotterall Wood (Hunt); Park Gate, Cheshire (Miss Jelly).
81. D. rufescens. Turn. St. short bright red, scarcely branched; l. linear-lanceolate, obscurely toothed, reddish, margins plane, secund, pellucid; caps. erect ovate or obovate, slightly tumid, with a conical beaked lid. Seta twisted to the left; dioicous.
Moist sandy banks. X. XI.
82. D. subulatum. Hedw. St. ½–1in. l. falcato-secund, setaceous from an oblong-lanceolate base, entire; caps. ovate gibbous oblique striate when dry, seta red; dioicous.
Moist shady sandy banks; common on the mortar of walls, &c. IX. X.
83. D. curvatum. Hedw. Cæspitose; st. bi-tripartite; l. setaceous from a shortly ovate semi-sheathing base, channelled, apex denticulate, falcato-setaceous; caps. erect or sub-erect, ovate-oblong, slightly gibbous, distinctly striate. [Sch. Syn. p. 75. Bry. Eur. vol. I.]
Walls. Autumn and Spring.
Llanberis, N. Wales (W. Wilson).
84. D. heteromallum. Hedw. St. ½–1in. simple or branched, in silky tufts; l. lanceolate-setaceous, slightly dentate at apex; caps. obovate gibbous, obliquely plicate when dry; lid with a long beak, seta pale yellowish; dioicous.
Moist banks and walls. XI. XII.
var. β. strictum. l. erecto-patent, straight, not secund; seta longer flexuose. γ. interruptum. larger; stem interrupted leafy; l. spreading or secund. δ. sericeum. Schp. plants taller; l. diverging almost on all sides, pale green or yellowish, often strongly and remotely toothed. Soccoth Hill, Arrochar (McKinlay).
b. (Eu-dicranum.)
Sect. I. Falcatæ. Densely tufted, st. dichotomous and fastigiate, decumbent at base with few or no radicular fibres; l. lanceolate-subulate, secund or falcato-secund, nerve predominant above; caps. cernuous, neck strumose or ventricose, lid with a long beak: monoicous.
85. D. Starkii. Web. & M. St. 1–3in. branched; l. subulate-setaceous from a lanceolate base, falcato-secund, entire, nerve strongly predominant, caps. oblong arcuate, gibbous, strumose, striate, sub-cernuous.
Alpine rocks. VIII.
var. β. molle. taller; l. wider lanceolate, purplish brown; nerve not predominant.
Summit of Ben Nevis.
86. D. falcatum. Hedw. St. shorter, dichotomously branched and fastigiate; l. strongly falcato-secund, from a lanceolate base subulato-setaceous, denticulate at apex, nerve predominant, caps. shortly obovate, strumose, almost smooth when dry; lid large beaked.
Alpine rocks. VIII. IX.
87. D. Blyttii. Br. & S. St. branched fastigiate; l. flexuoso-patent, or sub-secund, from an erect base lanceolate-subulate, soft, entire, nerve predominant, per. l. sheathing; caps. sub-cernuous, ovate, incurved, without striæ, strumose, lid rostrate; per. teeth narrow inflexed when dry.
Alpine and sub-alpine rocks. VIII.
Sect. II. Orthocarpa. Densely cæspitose; st. 1 or more inches high, dichotomous, with or without radicular fibres; l. secund, lanceolate-subulate, smooth glossy, nerve excurrent or nerveless. Caps. erect cylindrical; neck long symmetrical; lid conical at base.
88. D. glaciale. Berg. Monoicous, in wide tufts, without radicular tomentum, erect, 2–5in. high, l. erecto-patent, straight glossy, lowest minute lanceolate nerveless, upper oblong at base, lanceolate-subulate, deeply concave, margin inflexed entire, basal angles auricled, orange, nerve narrow compressed; per. l. sheathing, suddenly narrowed into a long subula; caps. cernuous, cylindraceous, more or less incurved strumose, not striate; lid rostrate.
Alpine rocks; Ben Nevis, Clova, Ben-y-Gloe.
[Dr. Braithwaite, Jour. Bot. VIII., 228.]
89. D. viride. Sull. et Lesq. Dioicous, in dense cushions, or cæspitose, reddish and tomentose at base, above dark green; branches dichotomous; l. lineal-lanceolate subulate, nerve running out in the concave awl; per. l. sheathing; areolæ densely chlorophyllose, enlarged at base; caps. erect, oblong, slightly incurved, lid with a long beak.
