27. TORTULA. Schreb.
Sect. I. Aloidella. L. rigid, covered on the upper side with articulated cellular filaments or gemmæ arising from the broad nerve.
148. T. stellata. Schreb. 1771. (T. rigida. Schultz,) St. minute, loosely cæspitose; l. spreading from an upright base oblong obtuse, margin inflexed membranaceous; caps. erect elliptical; lid with a long oblique beak; calyp. half as large as capsule; per. teeth long, and much twisted; dioicous.
Limestone walls. XI. XII.
149. T. ambigua. Br. & S. (larger in all its parts than last.) L. ligulate lanceolate, apex cucullate, margin incurved; caps. erect cylindrical; lid rostrate; calyp. very short; per. teeth filiform, little twisted; arcuato-incurved when dry: dioicous.
Walls and banks (marly). XI. XII.
150. T. aloides. Br. & S. St. as above; l. spreading, narrowly lanceolate, acute, with a strong nerve; caps. cylindrical inclined; lid conical, bluntly rostrate; per. teeth scarcely twisted, when dry widely spreading: dioicous.
Clay banks. XI. XII.
Sect. II. Cuneifoliæ. L. broadly or spathulato-lanceolate.
151. T. lamellata. Lindb. (Pottia cavifolia var. gracilis. Bry. Brit.) St. very short cæspitose; l. rather lax erecto-patent, concave, lower smaller, roundish oval, piliferous, upper larger oval spathulate, nerve excurrent into mucro; caps. oblong sub-cylindrical, striate when dry, on a long red seta; lid with a long rather oblique beak; perist. that of a true Tortula, but so fragile as to have escaped notice, and always falling off with the operculum according to Dr. Schimper; monoicous.
Banks and walls, Oxford (Boswell), Pontefract, Edinburgh (Nowell); Aldrington (Davies). II.
152. T. atrovirens. Smith. Lindb. [Didymodon nervosus, Hook. & T. Desmatodon nervosus, Bry. Brit.] St. ¼in. densely cæspitose, branched; l. spreading oval or oblong concave, margins revolute, nerve thick, prolonged into a short mucro; areolæ small roundish larger and diaphanous at base; caps. oval-oblong, lid large conical with an oblique beak.
Dry banks, &c., near the sea.
153. T. cuneifolia. Dicks. Gregarious; st. simple; l. upper crowded oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, nerve sometimes excurrent, soft, pellucid, areolæ loose; lower broadly ovate aristate; caps. oblong erect, lid obtuse short; basilar membrane of perist. broadish: monoicous.
Banks, sea coast, rare. III. IV.
154. T. marginata. B. & S. St. simple gregarious or cæspitose; l. oblong-lanceolate or linear, margin thickened, nerve sometimes excurrent into a mucro; caps. oblong, lid very large, shortly rostrate; basilar membrane narrow.
Sandstone walls, rare. V. VI.
155. T. Vahliana. Schultz. Small, gregarious or cæspitose; l. lower oblong, upper oblong wedge-shaped, nerve excurrent subulate, margin reflexed; caps. narrow elongate cylindrical, brown, sometimes slightly incurved; lid shortly subulate, annulus broad; basilar membrane of perist. tesselate: monoicous. Differs from muralis in its broader softer leaves, narrower capsule, and longer basilar tube.
Damp clayey ground, on road sides, &c. Spring.
Sussex, 1863 (G. Davies); Woking, Surrey (Sheppard and Westell.)
var. β. subflaccida. (T. oblongifolia, Bry. Brit.) L. with margins more or less revolute, crenulate, with minute papillæ.
156. T. canescens. Br. Simple gregarious or cæspitose, hoary; l. lower obovate, upper oval-oblong, all concave, with a recurved margin, and nerve excurrent into a long hair-like point; caps. small oblong erect, with a long oblique conical lid; basilar membrane broadish: monoicous.
Fairlight Glen, Hastings. (Mr. Jenner).
157. T. muralis. Timm. Short, cæspitose; l. oblong obtuse, margin recurved, nerve excurrent into a long hair-like point; caps. oblong erect, with a long rostellate lid; basilar membrane narrow: monoicous.
var. β. incana. caps. small; l. oval-lanceolate, with long hair points. γ. æstiva. l. long linear-lanceolate, nerve scarcely excurrent. δ. rupestris. larger and much branched; l. larger oblong, piliferous, caps. longer, curved.