Trunks of trees: rarely on sandstone rocks.
fig. Schpr. Musci. Eur. novi, &c. fasc. III. IV.
Staffordshire (Mr. Bloxam).
90. D. Scottianum. Turn. St. 2 or 3in. robust; l. erecto-patent, sub-secund incurved lanceolate-subulate, slightly twisted at apex when dry, concave entire, nerve strong excurrent; caps. elongated, slightly curved, tapering at base, lid obliquely rostrate.
Rocks in mountainous districts. VII. VIII.
91. D. longifolium. Hedw. Cæspitose, tufts pale green or whitish; stem arcuate or geniculate ascending, slightly radiculose; l. long falcato-secund, rarely spreading, subulate from a lanceolate base, with a slender nerve, margin and back serrate at apex; per. l. convolute sheathing; caps. elongate cylindrical, upright or sub-incurved, without striæ, brown; beak subulate, annulus narrow: dioicous.
Sub-alpine rocks. Autumn.
Ben Lawers, 1866 (Dr. Stirton).
92. D. circinnatum. Wils. Dioicous, in loose irregular light green tufts; st. 3–6in. dichotomous, geniculate or ascending, with radicles from base of leaves. L. very long, secund, arcuate from an oblong sheathing base decurrent at angles, longly subulate concave; nerve flattened, covering one-fifth of base and all the subula, which is denticulate; base laxly areolate in middle, with narrower cells at margin. [Dr. Braithwaite, l. c. 230.]
Fr. unknown.
Ben Voirlich, Clova, Ben Nevis, Lennox Castle.
Sect. III. Scopariæ. St. loosely or densely matted, tall, with proliferous radicular fibres; l. long spreading or secund, lanceolate-subulate, glossy, denticulate at apex; nerve with or without dorsal lamellæ; caps. cernuous bent; lid with a long beak.
93. D. fuscescens. Turn. St. 2–3m. loosely tufted; l. spreading, sub-secund, flexuose, canaliculate, minutely toothed at apex, nerve excurrent; caps. oblong incurved, furrowed when dry; lid with a very long beak.
Alpine and sub-alpine rocks. VIII.
94. D. scoparium. Hedw. St. 2–4in. loosely tufted dichotomous; l. secund or falcato-secund, carinato-concave, margins inflexed, serrate at apex; nerve with about four prominent ridges at back, serrate at apex; per. l. larger convolute; caps. cylindrical, slightly curved; lid with a long beak.
Shady banks and rocks, common. VII. VIII.
var. β. orthophyllum. stem erect; l. erecto-patent or sub-secund straight.
95. D. majus. Turn. St. 4–6in. loosely cæspitose; l. falcato-secund; concave dentato-serrate at apex; caps. horizontally cernuous, curved, furrowed when dry; lid and calyptra very long; fruit-stalks pale aggregate.
Shady banks, &c., in woods. VII. VIII.
Sect. IV. Undulata. St. very tall, with radicular fibres; l. large glossy, spreading every way or secund, lanceolate below, linear-subulate above; nerve flattish, with lamellæ at back.
96. D. palustre. Brid. St. 3–4in. erect branched sub-fastigiate; l. spreading, sub-secund, linear-lanceolate undulated, terminal ones crowded into a cuspidate cluster on the barren shoots; serrate at apex; nerve thin and narrow, not reaching to apex, and without ridges; caps. sub-erect, slightly curved, sub-cylindrical, striate.
Marshy places and moist banks. IX.
var. β. juniperifolium. with shorter, wider, and more rigid leaves. γ. polycladum. branches slender flagelliform; l. small imbricate.
97. D. Schraderi. Schwaeg. St. 3–6in.; l. sub-secund, rather obtuse, carinato-concave, subrugose, toothed on margin and keel, sub-papillose at back near apex; caps. oval-oblong incurved; lid rostrate.
Turfy bogs, rare. IX.
98. D. Spurium. Hedw. St. 1–2in. loosely cæspitose; l. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, undulate serrate, papillose at back; not nerved to apex; caps. sub-cylindrical arcuate, slightly strumose, striate; lid with a long curved beak.
Moors and bogs. VI.