Walls and stones (δ limestone). IV. V.
Sect. III. Barbula. L. naked, narrowly or ovate-lanceolate, in some species slightly cirrhate when dry.
158. T. mucronata. Brid. [Cinclidotus riparius β. terrestris. Bry. Brit.] St. 1–2in. radiculose, branches fastigiate; l. erecto-patent, long lingulate, concave, minutely papillose on both sides, margin slightly recurved, nerve thick excurrent into a mucro; areolæ upper minute, rectangular and hyaline at base; caps. erect cylindrical incurved, lid with an oblique beak: dioicous.
Stones in streams. Anglesea, Bristol, Surrey, Sussex, in fr. (Davies.) IV.
159. T. unguiculata. Hedw. St. ⅛–1in. cæspitose, dichotomous; l. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, margin recurved, nerve excurrent into a short mucro; caps. oblong-cylindrical erect on a long reddish seta; lid with a subulate beak: dioicous.
Clay banks and hedges. XII.
var. β. cuspidata. stems shorter, l. narrower, with a longer mucro. γ. apiculata. l. spreading recurved, mucro long. δ. microcarpa. caps. small oval or oval-oblong. ε. obtusifolia. more robust, l. shorter, broader obtuse, mucro almost or altogether absent; caps. sub-cylindrical. ζ. fastigiata. with long fastigiate innovations; l. larger, slightly undulate.
160. T. convoluta. Hedw. Cæspitose; l. spreading oblong-lanceolate, plane or somewhat undulate in margin, nerve not excurrent; per. l. strongly convolute, sheathing; caps. inclined oblong-ovate, on a yellowish seta; lid with a long oblique beak: dioicous.
Walls, &c. V. VI.
161. T. revoluta. Schwaeg. Densely cæspitose, l. crowded erecto-patent oblong-lanceolate, nerve excurrent from the blunt apex, margin strongly revolute; caps. reddish brown oval-oblong, with a scarcely oblique lid; seta red: dioicous.
Walls, mostly limestone. V.
162. T. Hornschuchiana. Schultz. Loosely cæspitose, l. crowded, spreading, ovate-lanceolate, gradually tapering to an acute point, formed by slightly excurrent nerve, margins slightly revolute; caps. oblong slightly curved, annulus narrow: dioicous.
Rocks, walls, and banks, not common. IV. V.
163. T. vinealis. Brid. St. more tufted than in T. fallax; l. strictly patent with a stouter nerve, which is obscure towards the acute apex; the latter usually tipped with a pointed hyaline cell; appressed when dry, not crisped or contorted; caps. sub-cylindrical: dioicous. (W. Mitten, in Jour. Bot. v. 324.)
Walls. IV. V.
164. T. insulana. De Not. (T. vinealis β. flaccida. Bryol. Brit. 124.) St. loosely cæspitose; l. linear-subulate from a lanceolate appressed base, recurved or hooked, obliquely patent, acute, margin recurved below, above plane, nerve excurrent; contorted when dry; caps. oblong erect; lid conical attenuate, somewhat obtuse, half as long as capsule: rare in fruit. (loc. cit. 328.)
England and Ireland.
* [T. gracilis. Schw. Stem cæspitose, branches fastigiate; “l. erecto-patent, imbricated when dry, carinato-concave, margin recurved, nerve excurrent; per. l. larger, sheathing subulate, and flexuose at apex; caps. ovate-oblong or ovate; perist. scarcely contorted, with a broadish basilar membrane.”—Wils. Bryol. Brit. p. 123. Inserted from Wilson, but has not yet been certainly found in Britain.]
Spring.
165. T. rigidula. Hedw. (Trichost. rigidulum, var. β. densum. Bryol. Brit. 114.) l. lanceolate carinate, rigid, bristly, not appressed and imbricate, when dry slightly curved and loosely contorted; nerve stout continued into a thick obscure point, not really excurrent; fruit similar to No. 164. (loc. cit. 327.)
Scotland, York, Sussex, and Cornwall.
166. T. spadicea. Mitt. (Trichostomum rigidulum. Bryol. Brit., p. 114.) St. robust 1–2in.; l. patent from the base, lanceolate-subulate, canaliculate, margin recurved below; incurved and closely imbricate when dry; nerve percurrent and distinct to apex; per. l. lower half erect broadly ovate, upper narrow, recurved; caps. erect cylindrical on a red seta; lid shortly subulate, twisted; teeth narrow, on a short membrane: dioicous. (loc. cit., p. 326.)
Rocks and stones near water. Scotland, Ireland, Bolton Abbey. Autumn, Winter.
167. T. fallax. Hedw. St. ½–1in. cæspitose; l. lanceolate from a broadish base, keeled, margin recurved, somewhat squarrose, gradually tapering and nerved to apex; per. l. sheathing; caps. variable both in size and shape, usually sub-cylindrical, with an obtuse rostrate lid often as long as itself: dioicous.
Clay and limestone banks. XI. XII.
168. T. reflexa. Brid. [T. fallax. δ. Bry. Brit.] St. loosely cæspitose; l. tristichous, recurved and falcate, slightly twisted, from an oblong base lanceolate, keeled, strongly papillose on both sides, margin reflexed below, nerve vanishing below apex; caps. erect cylindrical regular; lid subulate beaked: dioicous.
Calcareous rocks and walls, rare in fr.
Scotland, Yorkshire, Derbyshire; Rydal Water (Baker). [Dr. Braithwaite, Jour. of Bot. IX., 293.]
169. T. rufa. (Lorenz). Braithwaite. “St. 2–5in. often prostrate at base, sparingly dichotomous, dense leaved. L. recurved when moist, solid from an ovate base lanceolate, gradually apiculate, margin strongly recurved, nerve vanishing just below apex; cells at base rhomboid pellucid, at apex minute quadrate papillose. Reported from Ben Lawers by Dr. Stirton, but I have not seen British specimens.”—[Dr. Braithwaite, l. c. 293.]
170. T. recurvifolia. Mitt. (T. gigantea, Lindb.). “In large fuscous green tufts, blackish brown at base. St. 3–8in. simple or bi-tripartite, robust dense leaved, with a few radicles. L. trifarious squarroso-recurved, when dry twisted and crisped, elongate lanceolate concave, margin strongly revolute, nerve strong, reaching apex; basal cells elongate with sinuous walls, above irregularly stellate.” (l. c. 293.)
Dripping alpine rocks. Ben Bulben, Sligo (Moore).
Buxton in fruit, June, 1865. G. E. Hunt.
Sect. IV. Syntrichia. Lower portion of peristome forming a long tube.
171. T. princeps. De Not. (T. Mulleri. B. & S.) St. 1–2in., cæspitose, with brownish radicles; l. erecto-patent, oblong broad, concave, fawn-coloured, margin reflexed; nerve excurrent into a short scabrous hair point from a rounded obtuse apex; caps. cylindrical, straight or curved on a purplish seta; one-half perist. tubular: synoicous.
Rocks, Scotland. Spring.
172. T. ruralis. Hedw. Cæspitose, branches dichotomous; l. squarrose, recurved ovate-oblong keeled, nerve excurrent into a long scabrous hair point from the acute apex, margin slightly recurved; caps. sub-cylindrical slightly curved; quite one-half perist. tubular; lid long conical: dioicous.
Walls and roofs. III. IV.
173. T. lævipila. Brid. Cæspitose; l. spreading obovate-oblong or almost panduriform, margin slightly recurved below, nerve reddish, excurrent into a longish white hair point from the obtuse apex; caps. cylindrical, slightly curved, lid conical; one-third perist. tubular: monoicous.
Trunks of trees and rocks. V. VI.
174. T. intermedia. Brid. (T. ruralis β minor, Wils. Bry. Brit.) Smaller and densely cæspitose or sub-pulvinate; l. erecto-patent, oblong spathulate apex obtuse, nerve excurrent into a long scabrous hair point; caps. shorter than in 172: dioicous.
Limestone walls, Scotland and N. Wales. Spring.
175. T. papillosa. Wils. Cæspitose; l. spreading obovate concave, margin plane (involute when dry), nerve thick papillose on the back, and excurrent into a smooth hair point from suddenly tapering apex; a few hyaline cells at base: fr. not known.
Wales, Sussex, and Hampshire.
176. T. latifolia. B. & S. L. obovate-spathulate or almost panduriform, soft and flaccid, with a scarcely excurrent nerve, notched at the obtuse apex; caps. cylindrical slightly curved, with a long rostrate lid; quite one-third of perist. tubular; annulus small: dioicous.
Roots of trees, stones, &c.; fruit rare. Spring.
177. T. subulata. Brid. Cæspitose, simple or branched; l. oblong-lanceolate, narrowed and pellucid at base, margin plane, sometimes with a row of larger cells, nerve excurrent into a short mucro, apex sometimes slightly toothed; caps. very long cylindrical curved with a short lid; half peristome tubular: monoicous.
Sandy hedge banks, walls, &c. V. VI.
Sect. V. Tortuosæ. L. strongly twisted and cirrhate when dry.
178. T. tortuosa. W. & M. St. ½–3in. tufted; l. very long linear-lanceolate, crowded flexuose, margin plane and undulated, with an excurrent nerve; per. l. narrow and tapering cirrhate; caps. straight or incurved, erect or inclined, ovate-oblong, on a longish seta: dioicous.
Limestone rocks, Derbyshire. VII.
179. T. Hibernica. Mitt. St. 2in. branched; l. at apices of branches sub-comose and stellate; base dilated and clasping above, thence patent or patenti-divergent, straight, rarely incurved or recurved, channelled, cirrhate when dry; ovate-lanceolate below, thence lineal-subulate, acute, nerve yellow continued to apex. (loc. cit. p. 329.)
Mountains near Dunkerran, common, but always sterile. (Dr. Taylor.)
180. T. nitida. Lindb. 1864. (Trichost. diffractum, Mitt. 1868.) Dioicous, densely pulvinate: stem rigid branched; l. crowded erecto-patent, arcuate when dry, more or less elongate, oblong, obtuse, channelled, margin plane slightly undulate, nerve terete prominent on back, excurrent; areolation minute, loose and cuneiform at base; fr. not known. (l. c. IX., 294.)
Clifton, Torquay, Plymouth.
181. T. sinuosa. Mitt. Jour. of Bot. V., 327. (Dicranella, Wils. MS.; Trichostomum, Lindb.) Densely cæspitose, fuscous below, l. long linear-lanceolate or subulate patent from a very short pellucid base, margin slightly recurved below, above denticulate, nerve continued into a thick obscure blunt point, often broken off; basilar cells all oblong and rectangular; fr. not known.
Shady places at roots of trees, Sussex, Cornwall, Bangor.
182. T. fragilis. Wils. (Trichostomum, Müll. Syn.) Stem erect simple or dichotomously branched, radiculose tomentose at base; l. crowded lanceolate-subulate, nerve excurrent, margins plane; areolæ minute, large and hyaline at base; caps. erect, ovate-oblong, regular or slightly incurved; lid conical with a long oblique beak; fruit rare. (l. c. IX., 294.)
Clefts of rocks and on the ground. Ben Lawers.
Summer.
183. T. squarrosa. De Not. St. 1in. cæspitose; l. squarrose, lanceolate, recurved, with a broad sheathing base, margin undulate, with large diaphanous cells, somewhat serrulate at apex; nerve scarcely excurrent; capsule sub-cylindrical, narrow, slightly curved; lid conical, half as long as capsule; seta 1in. long: dioicous.
Chalk. Ireland and S. of England; fr. not known in this country.
28. CINCLIDOTUS. B. & S.
[C. riparius. Walker Arnott. Acrocarpous; branches fasciculate; “l. spreading oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, with thickened margins, very shortly mucronate, nerve excurrent; caps. exserted on a short thick pedicel, elliptic-oblong; lid obliquely conico-rostrate; perist. with numerous subdivisions.”] Bry. Brit. 138.
Not found in Britain, but IV.
var. β. terrestris has been frequently found, and is now referred to Tortula mucronata, to which refer.
184. C. fontinaloides. P. Beauv. Cladocarpous; st. 2–5in., in long straggling tufts, generally floating; l. crowded, spreading, flexuose, lanceolate, acute, with a thickened margin and strong excurrent nerve; per. l. larger sheathing ovate-lanceolate, thinner; cap. immersed, with a conical beaked lid; calyp. persistent, thick, split on one side.
Stones in rivulets, &c. III. IV.